Description
Learning Outcomes: Knowledge: 1.1: Identify and evaluate the significant trade agreements affecting global commerce Skills: 2.1: Analyse the effects of culture, politics and economic systems in the context of international business Values: 3.1 : Carry out effective self-evaluation through discussing economic systems in the international business context Case study Please read Case 3: “Economic Development in Bangladesh” available in your e-book (International business: Competing in the global marketplace (13th ed.), at page no.629, and answer the following questions: Case study Question(s): 1.What were the principal reasons for the economic stagnation of Bangladesh after its war for independence? Discuss. (Minimum words: 400, marks: 2) 2.Explain how the liberalization program in the 1990s enabled Bangladesh to start climbing the ladder of economic progress. What are the main lessons here that can be applied to economic development in other nations?(Minimum words: 500, marks: 4) Bangladesh is dependent for its prosperity upon agriculture and textile exports. What are the risks here? How might Bangladesh diversify its industrial and commercial base? (Minimum words: 500, marks: 4) Important Notes: This is an individual assignment. All references must be cited using APA format. This includes both in-text citations and the reference list at the end of the document.Originality, Similarity and Plagiarism Check: Your work must be original. All papers will be submitted through SafeAssign software to check for similarity and plagiarism. Any instance of academic dishonesty will result in a grade of zero for the assignment. No exceptions and no second chances! Answers Answer-Answer-Answer-
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المملكة العربية السعودية
وزارة التعليم
الجامعة السعودية اإللكترونية
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Education
Saudi Electronic University
College of Administrative and Financial Sciences
Assignment 2
Introduction to International Business (MGT 321)
Due Date: 11/11/2023 @ 23:59
Course Name: Introduction to International
Business
Course Code: MGT-321
Student’s Name:
Semester: First
CRN: 13984
Student’s ID Number:
Academic Year:2023-24-1st
For Instructor’s Use only
Instructor’s Name: Dr. Swapnali Baruah
Students’ Grade:
Marks Obtained/Out of 10
Level of Marks: High/Middle/Low
General Instructions – PLEASE READ THEM CAREFULLY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The Assignment must be submitted on Blackboard (WORD format only) via allocated
folder.
Assignments submitted through email will not be accepted.
Students are advised to make their work clear and well presented, marks may be reduced
for poor presentation. This includes filling your information on the cover page.
Students must mention question number clearly in their answer.
Late submission will NOT be accepted.
Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or other
resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions.
All answered must be typed using Times New Roman (size 12, double-spaced) font. No
pictures containing text will be accepted and will be considered plagiarism).
Submissions without this cover page will NOT be accepted.
Learning Outcomes:
Knowledge:
1.1: Identify and evaluate the significant trade agreements affecting global commerce
Skills:
2.1: Analyse the effects of culture, politics and economic systems in the context of
international business
Values:
3.1 : Carry out effective self-evaluation through discussing economic systems in the
international business context
Case study
Please read Case 3: “Economic Development in Bangladesh” available in your ebook (International business: Competing in the global marketplace (13th ed.), at
page no.629, and answer the following questions:
Case study Question(s):
1. What were the principal reasons for the economic stagnation of Bangladesh after
its war for independence? Discuss.
(Minimum words: 400, marks: 2)
2. Explain how the liberalization program in the 1990s enabled Bangladesh to start
climbing the ladder of economic progress. What are the main lessons here that can
be applied to economic development in other nations?
(Minimum words: 500,
marks: 4)
3. Bangladesh is dependent for its prosperity upon agriculture and textile exports.
What are the risks here? How might Bangladesh diversify its industrial and
commercial base?
(Minimum words: 500, marks: 4)
Important Notes:
• This is an individual assignment.
• All references must be cited using APA format. This includes both in-text
citations and the reference list at the end of the document.
• Originality, Similarity and Plagiarism Check: Your work must be original. All
papers will be submitted through SafeAssign software to check for similarity and
plagiarism. Any instance of academic dishonesty will result in a grade of zero for
the assignment. No exceptions and no second chances!
Answers
1. Answer2. Answer3. Answer-
Chapter 1
Globalization
©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Learning Objectives
LO 1-1 Understand what is meant by the term
globalization.
LO 1-2 Recognize the main drivers of globalization.
LO 1-3 Describe the changing nature of the global
economy.
LO 1-4 Explain the main arguments in the debate over the
impact of globalization.
LO 1-5 Understand how the process of globalization is
creating opportunities and challenges for
management practice.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
What Is Globalization? 1 of 3
ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ اﻷﺳواق
ھﺑوط اﻟﺣواﺟز أﻣﺎم
The Globalization of Markets
اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة واﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر ﻋﺑر
اﻟﺣدود
* Falling barriers to cross-border trade and investment
اﻷذواق اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ
* Global tastes
ﯾﺳﺗﻔﯾد اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة
واﻟﻛﺑﯾرة
* Benefits small and large companies
اﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﻛﺑﯾرة ﺑﯾن
اﻷﺳواق اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ
* Significant differences between national markets
اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧدم
اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت ﻋﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ
* Products that serve universal needs are global
ﻗد ﻻ ﯾﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﺳون ﺑﯾن
* Competitors may not change among nations
اﻟدول
Learning Objective 1-1 Understand what is meant by the term globalization.
ﺗﺷﯾر اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﺣول ﻧﺣو
Globalization refers to the shift toward a more
اﻗﺗﺻﺎد ﻋﺎﻟﻣﻲ أﻛﺛر ﺗﻛﺎﻣﻼً وﺗراﺑطًﺎ
integrated and interdependent world economy
ﺗﺷﯾر ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ اﻷﺳواق إﻟﻰ دﻣﺞ
The globalization of markets refers to the merging of
historically distinct and separate national markets into اﻷﺳواق اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻣﯾزة واﻟﻣؤرﺧﺔ
ﺗﺎرﯾﺧﯾﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺳوق ﻋﺎﻟﻣﻲ ﺿﺧم
one huge global marketplace.
.واﺣد
©McGraw-Hill Education.
What Is Globalization? 2 of 3
The Globalization of Production
• Technology now used for outsourcing
ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎج
ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﺳﻠﻊ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻔﺎدة ﻣن
اﻟﻔروق ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ وﺟودة ﻋواﻣل
اﻹﻧﺗﺎج
اﻗﺗﺻر اﻟﺗﻌﮭﯾد اﻟﻣﺑﻛر ﻓﻲ
اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ
اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ اﻵن
ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻣﺻﺎدر ﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ
The globalization of production refers to the
sourcing of goods and services from locations
around the globe to take advantage of national
differences in the cost and quality of factors of
production (such as labor, energy, land, and
capital).
ﺗﺷﯾر ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﺳﻠﻊ
واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت ﻣن اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ ﺣول اﻟﻌﺎﻟم
ﻟﻼﺳﺗﻔﺎدة ﻣن اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ وﺟودة ﻋواﻣل اﻹﻧﺗﺎج )ﻣﺛل
اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ واﻟطﺎﻗﺔ واﻷرض ورأس
.(اﻟﻣﺎل
• Sourcing goods to take advantage of
differences in cost and quality of factors of
production
• Early outsourcing was confined to
manufacturing
©McGraw-Hill Education.
What Is Globalization? 3 of 3
The Globalization of Production continued
• Robert Reich and “global products”
• Impediments
• Formal and informal barriers to trade
• Transportation costs
اﺳﺗﻣر ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎج
• Political and economic risk
“روﺑرت راﯾش و ” اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ
• Coordination
اﻟﻌواﺋق
اﻟﺣواﺟز اﻟرﺳﻣﯾﺔ وﻏﯾر اﻟرﺳﻣﯾﺔ أﻣﺎم اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة
ﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻧﻘل
ﻣﺧﺎطر ﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ واﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ
ﺗﻧﺳﯾق
©McGraw-Hill Education.
The Emergence of Global Institutions 1 of 6
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organization
International Monetary Fund
The World Bank
(اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌرﯾﻔﺎت واﻟﺗﺟﺎرة )اﻟﺟﺎت
ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ
ﺻﻧدوق اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟدوﻟﻲ
اﻟﺑﻧك اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ
اﻻﻣم اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة
The United Nations
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) International treaty that committed
signatories to lowering barriers to the free
flow of goods across national borders and
led to the WTO.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
) اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﻌرﯾﻔﺎت واﻟﺗﺟﺎرةGATT (
اﻟﻣﻌﺎھدة اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ارﺗﻛﺑت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣوﻗﻌﯾن ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺧﻔض اﻟﺣواﺟز أﻣﺎم اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺣر ﻟﻠﺑﺿﺎﺋﻊ ﻋﺑر
اﻟﺣدود اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ وأدت إﻟﻰ ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة
.اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ
The Emergence of Global Institutions 2 of 6
The World Trade Organization
ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ
* Polices the world trading system
ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﺗﺟﺎري اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ
ﯾﺿﻣن اﻟﺗزام اﻟدول اﻟﻘوﻣﯾﺔ
* Ensures nation-states adhere to the rules
ﺑﺎﻟﻘواﻋد
ﯾﺳﮭل اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة
* Facilitates multinational agreements among members
اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻷﻋﺿﺎء
* 164 nations account for 98 percent of world trade
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺋﺔ98 دوﻟﺔ ﺗﻣﺛل164
ﻣن اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ
World Trade Organization The
organization that succeeded GATT as a
result of the successful completion of the
Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺧﻠﻔت اﺗﻔﺎﻗﯾﺔ
اﻟﺟﺎت ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﺟﺎح ﻓﻲ إﻛﻣﺎل ﺟوﻟﺔ أوروﻏواي
.ﻟﻣﻔﺎوﺿﺎت اﻟﻐﺎت
The Emergence of Global Institutions 3 of 6
The International Monetary Fund
ﺻﻧدوق اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟدوﻟﻲ
أﻧﺷﺋت ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻓﻲ
اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻧﻘدي اﻟدوﻟﻲ
ﻣﻘرض اﻟﻣﻼذ اﻷﺧﯾر
• Lender of last resort
ﯾﺗطﻠب ﻣن اﻟدول اﻟﻘوﻣﯾﺔ اﻋﺗﻣﺎد
• Requires nation-states to adopt specific economic
ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﻣﺣددة ﺗﮭدف
إﻟﻰ إﻋﺎدة اﻗﺗﺻﺎداﺗﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ
policies aimed at returning their economies to stability
اﻻﺳﺗﻘرار واﻟﻧﻣو
and growth
• Established to maintain order in the international
monetary system
The International Monetary Fund
International institution set up to maintain
order in the international monetary system.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
إﻧﺷﺎء ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﺻﻧدوق اﻟﻧﻘد اﻟدوﻟﻲ اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺎظ
.ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻧظﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻧﻘدي اﻟدوﻟﻲ
The Emergence of Global Institutions 4 of 6
The World Bank
اﻟﺑﻧك اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ
ﯾﻌزز اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ
ﺗرﻛز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘدﯾم ﻗروض
• Focused on making low-interest loans to
ﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺋدة ﻟﻠﺣﻛوﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ
cash-strapped governments in poor
ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺿﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟدول
nations that wish to undertake significant اﻟﻔﻘﯾرة اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗرﻏب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﯾﺎم
ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎرات ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻧﯾﺔ
infrastructure investments
اﻟﺗﺣﺗﯾﺔ
• Promotes economic development
World Bank International institution set up
to promote general economic development
in the world’s poorer nations.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
إﻧﺷﺎء ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ دوﻟﯾﺔ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻧك اﻟدوﻟﻲ ﻟﺗﻌزﯾز
اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟدول اﻟﻔﻘﯾرة ﻓﻲ
اﻟﻌﺎﻟم
The Emergence of Global Institutions 5 of 6
The United Nations
•Peace through international cooperation and collective security
اﻟﺳﻼم ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﺗﻌﺎون اﻟدوﻟﻲ واﻷﻣن اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﻲ
دوﻟﺔ193
•UN Charter – four basic purposes
أرﺑﻌﺔ أﻏراض أﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ- ﻣﯾﺛﺎق اﻷﻣم اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة
اﻟﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳﻼم واﻷﻣن اﻟدوﻟﯾﯾن
• Maintain international peace and security
ﺗطوﯾر اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟودﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟدول
• Develop friendly relations among nations
اﻟﺗﻌﺎون ﻓﻲ ﺣل اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ وﻓﻲ ﺗﻌزﯾز
اﺣﺗرام ﺣﻘوق اﻹﻧﺳﺎن
• Cooperate in solving international problems and in
ً
ﻣرﻛزا ﻟﺗﻧﺳﯾق أﻋﻣﺎل اﻷﻣم
ﻛن
promoting respect for human rights
•193 countries
• Be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations
United Nations (UN) An international organization
made up of 193 countries headquartered in New
York City, formed in 1945 to promote peace,
security, and cooperation.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
) اﻷﻣم اﻟﻣﺗﺣدةUN ( ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ دوﻟﯾﺔ ﺗﺗﻛون
، دوﻟﺔ ﻣﻘرھﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻧﯾوﯾورك193 ﻣن
ﻟﺗﻌزﯾز اﻟﺳﻼم1945 ﺗﺷﻛﻠت ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم
.واﻷﻣن واﻟﺗﻌﺎون
The Emergence of Global Institutions 6 of 6
Group of Twenty (G20)
ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن
()ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن
• Finance ministers and central bank governors of وزراء اﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ وﻣﺣﺎﻓظو
the 19 largest economies in the world, plus
19 اﻟﺑﻧوك اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ ﻷﻛﺑر
، اﻗﺗﺻﺎدا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم
representatives from the European Union and
ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻣﺛﻠﯾن ﻣن
the European Central Bank
اﻻﺗﺣﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ واﻟﺑﻧك
اﻟﻣرﻛزي اﻷوروﺑﻲ
• Represents 90 percent of global GDP and 80
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣن90 ﯾﻣﺛل
percent of international global trade
اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻣﺣﻠﻲ اﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ80 اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ و
ﻣن اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ
Group of Twenty (G20)
(ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن )ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن
Established in 1999, the G20 comprises
وﺗﺿم1999 ﺗﺄﺳّﺳت ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم
the finance ministers and central bank
وزراء اﻟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ وﻣﺣﺎﻓظﻲ اﻟﺑﻧوك اﻟﻣرﻛزﯾﺔ
governors of the 19 largest economies in
، ﻟﻼﻗﺗﺻﺎدات اﻟﻛﺑرى اﻟﺗﺳﻊ ﻋﺷرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم
the world, plus representatives from the
ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻣﺛﻠﯾن ﻣن اﻻﺗﺣﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ واﻟﺑﻧك
European Union and the European Central
.اﻟﻣرﻛزي اﻷوروﺑﻲ
Bank.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
Drivers of Globalization 1 of 4
Learning Objective 1-2 Recognize the main drivers of globalization.
Declining Trade and Investment Barriers
• 1920s-30s: Barriers to international trade and
foreign direct investment
• High tariffs resulted in retaliatory trade policies
• GATT lowered barriers
• Uruguay Round
• Established World Trade Organization (WTO)
International trade occurs when a firm exports
goods or services to consumers in another country.
Foreign direct investment occurs when a firm
invests resources in business activities outside its
home country.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
ﺗراﺟﻊ اﻟﺣواﺟز اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ
واﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎرﯾﺔ
30 – 1920s اﻟﺣواﺟز أﻣﺎم:
اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ واﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ
اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر
أدت اﻟﺗﻌرﯾﻔﺎت اﻟﻣرﺗﻔﻌﺔ إﻟﻰ
ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت ﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ اﻧﺗﻘﺎﻣﯾﺔ
اﻟﻐﺎت ﺧﻔﺿت اﻟﺣواﺟز
ﺟوﻟﺔ أوروﻏواي
ﺗﺄﺳﯾس ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ
)WTO(
ﺗﺣدث اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻘوم اﻟﺷرﻛﺔ
ﺑﺗﺻدﯾر ﺳﻠﻊ أو ﺧدﻣﺎت ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﯾن ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠد
.آﺧر
ﯾﺣدث اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ
ﺗﺳﺗﺛﻣر اﻟﺷرﻛﺔ ﻣوارد ﻓﻲ أﻧﺷطﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل
.ﺧﺎرج ﺑﻠدھﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ
Drivers of Globalization 2 of 4
Knowledge Society and Trade Agreements
ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ واﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎت
اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ
• The value of world trade in merchandised
ﻧﻣت ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة
goods has grown consistently faster than the اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﻠﻊ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل
growth rate in the world economy since 1950. ﻣﺗﺳق أﺳرع ﻣن ﻣﻌدل
اﻟﻧﻣو ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ
• Trade across country borders is 2.6 times higher than
.1950 ﻣﻧذ ﻋﺎم
world production.
ﺗﺑﻠﻎ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة ﻋﺑر ﺣدود
ﻣرات أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣن2.6 اﻟدول
• Knowledge society has produced more informed
.اﻹﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ
consumers, driving demand.
ﻟﻘد أﻧﺗﺞ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ
، اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﯾن اﻷﻛﺛر وﻋ ﯾًﺎ
• Removal of restrictions to FDI
.ﻣﻣﺎ أدى إﻟﻰ زﯾﺎدة اﻟطﻠب
• More trade agreements
إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﯾود ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر
اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر
ﻣزﯾد ﻣن اﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ
©McGraw-Hill Education.
Figure 1.1 Value of world trade, world production, number of regional
trade agreements in force, and world population from 1960 to 2020 (index
1960 = 100).
Jump to long description in
appendix
©McGraw-Hill Education.
Sources: World Bank, 2017; World Trade Organization, 2017; United Nations, 2017.
Figure 1.2 Comparisons of world trade and world population; world
trade and number of regional trade agreements; world population and
world production; and world population and world trade (index 1960 =
100).
Jump to long description in
appendix
©McGraw-Hill Education.
Sources: World Bank, 2017; World Trade Organization, 2017; United Nations, 2017.
Drivers of Globalization 3 of 4
Role of Technological Change
• Communications
دور اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﻲ
ﻣﺟﺎل اﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻت
ﺗطوﯾر اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎت اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ
• Development of the microprocessor
ﻗﺎﻧون ﻣور
• Moore’s Law
اﻧﺗرﻧت اﻷﺷﯾﺎء
ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻧﺻف ﺳﻛﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟم اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت
• Internet of things
2 ﻣﺑﯾﻌﺎت اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻹﻟﻛﺗروﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ أﻛﺛر ﻣن
ﺗرﯾﻠﯾون دوﻻر
• Half the world’s population uses the Internet
اﻻﻧﺗرﻧت ھو اﻟﺗﻌﺎدل
• Global e-commerce sales over $2 trillion
• The Internet is an equalizer
Moore’s law predicts that the power of
microprocessor technology doubles and its
cost of production falls in half every 18
months).
©McGraw-Hill Education.
وﯾﺗﻧﺑﺄ ﻗﺎﻧون ﻣور ﺑﺄن ﻗوة ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺎت
اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﺗﺿﺎﻋف وﺗﻘل ﻛﻠﻔﺔ إﻧﺗﺎﺟﮭﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻧﺻف
.(ً ﺷﮭرا18 ﻛل
Drivers of Globalization 4 of 4
Role of Technological Change continued
ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﻧﻘل
• Transportation technology
اﻟﺳﻔر ﺑﺎﻟطﺎﺋرات اﻟﻧﻔﺎﺛﺔ
و، اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ
• Commercial jet travel, superfreighters, and
superfreighters و،
containerization
containerization
اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻣﺗرﺗﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ
• Implications for the globalization of production
اﻹﻧﺗﺎج
أﺻﺑﺢ أﻛﺛر اﻗﺗﺻﺎدا
• Has become more economical
ﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻻﺗﺻﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ
اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻣﺗرﺗﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋوﻟﻣﺔ
• Worldwide communications network
اﻷﺳواق
ﺗﻘﺎرب أذواق اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛﯾن
• Implications for the globalization of markets
وﺗﻔﺿﯾﻼﺗﮭم
• Convergence of consumer tastes and preferences
©McGraw-Hill Education.
The Changing Demographics of the
Global Economy 1 of 6
Learning Objective 1-3 Describe the changing nature of the global economy.
The Changing World Output and World Trade Picture
•
اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر واﻟﺗﺟﺎرة
اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ
ﺷﮭدت اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة
ﺿﺎ ﻧﺳﺑ ﯾًﺎ ﯾﻌﻛس اﻟﻧﻣو
ً اﻧﺧﻔﺎ
اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي اﻷﺳرع ﻟﻌدة
• China and BRIC countries growing more rapidly
اﻗﺗﺻﺎدات أﺧرى
• Developing nations may account for more than 60 “ﺗﻧﻣو اﻟﺻﯾن وﺑﻠدان “ﺑرﯾك
ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ أﻛﺑر
percent of world economic activity by 2025
ﻗد ﺗﻣﺛل اﻟدول اﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ أﻛﺛر ﻣن
ﻣن اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي٪ 60
2025 اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ ﺑﺣﻠول ﻋﺎم
U.S. has experienced a relative decline reflecting
the faster economic growth of several other
economies
©McGraw-Hill Education.
The Changing Demographics of the
Global Economy 2 of 6
The Changing Foreign Direct Investment Picture
ﺻورة اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر
• Non-U.S. firms are increasingly investing across national
borders ﺗﺳﺗﺛﻣر اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺗزاﯾد ﻋﺑر اﻟﺣدود.ﺧﺎرج اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة
اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ
• Desire to disperse production activities to optimal locations and to
build a direct presence in major foreign markets
اﻟرﻏﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺗﯾت أﻧﺷطﺔ اﻹﻧﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ اﻟﻣﺛﻠﻰ وﺑﻧﺎء وﺟود ﻣﺑﺎﺷر ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳواق اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾ ﺳﯾﺔ
stock of foreign direct investment (FDI)
refers to the total cumulative value of
foreign investments as a percentage of the
country’s GDP.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
) ﯾﺷﯾر اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷرFDI ( إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ
اﻟﺗراﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎرات اﻷﺟﻧﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﻧﺳﺑﺔ
.ﻣﺋوﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻣﺣﻠﻲ اﻹﺟﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﻠد
Figure 1.3 Share of FDI stock outward as a
percentage of GDP.
ﻛﯾف أن ﻣﺧزون1.3 ﯾوﺿﺢ اﻟﺷﻛل
Figure 1.3 shows how the stock of foreign direct
اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر اﻷﺟﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت
investment by the United States, China, Japan, United اﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة، اﻟﯾﺎﺑﺎن، اﻟﺻﯾن، اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة
Kingdom, European Union countries, Developed
اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدات، دول اﻻﺗﺣﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ،
Economies, and the World changed between 1995 and . و اﻟﯾوم1995 واﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﺗﻐﯾر ﺑﯾن، اﻟﻣﺗﻘدﻣﺔ
today.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
Sources: OECD data 2017, FDI stocks.
Figure 1.4 FDI inflows (in millions of dollars)
©McGraw-Hill Education.
Jump to long description in
appendix
Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Investment Report 2017. (Data for 2018–2020 are forecast.)
The Changing Demographics of the
Global Economy 3 of 6
The Changing Nature of the Multinational Enterprise
اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرة ﻟﻠﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت
اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت.ﺧﺎرج اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ38.8 ﻛﺎﻧت، 2003 ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم
• In 2003, 38.8 percent of the world’s 2000
ﻣن أﻛﺑر اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم
• largest multinationals were U.S. firms
ھﻲ ﺷرﻛﺎت أﻣرﯾﻛﯾﺔ2000 ﻋﺎم
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣن27 أﺻﺑﺣت، 2017 ﺑﺣﻠول ﻋﺎم
• By 2017, 27 percent of the top 2000
ﻣن2000 اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﺑرى ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم
• global firms are now U.S. multinationals, اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟوﻻﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة
ﺷرﻛﺔ236 أي ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ،
• Non-U.S. multinationals
a drop of 236 firms
A multinational enterprise (MNE) is any
business that has productive activities in
two or more countries.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
) ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎتMNE ( ھﻲ أي
.أﻋﻣﺎل ﻟﮭﺎ أﻧﺷطﺔ إﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠدﯾن أو أﻛﺛر
The Changing Demographics of the
Global Economy 4 of 6
The Changing Nature of the Multinational
Enterprise continued
• The rise of mini-multinationals
• Medium- and small-sized businesses
• Internet is lowering barriers
اﺳﺗﻣرت اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرة ﻟﻠﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت
ﺻﻌود اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎت
اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ واﻟﺻﻐﯾرة اﻟﺣﺟم
اﻹﻧﺗرﻧت ھو ﺧﻔض اﻟﺣواﺟز
©McGraw-Hill Education.
The Changing Demographics of the
Global Economy 5 of 6
The Changing World Order
اﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر
ﻓرﺻﺎ
ﺗﻘدم اﻟدول اﻟﺷﯾوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ
ً
• Former communist countries present
ﻟﻠﺗﺻدﯾر واﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر
ﻋﻼﻣﺎت ﺗزاﯾد اﻻﺿطراب
export and investment opportunities
واﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ
• Signs of growing unrest and totalitarianism اﻟﺻﯾن ﺗﻧﺗﻘل إﻟﻰ ﻗوة ﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ
ﻋظﻣﻰ
اﻧﺧﻔﺿت دﯾون أﻣرﯾﻛﺎ اﻟﻼﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ
• China moving to industrial superpower
واﻟﻣزﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣرﯾن، واﻟﺗﺿﺧم
وﺗوﺳﻊ، ﻣن اﻟﻘطﺎع اﻟﺧﺎص
• Latin America debt and inflation are down,
اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدات
more private investors, expanding
economies
©McGraw-Hill Education.
The Changing Demographics of the
Global Economy 6 of 6
Global Economy of the Twenty-First Century
• Barriers to the free flow of goods, services,
and capital have been coming down
• Strengthened by the widespread adoption of
liberal economic policies by countries that
had firmly opposed them
• Globalization is not inevitable
• Countries may pull back
اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﻘرن اﻟﺣﺎدي
واﻟﻌﺷرﯾن
ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻌواﺋق أﻣﺎم اﻟﺗدﻓق اﻟﺣر
ﻟﻠﺳﻠﻊ واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت ورأس اﻟﻣﺎل
ﺗﺗراﺟﻊ
ﺗم ﺗﻌزﯾزھﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺗﺑﻧﻲ
ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﯾﺑراﻟﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟدول اﻟﺗﻲ
ﻋﺎرﺿﺗﮭﺎ ﺑﺷدة
اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ ﻟﯾﺳت ﺣﺗﻣﯾﺔ
ﻗد ﺗﺗراﺟﻊ اﻟدول
اﻟﻣﺧﺎطر ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ
• Risks are high
A multinational enterprise (MNE) is any business
that has productive activities in two or more
countries.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
) ﻣؤﺳﺳﺔ ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺎتMNE ( ھﻲ
أي أﻋﻣﺎل ﻟﮭﺎ أﻧﺷطﺔ إﻧﺗﺎﺟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠدﯾن أو
أﻛﺛر
The Globalization Debate 1 of 7
Learning Objective 1-4 Explain the main arguments in the debate over the
impact of globalization.
Antiglobalization Protests
•
1999 protests at WTO meeting
•
Detrimental effects on living standards, wage
rates, and the environment.
اﺣﺗﺟﺎﺟﺎت ﻣﻧﺎھﺿﺔ اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ
ﻓﻲ اﺟﺗﻣﺎع ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ1999 اﺣﺗﺟﺎﺟﺎت ﻋﺎم
. واﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ، وﻣﻌدﻻت اﻷﺟور، آﺛﺎر ﺿﺎرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺷﺔ
©McGraw-Hill Education.
The Globalization Debate 2 of 7
Globalization, Jobs, and Income
• Critics of globalization argue:
واﻟدﺧل، اﻟوظﺎﺋف، اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ
:ﯾﻘول ﻣﻧﺗﻘدو اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ
• Falling trade barriers allow firms to move
وﯾﺳﻣﺢ اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﺣواﺟز اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ
manufacturing activities to countries
ﻟﻠﺷرﻛﺎت ﺑﻧﻘل أﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ إﻟﻰ
اﻟﺑﻠدان اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛون ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﻌدﻻت اﻷﺟور
where wage rates are much lower
أﻗل ﺑﻛﺛﯾر
• Destroy manufacturing jobs in wealthy advanced ﺗدﻣﯾر وظﺎﺋف اﻟﺗﺻﻧﯾﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدات
economies
اﻟﻣﺗﻘدﻣﺔ اﻟﻐﻧﯾﺔ
اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت أﯾﺿﺎ ﯾﺟري اﻻﺳﺗﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻣﺻﺎدر
• Services also being outsourced
ﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ
اﻟﻣﺳﺎھﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻌدﻻت اﻟﺑطﺎﻟﺔ
• Contributing to higher unemployment and lower
واﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﻌﯾﺷﺔ ﻓﻲ دوﻟﮭم
living standards in their home nations
اﻷم
©McGraw-Hill Education.
The Globalization Debate 3 of 7
Globalization, Jobs, and Income continued
• Supporters argue:
• Benefits outweigh the costs
• Free trade will result in countries specializing in
the production of goods and services that they
can produce most efficiently, while importing
goods and services that they cannot produce as
efficiently
• As a result, the whole economy is better off
• Companies can reduce their cost structure, and
consumers benefit
©McGraw-Hill Education.
وظﺎﺋف، اﺳﺗﻣرت اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ
واﻟدﺧل،
:ﯾﻘول اﻟﻣؤﯾدون
اﻟﻔواﺋد ﺗﻔوق اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف
ﺳوف ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﻋن اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة
اﻟﺣرة دول ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ
إﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﺳﻠﻊ واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ
ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﻧﺗﺟﮭﺎ ﺑﻛﻔﺎءة
ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺗورد اﻟﺳﻠﻊ، أﻛﺑر
واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛﻧﮭﺎ
.إﻧﺗﺎﺟﮭﺎ ﺑﻛﻔﺎءة
ﻓﺈن، وﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻟذﻟك
اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد ﻛﻠﮫ أﻓﺿل ﺣﺎﻻ
ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻠﺷرﻛﺎت ﺧﻔض
ھﯾﻛل اﻟﺗﻛﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﮭم
وﯾﺳﺗﻔﯾد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﮭﻠﻛون،
The Globalization Debate 4 of 7
Globalization, Jobs, and Income continued
، وظﺎﺋف، اﺳﺗﻣرت اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ
واﻟدﺧل
ﺗﺷﯾر اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻧﺧﻔﺎض
• Data suggests the share of labor in national
ﺣﺻﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟدﺧل
income has declined
اﻟﻘوﻣﻲ
زادت ﺣﺻﺔ اﻟدﺧل اﻟﻘوﻣﻲ ﻣن
• Share of national income by skilled labor has
اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣﺎھرة
increased
ﺷﮭدت اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺎھرة
• Unskilled labor experienced a fall in income, but not وﻟﻛن ﻟﯾس، ھﺑوطًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟدﺧل
necessarily standard of living due to economic growth ﺑﺎﻟﺿرورة ﻣﺳﺗوى ﻣﻌﯾﺷ ًﯾﺎ
ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﻧﻣو اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي
• The weak growth rate in real wage rates for وﻣن اﻟﻣرﺟﺢ أن ﯾﻌزى ﻣﻌدل
اﻟﻧﻣو اﻟﺿﻌﯾف ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌدﻻت
unskilled workers is likely due to a
اﻷﺟور اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻣﺎل ﻏﯾر
technology-induced shift within advanced
اﻟﻣﮭرة إﻟﻰ ﺣدوث ﺗﺣول ﻓﻲ
اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ داﺧل اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدات
economies
اﻟﻣﺗﻘدﻣﺔ
• Technological change has a bigger impact than
ﻟﻠﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﯾر أﻛﺑر
ﻣن اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺧﻔﺎض
globalization on declining share of national income
ﺣﺻﺔ اﻟدﺧل اﻟﻘوﻣﻲ اﻟذي
enjoyed by labor
ﺗﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﮫ اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﺔ
©McGraw-Hill Education.
The Globalization Debate 5 of 7
Globalization, Labor Policies, and the
Environment
• Critics argue:
• Labor and environmental regulations
• Lack of regulation can lead to abuse
• Adhering to regulations increases costs
• As countries get richer, they enact tougher
environmental and labor regulations
• Supporters argue:
• Tougher environmental regulations and stricter
labor standards go hand in hand with economic
progress
©McGraw-Hill Education.
اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ وﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﻣل واﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ
:اﻟﻧﻘﺎد ﯾﻘوﻟون
اﻟﻠواﺋﺢ اﻟﻌﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ واﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ
ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾؤدي ﻋدم اﻟﺗﻧظﯾم إﻟﻰ
إﺳﺎءة اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ
اﻟﺗﻘﯾد ﺑﺎﻟﻠواﺋﺢ ﯾزﯾد ﻣن اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف
ﻓﺈﻧﮭﺎ، وﻣﻊ ازدﯾﺎد ﺛراء اﻟﺑﻠدان
ﺗﺳن ﻗواﻧﯾن أﻛﺛر ﺻراﻣﺔ ﺗﺗﻌﻠق
ﺑﺎﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ واﻟﻌﻣل
:ﯾﻘول اﻟﻣؤﯾدون
إن اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ اﻷﻛﺛر ﺻراﻣﺔ
وﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر اﻟﻌﻣل اﻷﻛﺛر ﺻراﻣﺔ
ﺗﺳﯾر ﺟﻧﺑﺎ ً إﻟﻰ ﺟﻧب ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﻘدم
اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدي
Figure 1.6 Income levels and environmental pollution
While the hump-shaped relationship depicted in
Figure 1.6 seems to hold across a wide range of
pollutants—from sulfur dioxide to lead
concentrations and water quality—carbon
dioxide emissions are an important exception,
rising steadily with higher-income levels.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن ﯾﺑدو أن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛل ﺳﻧﺎم اﻟﻣﺑﯾﻧﺔ
ﺗﺣﻣل ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ واﺳﻌﺔ ﻣن1.6 ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻛل
ﻣن ﺛﺎﻧﻲ أﻛﺳﯾد اﻟﻛﺑرﯾت إﻟﻰ ﺗرﻛﯾزات- اﻟﻣﻠوﺛﺎت
ﺗﺷﻛل اﻧﺑﻌﺎﺛﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻲ- اﻟرﺻﺎص وﻧوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه
ﺣﯾث ﺗرﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﺎطراد، أﻛﺳﯾد اﻟﻛرﺑون اﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎ ًء ھﺎ ًﻣﺎ
.ﻣﻊ ﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟدﺧل اﻟﻣرﺗﻔﻊ
Source: C. W. L. Hill and G. T. M. Hult, Global Business Today (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2018).
The Globalization Debate 6 of 7
Globalization and National Sovereignty
• Critics argue:
• Shift of power from national governments
toward supranational organizations
• WTO, EU, United Nations
• Supporters argue:
• The power of supranational organizations is
limited to what nation-states collectively
agree to grant
• These organizations exist to serve the
collective interests of member states
©McGraw-Hill Education.
اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ واﻟﺳﯾﺎدة اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ
:اﻟﻧﻘﺎد ﯾﻘوﻟون
ﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﺳﻠطﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺎت
اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ ﻧﺣو اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺎت ﻓوق
اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ
ﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ
واﻻﺗﺣﺎد اﻷوروﺑﻲ واﻷﻣم
اﻟﻣﺗﺣدة
:ﯾﻘول اﻟﻣؤﯾدون
ﺗﻘﺗﺻر ﺳﻠطﺔ اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺎت ﻓوق
اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗواﻓق اﻟدول
اﻟﻘوﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻧﺣﮫ
ھذه اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺎت ﻣوﺟودة ﻟﺧدﻣﺔ
اﻟﻣﺻﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻟﻠدول
اﻷﻋﺿﺎء
The Globalization Debate 7 of 7
Globalization and the World’s Poor
• Critics argue:
• Gap between the rich and poor nations has
gotten wider
• Totalitarian governments
• Poor economic policies
• Corruption and lack of property rights
• Expanding populations in developing countries
• Debt burdens
• Supporters argue:
• The best way to change the situation is to
lower barriers to trade and investment and
promote free market policies
©McGraw-Hill Education.
اﻟﻌوﻟﻣﺔ واﻟﻔﻘراء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم
:اﻟﻧﻘﺎد ﯾﻘوﻟون
اﺗﺳﻌت اﻟﻔﺟوة ﺑﯾن اﻟدول
اﻟﻐﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻔﻘﯾرة
اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺎت اﻻﺳﺗﺑدادﯾﺔ
ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﺳﯾﺋﺔ
اﻟﻔﺳﺎد واﻧﻌدام ﺣﻘوق اﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ
ﺗوﺳﯾﻊ اﻟﺳﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻠدان
اﻟﻧﺎﻣﯾﺔ
أﻋﺑﺎء اﻟدﯾون
:ﯾﻘول اﻟﻣؤﯾدون
أﻓﺿل طرﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر اﻟوﺿﻊ
ھﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﻟﺣواﺟز أﻣﺎم
اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة واﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر وﺗﻌزﯾز
ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺳوق اﻟﺣرة
Managing in the Global Marketplace
Learning Objective 1.5 Understand how the process of globalization is creating
opportunities and challenges for business managers.
Managers
• Managing an international business differs
from managing a purely domestic business
• Need to vary practices from country to country
• More complex decisions required
• Need to understand the international trading and
investment system, currency exchange
An international business is any firm that
engages in international trade or investment.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
ﻣدراء
إدارة اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ
اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ ﺗﺧﺗﻠف ﻋن إدارة
اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﻣﻧزﻟﯾﺔ ﺑﺣﺗﺔ
ﺗﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﯾﯾر
اﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺎت ﻣن ﺑﻠد إﻟﻰ ﺑﻠد
ﻗرارات أﻛﺛر ﺗﻌﻘﯾدا
اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ
ﺗﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻓﮭم ﻧظﺎم
اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة واﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر اﻟدوﻟﻲ
وﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟﻌﻣﻼت،
اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ ھﻲ أي ﺷرﻛﺔ ﺗﻌﻣل ﻓﻲ
.اﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ أو اﻻﺳﺗﺛﻣﺎر
Appendix of Image Long
Descriptions
ﻣﻠﺣق ﻟﻸوﺻﺎف اﻟطوﯾﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺻور
©McGraw-Hill Education.
Appendix 1 Figure 1.1 Value of world trade, world production, number of regional trade
agreements in force, and world population from 1960 to 2020 (index 1960 = 100).
A line graph shows world trade, world population, world
production, and regional trade agreements from 19602020. As regional trade agreements increase year-byyear, so does world trade across country borders at the
same pace.
Return to original slide
©McGraw-Hill Education.
Appendix 2 Figure 1.2 Comparisons of world trade and world population; world
trade and number of regional trade agreements; world population and world
production; and world population and world trade (index 1960 = 100).
World trade and world population are both rising, but world
trade has risen much faster since about 1972.
World trade and number of regional trade agreements have
risen in tandem since about 1970.
World population and world production have risen on a
mostly parallel path.
World population and world trade shows that as world
population had steadily risen, world trade passed it in about
2004 and has since far exceeded it.
Return to original slide
©McGraw-Hill Education.
Appendix 3 Figure 1.4 FDI inflows (in millions of dollars)
Figure 1.4 illustrates two important trends—the sustained
growth in cross-border flows of foreign direct investment
that has occurred since 1990 and the increasing
importance of developing nations as the destination of
foreign direct investment.
FDI inflows in developing countries have exceeded those in
developed countries in every year since 1990.
Return to original slide
©McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 2
National Differences in Political,
Economic, and Legal Systems
اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظم اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ
واﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ
©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Learning Objectives
LO 2-1 Understand how the political systems of countries
differ. .ﻓﮭم ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ اﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﻧظم اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻠدان
LO 2-2 Understand how the economic systems of
countries differ. .ﻓﮭم ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ اﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﻧظم اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻠدان
LO 2-3 Understand how the legal systems of countries
differ. .ﻓﮭم ﻛﯾﻔﯾﺔ اﺧﺗﻼف اﻟﻧظم اﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻠدان
LO 2-4 Explain the implications for management practice
of national differences in political economy.
اﺷرح اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻣﺗرﺗﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ اﻹدارة ﻟﻼﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت اﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد
.اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ
©McGraw-Hill Education.
Introduction
Political Economy
• Political, economic, and legal systems of a country
are interdependent
• They influence each other
Political economy refers to the political,
economic, and legal systems of a country.
اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ
• اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ واﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟدوﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ
ﻣﺗراﺑطﺔ
• اﻧﮭم ﯾؤﺛرون ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺿﮭم اﻟﺑﻌض
ﯾﺷﯾر اﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎد اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ
.واﻻﻗﺗﺻﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﻘﺎﻧوﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﻠد
©McGraw-Hill Education.
©Philimon Bulawayo/Reuters
Political Systems 1 of 6
Learning Objective 2-1 Understand how the political systems of countries differ.
Political systems: refers to the ﯾﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ ﻧظﺎم اﻟﺣﻛم:اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ
system of government in a nation.
.ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺔ
1. Collectivism vs. individualism
2. Democratic vs. totalitarian
©McGraw-Hill Education.
اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﺿد اﻟﻔرداﻧﯾﺔ.1
اﻟدﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺑل اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ.2
Political Systems 2 of 6
Collectivism and Individualism
اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ واﻟﻔردﯾﺔ
• Collectivism
ﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ
• The needs of society as a whole are ﯾﻧظر ﻋﻣوﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ اﺣﺗﯾﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻛﻛل
generally viewed as being more
ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ أﻛﺛر أھﻣﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺣرﯾﺎت اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ
important than individual freedoms
• Socialism
• Karl Marx: The few benefit at the
expense of the many in a capitalist
society where individual freedoms
are not restricted
• Communists vs. social democrats
• Privatization
• is the sale of state-owned
enterprises to private investors.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
•
•
• اﺷﺗراﻛﯾﺔ
اﻟﻔﺎﺋدة اﻟﻘﻠﯾﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺳﺎب: • ﻛﺎرل ﻣﺎرﻛس
اﻟﻛﺛﯾرﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ اﻟرأﺳﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺣﯾث
اﻟﺣرﯾﺎت اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ ﻟﯾﺳت ﻣﻘﯾدة
• اﻟﺷﯾوﻋﯾون ﻣﻘﺎﺑل اﻟدﯾﻣوﻗراطﯾﯾن
اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﯾن
• اﻟﺧﺻﺧﺻﺔ
ھو ﺑﯾﻊ اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت اﻟﻣﻣﻠوﻛﺔ ﻟﻠدوﻟﺔ
•
.ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﺛﻣرﯾن ﻣن اﻟﻘطﺎع اﻟﺧﺎص
Political Systems 2 of 6
Collectivism and Individualism
Collectivism refers to a political system that
stresses the primacy of collective goals over
individual goals.
اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ واﻟﻔردﯾﺔ
اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﺗﺷﯾر إﻟﻰ ﻧظﺎم ﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﯾﺷدد ﻋﻠﻰ أوﻟوﯾﺔ
.اﻷھداف اﻟﺟﻣﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷھداف اﻟﻔردﯾﺔ
اﻻﺷﺗراﻛﯾون ﯾؤﻣﻧون ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻠﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟوﺳﺎﺋل اﻹﻧﺗﺎج
.ﻣن أﺟل اﻟﺻﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻟﻠﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ
Socialists believe in public ownership of the means
of production for the common good of society.
.
اﻧﻘﺳﻣت، ﻓﻲ أواﺋل اﻟﻘرن اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن
In the early twentieth century, the socialist ideology
اﻷﯾدﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ اﻻﺷﺗراﻛﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺳﻛرﯾن
split into two broad camps. The communists
ﻟﻘد اﻋﺗﻘد اﻟﺷﯾوﻋﯾون أن اﻻﺷﺗراﻛﯾﺔ.واﺳﻌﯾن
believed that socialism could be achieved only
ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺗﺣﻘق إﻻ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﺛورة
through violent revolution and totalitarian
ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن أن، اﻟﻌﻧﯾﻔﺔ واﻟدﻛﺗﺎﺗورﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﻣوﻟﯾﺔ
dictatorship, whereas the social democrats
اﻟدﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﯾن اﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﯾﯾن اﻟﺗزﻣوا ﺑﺗ ﺣﻘﯾق
committed themselves to achieving socialism by
وﺗوﺟﯾﮫ، اﻻﺷﺗراﻛﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟوﺳﺎﺋل اﻟدﯾﻣﻘراطﯾﺔ
democratic means, turning their backs on violent
. ظﮭورھم إﻟﻰ اﻟﺛورة اﻟﻌﻧﯾﻔﺔ واﻟدﻛﺗﺎﺗورﯾﺔ
revolution and dictatorship. Both versions of
ﻛﻼ اﻟﻧﺳﺧﺗﯾن ﻣن اﻻﺷﺗراﻛﯾﺔ ﺗﺿﺎءﻟت
socialism waxed and waned during the twentieth
وﺗﺿﺎءﻟت ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘرن اﻟﻌﺷرﯾن
century.
©McGraw-Hill Education.
Political Systems 3 of 6
Collectivism and Individualism continued
• Individualism
• An individual should have freedom in his or her economic
and political pursuits
• The interests of the individual should take precedence over
the interests of the state
• Two tenets
• Guarantee of individual freedom and self-expression
• Welfa
