Description
Unit VII Scholarly Activity
Assignment Content
The assignment for this unit consists of 2 parts. Part A is an annotated bibliography and Part B is a Research Paper. Please read the instructions for each part and follow the directions carefully.
Part A:
As a safety manager, consider chemicals that you would likely find at a facility that can cause nephrotoxicity. Research three scientific journal articles that discuss research findings on these chemicals as they relate to nephrotoxicity.
Summarize each article and their research findings in your own words. Also, include in your summary what type of facility would this chemical be found and what type of control could be used to protect employees from the chemical. Credit will not be given for reiterating the abstract.
APA formatting must be implemented. Select three scientific research articles from the CSU library. Each article summary must be a minimum of 200 words.
Part B:
In the assigned reading for this unit, you learned about various chemicals that induce reproductive toxicity. Flame retardants are used in products such as household furniture, plastics, and electronic and electrical equipment. Flame retardants are supposed to increase safety by reducing the flammability of items. However brominated flame retardants can cause reproductive toxicity. Research a specific brominated flame retardant such as tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tetrabromophthalic anhydride, dibromoneopentylglycol, or brominated styrene that can cause reproductive toxicity and apply it to the research paper as directed below.
Develop a research paper that includes the following:
Background information on the toxicant, its use, and routes of exposure,
the process by which this toxicant causes reproductive toxicity and the concentration of exposure,
briefly summarizing the reproductive system may be necessary to discuss how the toxicant causes reproductive toxicity, ways exposure to the toxicant might be limited, treated, and/or effects reversed, and
recent research findings (within the last five years) on this chemical.
The paper should be a minimum of two pages in length, not counting the title and reference pages, and written in APA format with proper in-text citations and references. The paper should utilize at least three credible sources that include at least one peer-reviewed journal article published within the last five years.
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UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE
Nanotoxicity and Toxicology of
Metals and Food Additives
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII
At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
2. Summarize the principles of toxicology.
2.1 Discuss the cornerstone xenobiotic pharmacokinetic properties (absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion) and common effects of metals.
5. Examine toxic substances that pose a risk to human population and the environment.
5.1 Explain the bioaccumulation of metals as it affects ecology and humans.
Required Unit Resources
Chapter 17: Properties and Effects of Metals (ULO 2.1, 5.1)
Chapter 20: Nanotoxicity (ULO 2.1, 5.1)
Unit Lesson
Lesson (ULO’s 2.1, 5.1)
Unit VII is the first of a two-part discussion on toxic substances and risk assessment. The assigned textbook
reading covers topics such as toxicity of metals and nanotoxicity. You will find noteworthy discussion on
additional topics such as food additives, contaminants, and over-the-counter preparations. Although the latter
is not assigned reading, you may find more on some of these topics in the textbook as well as in the CSU
Online Library.
Toxicity of Metals
The textbook discusses various common toxic mechanisms of metals that include direct effects, indirect
effects, substitution, and metal imbalance (Roberts et al., 2022). Direct effects cause damage to the cells by
interrupting their structure or function. Indirect effects interrupt biological functions by binding to molecules
and inhibiting certain events from taking place. Substitution is when the metal is like other biological
molecules and binds or accumulates in place of an essential element, interrupting the activity of the essential
element. Metal imbalance is because of overexposure of some metals, causing disruption to homeostasis and
normal movement of essential metals (Roberts et al., 2022).
When discussing toxicity of metals, a common metal that comes to mind is lead. Lead toxicity through paint
has been in the news in recent years. For parents of small children, recalls for toys with lead paint are a major
concern. In 2007, a major toy company had a recall for toys from China because of the lead content in the
toys. Lead toxicity can have major neurotoxic effects. Take some time to read about the factors—such as
level and duration of exposure, chemical form, and metal-protein complexes—that would affect the level of
toxicity of metal, as discussed in the textbook.
While some metals are necessary nutrients that we need, metals can be very toxic, depending on the type of
metal, the type of exposure, and the level of exposure to the metal. Mercury poisoning is a major concern as it
can severely affect the nervous system. Pregnant women are warned of limiting the consumption of certain
types of fish because of their high mercury content (Roberts et al., 2022). As previously discussed, lead is
also a major concern. Children are at a higher risk of exposure to lead because of the increased likelihood of
ingestion of lead by putting various nonfood items in their mouths. Cadmium, arsenic, beryllium, chromium,
OSH 5303, Advanced Toxicology
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and copper are some additional metals with major toxicological issues that areUNIT
worthx reading
STUDY about.
GUIDEPlease
take time to focus on the sources of exposure and the toxic effects each one of
these metals has on humans.
Title
Solvents
Solvents are substances that can dissolve other substances. The properties of solvents have been commonly
utilized in cleaning products such as degreasers and stain removers. Industry has made exposure to solvents
common due to industrial as well as household products (Roberts et al., 2022). There are vast numbers of
carbon-based or organic solvents. The class and variations in properties such as molecular weight of solvents
even within a single class can result in an extreme difference in toxic effects.
Solvents can have acute as well as chronic effects on a variety of target organs including the central nervous
system (CNS) and hepatic and renal systems (Roberts et al., 2022). Some of the effects of solvents include
respiratory depression, dermal irritation, and cancer (Roberts et al., 2022). Take some time to review some of
the common examples and effects of solvents in the textbook.
Food Additives and Contaminants
Have you ever gone to the doctor with the symptoms of severe stomach cramps and vomiting, only to realize
that you had some type of food poisoning? Food poisoning is a result of food contamination. The symptoms
can be visible within a few hours or delayed for several days. Food may become contaminated because of
improper handling of the raw food and/or improper cooking of the foods.
Consumed foods may also be harmful because of food additives. Many years ago, the red dye in certain
chocolate candy products was discontinued because the dye was found to be harmful. Food additives are
substances that are normally found in the food items, such as dyes to make them more visibly appealing to
the consumer or preservatives to make them last longer. In addition to the direct food additives, consideration
must be given to indirect additives that can cause toxicity. This may occur when antibiotics are given to
livestock to keep them healthy while being raised, but they can be carried in the meat and passed on during
consumption. The consumption of antibiotics in this manner can contribute to antibiotic resistance in the
population. In past years, the use of steroids in farm animals has been highly debated. You may notice on
regular (not organic) milk bottles the pledge that the farmers who produce the milk promise that the milk is
steroid free as well as a statement regarding steroid use in the animals not showing any significant ill effect on
humans who consume the products.
Nanotoxicity
Nanotoxicity, in very simplified terms, is the toxic effect of extremely small particles in the 10-9m range.
Shortly before returning home from his second tour in Iraq, an Army member was given paperwork that
explained he was exposed to particulate matter for the duration of his tour. He was concerned about what this
exposure meant and contacted a toxicologist regarding the possible effects of the exposure. The toxicologist’s
concern was predominantly focused on the development of lung disease in the future.
As you read the textbook regarding nanotoxicity, you will find that there are different classifications of
nanomaterials. The effects of nanotoxicity are not limited to pulmonary disease but extend to various effects
of skin toxicity, cancer, mutations, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, as well as endocrine and reproductive
toxicity (Roberts et al., 2022).
Over-the-Counter Preparations
The last topic of discussion for this unit is that of over-the-counter preparations. Over-the-counter drugs can
be found in almost every household. A consumer can go into a local store and literally walk-through aisles
and aisles of over-the-counter drugs that are available for purchase. The textbook discusses the fact that
many over-the-counter drugs do not undergo a stringent testing process. Some over-the-counter drugs are
simply lower concentrations of prescription medicines, and some drugs found in the over-the-counter drug
aisle are herbal supplements that are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration. Many consumers
lack proper knowledge on the proper use of over-the-counter drugs, which puts the users at risk for toxic
OSH 5303, Advanced Toxicology
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effects if used improperly. There are also possible adverse effects when takenUNIT
in conjunction
other overx STUDY with
GUIDE
the-counter drugs, prescription drugs, or herbal supplements.
Title
Reference
Roberts, S. M., James, R. C., & Williams, P. L. (2022) Principles of toxicology: Environmental and industrial
applications (4th ed.). Wiley
Learning Activities (Nongraded)
Nongraded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of study. You do not have to submit
them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further guidance and information.
Your textbook does an excellent job discussing many characteristics of metals that should be considered
when utilizing metals in the workplace. As you review Chapter 17: Properties and Effects of Metals, write a
brief summary of the general cornerstones of toxicology (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)
as it applies to metals and note exceptions to the general characteristics. In a separate paragraph, summarize
the transport of metals in the environment through air, water, and soil.
This information is important to note if you oversee safety in a facility that handles metals as you need to
know how metals affect the body and how to protect employees’ safety and protect the environment.
OSH 5303, Advanced Toxicology
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