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The literature review is done. Just need to incorporate the attached 4 sources.
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Intimate Partner Violence
Lauryn G. Davis
WRTG 391.6377: Advanced Research Writing
WRTG391: Advanced Research Writing
Professor Casey Flores
January 30, 2024
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The Long-Term Effects of Intimate Partner Violence
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a widespread issue impacting millions globally that
should be taken more seriously. While research has established clear negative outcomes
associated with IPV victimization, perspectives still vary regarding specific effects and
mechanisms of impact. This essay will analyze and compare findings from six articles focused
on the long-term physical, psychological, and interpersonal effects of IPV victimization.
Differing Research Methods
The articles featured a range of research methodologies. For example, Almeida et al.
(2023) utilized self-report measures with 158 female IPV victims in Portugal to examine
connections between adult attachment, psychopathology, and beliefs about IPV. Associations
found between insecure attachment and mental health symptoms align with previous studies. The
exclusive focus on female victims prevents generalization to male victims. In contrast, Bates
(2020) featured an anonymous online survey of 161 men assessing IPV experiences, societal
perceptions, and help-seeking barriers. Qualitative analysis revealed detrimental health,
relationship, and self-concept impacts. While self-selection may limit generalizability, the online
approach facilitated disclosure.
Other studies employed longitudinal designs following individuals over extended periods.
For instance, Curtis et al. (2023) used data from 12 longitudinal studies to model pathways from
adverse childhood experiences to adult health conditions, identifying teen dating violence as a
key mediator. While the nonexperimental methodology constrains causal inferences, the multiwave assessment strengthens support for developmental pathways. Similarly, Scrafford et al.
(2019) analyzed longitudinal data from over 70 participants in the United States. Structural
equation modeling revealed direct paths from teen dating violence to adult depression and
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indirect effects through trauma symptoms. Again, the long-term approach aids in determining
persistent impacts.
Varying Definitions and Operationalization
The studies also differed in how they defined and operationalized IPV exposures. Curtis
et al. (2023) broadly conceptualized teen dating violence to include physical, sexual, and
psychological abuse. Others focused specifically on physical violence and aggression (Bates,
2020; Scrafford et al., 2019). These differences influence prevalence rates and restrict
comparisons across studies. There was also variability regarding the measurement tools utilized.
Some relied on established self-report measures like the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (Almeida
et al., 2023; Scrafford et al., 2019), while others developed study-specific items and protocols
(Bates, 2020). Reliance on retrospective self-report has limitations regarding the accuracy of
recall and social desirability biases. The anonymous online survey Bates (2020) used may have
reduced this issue. Nonetheless, efforts to establish consistent terminology and psychometrically
sound assessment tools would benefit the field.
Physical Health Effects
Research clearly demonstrates that IPV victimization elevates risks for adverse physical
health outcomes. Curtis et al. (2023) identified developmental pathways from teen dating
violence to a range of adult health conditions, including diabetes, stroke, heart disease, cancer,
and lung conditions. Possible mechanisms include the adoption of unhealthy coping behaviors.
Likewise, the male victims in Bates’ (2020) study reported lasting physical injuries and
conditions that they directly attributed to their abuse experiences. The samples across studies
point to diverse negative health effects spanning injury, chronic disease, pain, and disability.
However, differences emerge regarding sex-based patterns in physical consequences.
Some research found severely injurious violence predominately among male victims (Bates,
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2020; Spencer et al., 2019). In Bates’ (2020) sample, nearly half of men reported serious injuries
from the abuse. This contrasts with notions that minimize the impact of women’s violence. Yet
other studies emphasize higher rates of femicide, hospitalization, and death from IPV among
women (Dela Cruz et al., 2023). Resolution of these discrepancies warrants further investigation
into the nature and contexts surrounding bidirectional compared to uni-directional IPV.
Psychological Effects
The psychological toll of IPV victimization also clearly emerges across the articles.
Universal effects on mental health included PTSD, depression, and suicide ideation (Almeida et
al., 2023; Bates, 2020; Scrafford et al., 2019). Anxiety and anger additionally appeared among
IPV-related symptoms (Almeida et al., 2023). This aligns with abundant evidence linking IPV to
trauma-based disorders, internalizing problems, and externalizing behaviors (Spencer et al.,
2019).
However, the literature points to gender-based differences in psychological outcomes. As
Almeida et al. (2023) discussed, research indicates women demonstrate a higher prevalence of
internalizing disorders like depression and anxiety compared to externalizing conditions more
common among men. Correspondingly, Bates (2020) found suicidal actions and a sense of lost
identity to be salient impacts among male victims. These trends likely stem from gender-based
socialization, coping tendencies, and access to support resources. Nonetheless, the wide-ranging
emotional damage crosses gender lines.
Some studies also considered explanatory mechanisms connecting early abuse to later
mental health troubles. Curtis et al. (2023) determined that teen dating violence directly elevates
the odds of adult depression. Trauma experiences further mediated the pathway from early dating
violence to PTSD symptoms in late adolescence. This highlights the compounding effect of
polyvictimization across development. Similarly, Scrafford et al. (2019) found teen dating
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violence indirectly impacted adult depression through trauma symptomology. These findings
elucidate pathways and demonstrate the persisting mental health consequences stemming from
early abuse.
Interpersonal Effects
In addition to health problems, research demonstrates extensive interpersonal fallouts
from IPV victimization. For example, Almeida et al. (2023) discussed links between insecure
attachment patterns and risks for entering or maintaining abusive relationships. Victims
frequently demonstrate anxious, fearful, or preoccupied attachment orientations rooted in
disruptions to early caregiver bonds and intimacy needs (Dela Cruz et al., 2023). These
attachment deficits leave victims vulnerable to manipulation, coercion, and revictimization.
The articles also revealed how IPV undermines trust, self-efficacy, and functioning in
subsequent relationships. Bates (2020) described how many male victims struggled to
emotionally reconnect in future partnerships out of lingering suspicions, jealousy, and avoidance.
Other men became controlling toward new partners as a self-protective reaction, thus
perpetuating abusive dynamics. Among women, Dela Cruz et al. (2023) determined
developmental pathways from teen dating violence to impaired self-ratings of adult romantic
relationship quality. Again, early victimization carries lasting scars interfering with the
establishment of healthy bonds.
Finally, IPV victimization takes extensive interpersonal tolls through disruption to
parent-child bonds. Children suffer from exposure to marital violence in the home (Curtis et al.,
2023). However, Bates (2020) found abusive partners actively sabotaged and manipulated men’s
relationships with their children as a tactic of control. The couples in his sample frequently had
children, magnifying the intergenerational impacts. Thus, IPV corrodes foundations of trust and
security both within and beyond the couple.
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Attitudes, Help-Seeking, and Responses
Attitudes and beliefs spread through society also emerge as pivotal in shaping IPV
experiences, help-seeking, and responses. Bates (2020) discussed sociocultural norms of
masculinity and femininity providing support for perceptions of victims and perpetrators. Gender
stereotypes foster tendencies to minimize women’s violence while viewing men’s victimization
as a threat to masculinity (Spencer et al., 2019). Correspondingly, Bates (2020) found male
victims acutely aware of societal attitudes, doubting, blaming, and emasculating them. This
prevents disclosure and reduces access to support.
Both Almedia et al. (2023) and Bates (2020) contend that patriarchal traditions normalize
male domination and feminine submission, providing fertile soil for IPV endorsement. General
belief systems tolerating IPV hence constitute barriers to egalitarian relationships and furnish
perpetrators with justifications. Transforming such attitudes is vital for progress but constrained
by deep cultural roots. Help-seeking hesitancy also emerges from negative views of support
resources. Bates (2020) discovered that male victims expected services to be unavailable,
unhelpful, or biased. Some had previous poor help-seeking experiences where they felt blamed
or accused. These perceptions, grounded in masculine norms of self-reliance and gendered
response paradigms, construct substantial practical and psychological deterrents to disclosure.
Without societal attitude shifts and major service reforms, the cycle of silence and suffering
seems destined to persist.
Conclusion
Analysis of perspectives across these six articles reveals both common and differing
findings regarding the long-term impacts of IPV victimization. Universal effects on physical
health, mental health, and relationships emerge clearly in the literature. However, questions
remain regarding the severity of outcomes across genders and in light of bidirectionality versus
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unidirectionality of abuse patterns. Developmental pathways, attachment disruptions, poly
victimization, and belief systems are all implicated as explanatory mechanisms linking early
trauma to persisting adult troubles. Societal attitudes and help-seeking barriers constitute major
concerns diminishing life prospects for victims of all backgrounds. While knowledge has
advanced, putting insights into action through education, policy, and improved responses
remains imperative for alleviating IPV’s life-long scars. Further research should inform these
translation efforts by clarifying gender-based risks, experiential nuances, and avenues for growth
after adversity.
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References
Almeida, I., Nobre, C., Marques, J., & Oliveira, P. (2023). Violence against women: Attachment,
psychopathology, and beliefs in intimate partner violence. Social Sciences (2076-0760),
12(6), 346. https://doi.org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.3390/socsci12060346
Bates, E. A. (2020). “No one would ever believe me”: An exploration of the impact of intimate
partner violence victimization on men. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21(4), 497–
507. https://doi-org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.1037/men0000206
Curtis, A., Harries, T., Pizzirani, B., Hyder, S., Baldwin, R., Mayshak, R., Walker, A.,
Toumbourou, J. W., & Miller, P. (2023). Childhood Predictors of Adult Intimate Partner
Violence Perpetration and Victimization. Journal of Family Violence, 38(8), 1591–1606.
https://doi-org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.1007/s10896-022-00451-0
Dela Cruz, G. A., Sorkhou, M., Zhang, M., Praecht, A., & George, T. P. (2023). Intimate Partner
Violence Victimization: How It Relates to Substance Use in Women. Psychiatric Times,
40(11), 54–57. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8694-8078
Scrafford, K. E., Grein, K., Miller, G. L. E., & Miller-Graff, L. E. (2019). Effects of intimate
partner violence, mental health, and relational resilience on perinatal health. Journal of
Traumatic Stress, 32(4), 506-515. https://doi.org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.1002/jts.22414
Spencer, C., Mallory, A. B., Cafferky, B. M., Kimmes, J. G., Beck, A. R., & Stith, S. M. (2019).
Mental health factors and intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization: A
meta-analysis. Psychology of Violence, 9(1),
https://doi.org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.1037/vio0000156.supp
Please find a way to incorporate the following sources into this literature
review. Also please highlight the changes.
Source 1: Walsh, K. R. M. C., & Schub, T. B. (2023). Case Management: Intimate Partner
Violence. CINAHL Nursing Guide.
Source 2: Spence, E. E., Prabhakar, P., Grace, J., Fulda, K. G., Thompson, E. L., & Ondersma, S.
J. (2022). Development and implementation of tablet-based screening for interpersonal
violence in primary care settings. Health Care for Women International, 43(12), 1503–
1509. https://doi-org.ezproxy.umgc.edu/10.1080/07399332.2022.2043861
Source 3: Dami, C., Dimitakopoulou, V. I., Damigos, D., & Gouva, M. (2017). Intimate partner
violence in primary settings and consequences in mental health. International Journal of
Caring Sciences, 10(1), 17.https://eds-p-ebscohostcom.ezproxy.umgc.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=5efd86fe-119b-4ad7-9f9f4eaac4ad6b34%40redis
This study provides support for implementing universal IPV screening in primary care
settings, given the high rates of disclosure, especially for psychological abuse and
significant mental health impacts. However, the cross-sectional nature of the data
prevents determining directionality. While the trauma associated with IPV may directly
trigger depressive symptoms, underlying mental health issues like depression could also
increase vulnerability to abuse. Further research should focus on explaining these
complexes, likely bi-directional pathways through multi-wave longitudinal studies
tracking mental health and relationship characteristics over time. Qualitative and mixedmethods approaches would also strengthen understanding of mediating mechanisms and
inform culturally tailored interventions. Researchers should follow cohorts identified
through screening and assess combinations of counseling, support groups, and
community referrals for improving coping, social support, parenting, and mental wellbeing among families experiencing stressors like IPV. Robust pilot studies can guide the
integration of holistic support services within primary care infrastructure to enhance
prevention and early intervention efforts.
Source 4: Johnson, W. L., Giordano, P. C., Longmore, M. A., & Manning, W. D. (2014).
Intimate partner violence and depressive symptoms during adolescence and young
adulthood. Journal of health and social behavior, 55 (1), 39-55.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/43186879
Johnson et al. conducts a longitudinal study to analyze data from over 1,300 youth in the
Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study. The purpose is to examine the association
between exposure to parental intimate partner violence (IPV) in adolescence and
depressive symptoms later in life. The authors found that exposure to parental physical
IPV predicts higher initial levels and faster trajectories of depressive symptoms that
persist into early adulthood, even after accounting for other childhood adversities. Effects
were stronger for young women compared to men. As one of the few longitudinal
assessments of mental health outcomes related to early exposure to domestic violence,
this study makes an important contribution. However, its reliance on retrospective selfreports of IPV exposure can introduce biases. The addition of more objective measures
would strengthen confidence in the findings. While this study makes an important
contribution in demonstrating the lasting mental health consequences of exposure to
parental domestic violence, particularly for young women, the exclusive reliance on
retrospective self-report data for key measures like childhood abuse is a limitation.
Respondent recall of traumatic events often decays over time and is subject to memory
biases. I more than likely would not use this as a primary source for an essay. However, I
would use it to point out the effects parental IPV has in early adulthood.
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