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RESEARCH
PROPOSAL
Prepared by
1. Florence Marikan
(111210920034L)
2. Mohamad Khairull
Ayzatt Bin Mohd Khalid
(111220120286L)
3. Samuel Binsar Sinaga
Siagian (111220120272L)
4. Wong Yong Sing
(111220120245L)
Supervisor: DR. SYAZANA
Research Proposal Title
This research proposal study is on “The
knowledge on biological hazards among
perioperative nurses at Sengkang General
Hospital, Singapore”
BACKGROUND
Operating room (OR) nurses require special
precautions and contain various hazards for
healthcare professionals.
This is due to OR nurses being at high risk of
exposure to human body fluids, viruses, and
bacteria in their daily routine occupational
environment while assisting in any OR surgery.
During surgery, blood or body fluid splashing and
percutaneous injuries from sharp instruments
might expose a patient to blood-borne infections.
It is the most common workplace hazard that
puts nurses at risk for contracting illnesses,
including the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV), Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C.
These risks fall under the category of biological
hazards.
This research study is based on the research
study done by Shrestha and Karki (2019), A
research on knowledge regarding occupational
health hazards among nurses in a hospital,
Rupandehi, Nepal
PROBLEM STATEMENT
An operating room nurse is a
member of the medical staff
who supports the surgical team
and the surgeon in their duties.
High chance of peri-operative
nurses potentially being
exposed to bloodborne
pathogens while assisting with
surgery.
When perioperative nurses are
exposed to biological hazards,
there is a high chance they can
get infected by HIV, Hepatitis B,
and Hepatitis C from an
infected and unscreened
patient in emergency cases.
OR nurses may suffer from cuts,
stabs, scratches, and stings
stemming from the use of
syringes and scalpels due to
rushing when passing instrument
during emergency state.
The community will be one of
the most affected demography
because they are unable to get
a much higher quality service in
health care due to the shortage
of manpower
Purpose
Study
Every country has its Occupational
Health Safety, where their aims are the
same to minimize or zero incidents of
occupational accidents and disease
and to keep the health of employees
are the best level in all the world.
This study’s purpose is to evaluate the
knowledge of biohazards among
perioperative nurses in Sengkang
General Hospital (SKH), Singapore.
OBJECTIVE
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
To determine the sociodemography among
the perioperative
nurses.
Knowledge level of Biological Hazards Among Perioperative
Nurses in Sengkang General Hospitals (SKH), Singapore.
To assess the level of
knowledge of operating
room nurses on the types
of biological hazards, risk
factors, ways of exposure
to blood and body fluid,
and diseases that can
occur after exposure to
infected body fluid
To determine the causes of
the lack of knowledge
among nurses regarding
biological hazards
To determine if inservice training has any
effect on nurses’ level of
knowledge on
biological hazards.
RESEARCH QUESTION
To find out
the level of
knowledge
among perioperative
nurses, the
researchers
have to get
an answer
from the
nurses by
using the
following
questions:
What is the level of knowledge on biological hazards
among perioperative nurses in Sengkang General
Hospital?
What is the cause of the lack of biological hazard
knowledge among perioperative nurses in Sengkang
General Hospital?
What is the relationship between perioperative nurses
’demographic status and level of knowledge on
biological hazards in Sengkang General Hospital
What is the relationship between receiving in-service
training on biological hazards with the nurses’ level
of knowledge in Sengkang General Hospital?
HYPOTHESIS
HA – There is a significant
relationship between nurses’
demographic status and inservice training with the
knowledge level on biological
hazards among perioperative
nurses in Sengkang General
Hospital, Singapore.
H0 – There is no significant
relationship between
demographic status and inservice training with the
knowledge level on biological
hazards among perioperative
nurses in Sengkang General
Hospital, Singapore
VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Demographic information
(Age, Gender, Level of
education, Years of
experience, and job
position) with in-service
training
Knowledge level of
perioperative nurses in
Sengkang General
Hospital, Singapore
Determining the level of knowledge among
perioperative nurses regarding biohazards is
very important.
JUSTIFICATION
AND
SIGNIFICANT
Determine essential to help reduce the
number of incident reports (RMS) despite
increasing the number of healthcare
professionals in the OR field.
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence
and pattern of Sharps injuries and splash
exposures (SISE) among OR nurses working in a
general hospital in Singapore.
It focuses on perioperative nurses working in Sengkang General Hospital
Singapore as they are involved in daily biohazard exposure.
The level of knowledge was not able to be ascertained due to the
working experience of other staff and active shift prospects.
SCOPE AND
LIMITATION
There will be a higher possibility of seniority on further understanding
and knowledge regarding biohazard issues.
Thus, the sampling frame will be larger as more data needs to be
collected.
Gathering data from only one department might not be enough to
generalise the conclusion, as the manpower is different in each
department, which, to summarise, is not large enough to conclude the
entire hospital.
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
• Any biological or chemical substance that poses a
threat to humans, animals, or the environment.
Recombinant DNA, human tissue and blood, and
body fluids are examples of this. Since biohazards can
contaminate anybody who is presented to them, all
human waste ought to be appropriately taken care
of and discarded.
(Aftermath, 2020)
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency)
• An infection known as human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) targets the body’s immune system, specifically
the white blood cells known as CD4 cells.
(WHO, 2022)
Hepatitis B
• A viral infection attacks the liver and can result in acute
and chronic diseases. The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the
cause of this liver infection, which has the potential to be
fatal. It is a significant issue for global health. It increases
the risk of death from liver cancer and cirrhosis, as well as a
chronic infection.
(WHO, 2022)
DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Hepatitis C
• The hepatitis C virus causes liver inflammation, which is
known as hepatitis C. The virus is capable of causing both
acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging in severity from a mild
condition to a severe condition that lasts a lifetime and
includes cancer and cirrhosis of the liver. The majority of
infections caused by the hepatitis C virus are caused by
exposure to blood through unsafe injection practices,
unsafe health care, unscreened blood transfusions, the use
of injectable drugs, and sexual practices that involve blood
exposure.
(WHO, 2022)
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter
presents the
literature
underpinning the
study.
Past studies related
to the topic were
analyzed.
This includes
occupational
diseases or
biological hazards
and their influential
factors such as
sharp injury in the
operating room and
exposure to blood
or body fluids
including the
outcome of
exposure and its
risks.
This review focuses
on the gaps in the
knowledge for
further investigation.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Sources of literature are based on databases such as Google Scholar,
CINAHL, Medline, and Cochrane by using the keyword “Occupational
disease”, “Occupational hazards”, “Sharp injury”, “Health industry
hazards”, “Bloodborne infection”, “Operating room nurses”, “General
Hospital”, “Singapore” from 2017 till 2020.
Rennie and Suja (2017) used a descriptive, cross-sectional research design
with secondary sources related to occupational health hazards among
nurses in a study aimed at understanding various types of occupational
hazards and their consequences on the exposed nurses.
Excluding radiological hazards and return to work programs, as well as
employers’ responsibilities in preventing these risks and exposure, the study
found out that health care providers, as direct care providers, are the
third major group who experience a high number of workplace injuries.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In addition, nurses face a significant amount of risk in a variety of ways,
including needle stick injuries, hazardous chemical and drug exposure,
back injuries, latex allergy, violence, and stress.
Back injuries and infection risk are the most commonly reported injuries.
They concluded and recommended that because of the nature of their
work, nurses are exposed to a variety of occupational hazards; therefore,
future interventions or proper occupational infrastructure should be
implemented by all organizations to promote the health and well-being of
their employees.
SYSTEMIC
LITERATURE
REVIEW
DIAGRAM
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Based on: Theory of
Psychosocial Risk (Cooper
and Davidson 1987)
Theory of Psychosocial Risk (Cooper and Davidson 1987)
This work is based on Cooper and Davison’s WHO psychosocial risk theory
model (1987). Psychosocial hazards, according to the theory, can be
learned by researching psychological, sociological, and physiological
difficulties that create demands and stimuli for persons in their work
environment
RATIONALE
OF THE
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
Risk, according to Roeser, Hillerbrand, Sandin, and Peterson (2012), is an
essential problem in contemporary society.
The hypothesis demonstrates, using a multidisciplinary approach, that
the source of psychosocial dangers in a specific region can harm
individuals both at home and at work.
The theoretical framework is the better choice in this study as the
framework helps to direct the researcher better in understanding and
investigating the research problem in a detailed and structural manner.
Conceptual Framework
Perioperative nurses’
level of knowledge on
biological hazards in
Sengkang General
Hospital
(Dependent Variable)
Demographic data of
perioperative nurses in
Sengkang General
Hospital, Singapore
(Independent Variable)
In-service training
(Mediator Variable)
SUMMARY FOR FRAMEWORK
The appropriate choice of concept helps to determine the outcome and
assists the researcher in the study flow.
This research study aims to identify how much knowledge the perioperative nurses have on biohazards and thus these rely on the status of
their socio-demographics.
Therefore, it is crucial to address the limitation that contributes to the lack
of knowledge among the peri-operative nurses in Singapore General
Hospital.
This chapter will discuss further the
methodology of this research.
METHODOLOGY
It will include study type, study design
and rationale, study population, study
setting, sampling method, research
instrument, data collection method,
pilot study, and ethical considerations.
STUDY TYPE
In this study, the quantitative design will be the choice against the qualitative design to
identify the knowledge level about biological hazards among the perioperative nurses
in Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore.
In quantitative methods, data and information are collected through objective
measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data
collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys or by manipulating pre-existing
statistical data using computational techniques.
The quantitative method is focusing on collecting numeric data and creating it
across a group of nurses or by assessing a particular condition in a hospital.
The study aims to assess the knowledge level about biological hazards among
perioperative nurses in Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore, based on precise
numerical measurements.
STUDY DESIGN
The descriptive crosssectional design is the
choice for this research
study via a selfadministered
questionnaire.
The cross-sectional
design is a type of
observational study
design.
RATIONALE FOR
THE USE OF
SPECIFIC STUDY
DESIGN
The researcher will be able to collect
data from different variables to see how
differences in the perioperative nurses’
level of knowledge regarding biohazard
according to age, gender, level of
experience, level of education, shift
rotation, and seniority.
POPULATION
The population in this research study will be based on a total
of 230 perioperative nurses who works in the Operating
theatre of Sengkang General Hospital, Singapore.
However, only 145 perioperative nurses will be chosen
randomly despite their socio-demographic status.
This is based on Cochrane’s formula for ideal sampling size
based on the total population.
STUDY SETTING
THIS STUDY WILL BE CONDUCTED IN THE
OPERATION THEATRE OF SENGKANG
GENERAL HOSPITAL, SINGAPORE.
SAMPLING
Sampling Method
Sampling will be done using stratified random sampling that will involve
perioperative nurses of all disciplines (scrub and anaesthesia nurses) despite
their socio-demographic status.
Sampling Size
A total of 145 perioperative nurses with different socio-demographic statuses
were selected based on Cochrane’s sampling formula. The formula was
calculated as below:
SAMPLING SIZE FORMULA
SAMPLING SIZE FORMULA Cont.
Where?
e is the desired level of precision (i.e., the margin of error),
p is the (estimated) proportion of the population which has the attribute in question,
q is 1 – p.
The z-value is found in a Z table.
Precision Level is the margin of error prepared to tolerate e.g., 5% means a result that is within 5
percentage points of the true population value. Confidence Level is a measure of confidence in the
precision of the result. For example, selecting 5% as the level of precision, and 95% as the
confidence level, indicates a result that is within 5% of the real population value 95% of the time.
Estimated Proportion is a measure of variability. It suggested leaving this at 0.5 (maximum
variability) unless there is prior knowledge about the population from which the sample is drawn.
SAMPLING SIZE FORMULA Cont.
The final thing to note is that if the size of the population is known beforehand, the Small
Population option needs to be selected, and to specify the population size. This will result in a
smaller sample.
According to the calculator:
a)
Precision Level: ±5%
b)
Confidence Level: 95%
c)
Estimated Proportion: 0.5
d)
Small Population: Selected
e)
Population Size: 230
The appropriate sample size given the population size and specified combination of precision,
confidence, and variability is 145.
Sampling criteria are the list of characteristics of
elements to help the researchers to determine
beforehand whether they are eligible to form part
of the sample of the specific study.
It may include the inclusion criteria and exclusion
criteria.
SAMPLING
CRITERIA
The inclusion criteria are a group of participants
involved and participated in this study.
Meanwhile, the exclusion criteria refer to subjects’
responses that require their removal as study
participants.
INCLUSION CRITERIA
The inclusion criteria for this study are as follows:
All Perioperative nurses working in the operation theatre, at
Sengkang General Hospital.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA
The exclusion criteria for this study are as follows:
a. Nurse Manager and above
b. Nursing support staff such as OT Clinical Technicians and Healthcare Assistants
c. Nursing staff who are on hospitalization leave or sick leave
d. Nursing staff who are on study leave
e. Nursing staff who refused to be included in the study
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
01
02
03
The questionnaire is the
instrument that will be
used for this study to
determine the level of
knowledge about
biological hazards of
participants.
The questionnaire will be
drafted by our group and
reviewed by our
supervisor.
All the questionnaires will
be in the English
language.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Data Collection Method
In this study, the researcher will distribute the questionnaire to the hospital participants within
14 days.
Each participant will have 5 to 10 minutes to answer the questions in this study.
There will be 4 parts to the questionnaire.
They are the demographic data which include age, gender, education level, years of
experience, respondent’s knowledge regarding biological hazards, respondent’s knowledge
regarding risk factors and ways of exposure to blood and body fluids, and respondent’s
knowledge regarding diseases that can occur after exposure to infected body fluids.
VALIDITY & RELIABILITY OF THE RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
To investigate the reliability of the research tool, the researcher will
evaluate the questionnaire on sample size in a pilot study.
The validity of the research instrument will be based on an extensive
literature review and collaboration with experts in the field served.
PILOT STUDY
10% of the 230 population will be chosen to participate in the pilot study.
However, these individuals will not be included in the sample size.
The sample for the pilot study will be chosen randomly out of those who are
available at the given time.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
Informed consent will be obtained from the participants.
The research will have to have approval from the ethics committee at Lincoln
university and from the hospital.
Approval will also be obtained from the operation theatre’s assistant director
of nursing and nurse manager.
The data obtained were
encoded and analysed using
IBM STATISTIC 27.
Variables and research
questions were analysed using
mean and standard
deviation.
In total, 145 perioperative
nurses were approached for
inclusion in this study.
DATA
ANALYSIS
METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
The data were collected
through a self-structured
questionnaire and analysed
by mean and standard
deviation.
Section 1 determines the
demographic status of
perioperative nurses in
Sengkang General Hospital,
Singapore.
In section 4 to determine
respondents’ knowledge
regarding diseases that can
occur after exposure to
infected body fluid.
Section 2 deals with the
respondent’s knowledge
regarding the types of
biological hazards.
Section 5 is to determine the
association of respondents’
level of knowledge
regarding biological hazards
with respondents’ in–service
training.
While in section 3 is to
determine the respondent’s
knowledge regarding risk
factors and ways of
exposure to blood and body
fluids among perioperative
nurses.
Section 6, respondents’
overall knowledge regarding
biohazard in perioperative or
operation theatre.
METHOD OF DISPLAYING FINDING
A cross-analytical study
was conducted among
the perioperative nurse
within the operating
theatre complex at
Sengkang General
Hospital.
SKH is a tertiary hospital,
situated in the east of
Singapore and is the only
government hospital in
the east part of
Singapore where 230
perioperative nurses are
currently employed.
The theatre complex
comprises emergency
theatres, general surgery
theatres, and
orthopaedic theatres.
All perioperative nurses
with many years of
background experience
were eligible to
participate in this study.
TABLE 1 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
AMONG PERIOPERATIVE NURSES IN SKH
VARIABLES
Gender
CLASSIFICATION
Male
Female
Between 19– 30 years
Age (years)
Between 31 – 40 years
Between 41 – 50 years
51years and above
Anesthetic Unit (AU)/ Post-Anaesthesia Care Unit (PACU)
Discipline
General Surgery Scrub Nurse
Orthopaedic, ENT and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery (OMS) Scrub
Nurse
Staff Nurse II & I
Position
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Fresh graduate – 5 years
6 – 10 years
Years of Experience
11 – 15 years
16 – 20 years
21 – 25 years
26 and above
Diploma
Education Level
Degree
Master
Advance Diploma
Staff Nurse II & I
Received In – Service
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
FREQUENCY (n=79)
PERCENTAGE (%)
TABLE 2 KNOWLEDGE OF BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS AMONG PERIOPERATIVE NURSES IN SKH
CORRECT RESPONSE
INCORRECT RESPONSE
VARIABLES
FREQUENCY
Definition of biological hazard
Cuts from the
contaminated sharps
Hazard includes in
biological hazard
instruments
Healed wound
Splashed on blood to
non – intact skin
Needle stick injury
Bacteria
Causative agent
Viruses
Algae
Fungi
PERCENTAGE (%)
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
TABLE 3 KNOWLEDGE REGARDING RISK FACTOR AND WAYS OF EXPOSURE TO BLOOD AND BODY FLUID
AMONG PERIOPERATIVE NURSES IN SKH
CORRECT RESPONSE
VARIABLES
Improper handling of patient
Administering oral medication
Heavy workload
Recapping needle
Lack of knowledge and training
Risk factor for exposure
Lack of personal protective equipment
Disposal of sharp waste in puncture
proof closed container
Percutaneous exposure
Ways of exposure
Radiation exposure
Mucocutaneous exposure
Non – intact skin exposure
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
INCORRECT RESPONSE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(%)
VARIABLES
CORRECT RESPONSE
FREQUENCY
Infected blood and saliva
PERCENTAGE
(%)
INCORRECT RESPONSE
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE
(%)
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis E
Infected sputum
Pneumonia
Asthma
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Pulmonary embolism
Infected semen and
Filariasis
vaginal secretion
Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
Influenza
Rhinitis
Faeces
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis D
Hepatitis E
TABLE 4 KNOWLEDGE
REGARDING DISEASES
THAT CAN OCCUR
AFTER EXPOSURE TO
INFECTED BODY FLUID
AMONG
PERIOPERATIVE
NURSES IN SKH
TABLE 5 ASSOCIATION OF RESPONDENTS’ LEVEL OF
KNOWLEDGE REGARDING BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS WITH
RESPONDENTS’ IN-SERVICE TRAINING AMONG
PERIOPERATIVE NURSES IN SKH
IN –
SERVICE
TRAINING
EDUCATION LEVEL
LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE
POSITION
Staff Nurse II & I
High
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Diploma
Staff Nurse II & I
Low
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Staff Nurse II & I
High
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Advance Diploma
Staff Nurse II & I
Low
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Received
Staff Nurse II & I
High
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Degree
Staff Nurse II & I
Low
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Staff Nurse II & I
High
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Master
Staff Nurse II & I
Low
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
KNOWLEDGE
IN –
SERVICE
TRAINING
Received
EDUCATION LEVEL
Diploma
FREQUENCY
LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE
High
POSITION
Staff Nurse II & I
Staff Nurse II & I
High
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Diploma
Staff Nurse II & I
Low
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Staff Nurse II & I
High
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Advance Diploma
Staff Nurse II & I
Low
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Not Received
Staff Nurse II & I
High
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Degree
Staff Nurse II & I
Low
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Staff Nurse II & I
High
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
Master
Staff Nurse II & I
Low
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II &I
Nurse Clinician II & I
PERCENTAGE (%)
TABLE 6 OVERALL KNOWLEDGE REGARDING BIOHAZARD AMONG PERIOPERATIVE NURSES
IN SKH
KNOWLEDGE
LEVEL OF
EDUCATION LEVEL
KNOWLEDGE
High
Diploma
Average
Low
High
Degree
Average
Low
High
Master
Average
Low
FREQUENCY
PERCENTAGE (%)
Researchers will discuss the results obtained from the latest
literature study regarding knowledge of biohazards among
perioperative nurses in SKH.
CONCLUSION
The expected results of this research will be the relationship
between sociodemographic data and barriers or causes of
perioperative nurses’ lack of knowledge regarding biohazards
in Sengkang General Hospital.
The main reason for this research is to reduce the barrier of
lack of knowledge among perioperative nurses regarding
biohazards and the level of knowledge regarding biohazards
in Sengkang General Hospital.
This study is valuable, as it will generate questions and
hypothesis that can be used to develop further research.
GANTT CHART
Year
2022
Activity
Month
Draft research proposal
Prepare research
proposal
August
September
October
November
December
January
Submit and review
research
proposal with supervisor
Prepare research
proposal
presentation
Presentation of research
proposed
APPENDIX A
QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION 1: RESPONDENT DEMOGRAPHICS
1.
a.
b.
Gender
Male
Female
•
•
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Age (current year)
Between 19 – 30 years
Between 31 – 40 years
Between 41 – 50 years
51 years and above
•
•
•
•
3.
a.
b.
c.
The discipline you belong to:
Anesthetic Unit (AU)/ Post-Anaesthesia Care Unit (PACU)
General Surgery Scrub Nurse
Orthopaedic, ENT and Oral Maxillofacial Surgery (OMS) Scrub Nurse
•
•
•
SECTION 1: RESPONDENT DEMOGRAPHICS
4.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What is your current position as a nurse?
Staff Nurse II & I
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II & I
Nurse Clinician II & I
5.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Total number of experience in perioperative (years):
Fresh graduate – 5 years
6 – 10 years
11 – 15 years
16 – 20 years
21 – 25 years
26 years and above
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
You highest level of education
Diploma
Advance Diploma
Degree
Master
•
•
•
•
7.
a.
b.
c.
d.
When do u receive in-service regarding biohazard?
Staff Nurse II & I
Senior Staff Nurse II & I
Assistant Nurse Clinician II & I
Nurse Clinician II & I
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
SECTION 2: KNOWLEDGE ON THE TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
AMONG PERIOPERATIVE NURSES IN SKH
1. What is the meaning of biological hazard?
2. What are the most common biological hazard in the operating theatre?
3. What are the causative agents of biological hazards in the operating theatre?
SECTION 3: KNOWLEDGE REGARDING RISK FACTOR AND WAYS OF EXPOSURE TO BLOOD AN
BODY FLUID AMONG PERIOPERATIVE NURSES IN SKH
RATE THE RISK FACTORS FROM 1 – 10, 1 BEING THE LOWEST RISK FACTOR AND 10 AS THE
HIGHEST RISK FACTOR
A. RISK FACTORS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
B.
•
•
•
•
Improper handling of patient
Administering oral medication
Heavy workload
Recapping needle
Lack of knowledge and training
Lack of personal protective equipment
Disposal of sharp wastes in a puncture-proof closed container
WAYS OF EXPOSURE
Percutaneous exposure
Radiation exposure
Mucocutaneous exposure
Non-intact skin exposure
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
SECTION 4: KNOWLEDGE REGARDING DISEASES THAT CAN OCCUR AFTER
EXPOSURE TO INFECTED BODY FLUID AMONG PERIOPERATIVE NURSES IN SKH
LIST DOWN AS MANY AS POSSIBLE DISEASES THAT CAN OCCUR AFTER EXPOSURE
TO THE FOLLOWING INFECTED BODY FLUID IN THE OPERATING THEATRE
1.
a.
b.
c.
2.
a.
b.
c
3.
a.
b.
c.
4.
a.
b.
c.
Infected blood and saliva
Infected sputum
Infected semen and vaginal secretion
Faeces
SECTION 5: ASSOCIATION OF RESPONDENTS” LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE
REGARDING BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS WITH RESPONDENTS’ IN-SERVICE
TRAINING AMONG PERIOPERATIVE NURSES IN SKH
1. Have you attended the In-service training on biological hazards conducted by the hospital this year?
A. Yes
B. No
•
•
2. What score did you achieve? (Scores above 90% are rated as “High” and scores below 90% are rated as
“Low”)
A. High
B. Low
•
•
3. Does the In-service training on biological hazards helps to improve your knowledge about it?
A. Yes
B. No
•
•
SECTION 6:OVERALL KNOWLEDGE REGARDING BIOHAZARD AMONG
PERIOPERATIVE NURSES IN SKH
1. How do you rate your overall level of understanding regarding biological hazards?
A. High
B. Average
C. Low
•
•
•
REFERENCES
Aftermath. (2017, August 28). Biohazards definition. Aftermath Services | Crime Scene Clean Up & Death Cleanup Professionals.
Cooper, C. L., & Davidson, M. (1987). Sources of stress at work and their relation to stressors in non-working environments. Google Scholar.
https://scholar.google.com.my/scholar?q=Cooper,+C.+L+%26+Davidson,+M.+(1987)&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart
Dehghani, F., Kamalinia, M., Omidi, F., & Fallahzadeh, R. (2021, January 1). Probabilistic health risk assessment of occupational exposure to isoflurane
and sevoflurane in the operating room. Just a moment… https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651320311088?via%3Dihub
Gul, H. (2021, May 26). Occupational health and safety in operating rooms. https://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97223
Leong, X. Y. A., Zheng, F. Y. Y., Leong, Y. Y., Tan, S. G., Amin, M. I., Ling, M. L., & Tay, Sm M. (2009, December). Incidence and analysis of sharps
injuries and splash exposures in a tertiary hospital in Southeast Asia: A ten-year review. Digital Object Identifier System.
https://doi.org/10.11622/smedj.2019082
Leso, V., Fontana, L., & Lavicoli, I. (2018, October 29). The occupational health and safety dimension of industry 4.0. PubMed Central (PMC).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7682172/
REFERENCES
Rennie, J., & Suja, K. (2017). A Review on Occupational Health Hazards and its Consequences among Nurses. United
Publications for Health and Tech Research: An international publishing house for academic journal.
https://www.uphtr.com/IJNRP/issue_files/IJNRP_17_VOL4_NO2_6Rennie.pdf
Roeser, S., Hillerbrand, R., Sandin, P., & Peterson, M. (2013). Essentials of risk theory. Google Books.
https://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr=&id=W3f0fjsBTKgC&oi=fnd&pg=PP3&dq=Roeser,+Hillerbrand,+Sandin,+an
d+Peterson+(2012)&ots=6FvS5Vp96w&sig=6yGuVmzUwjN7GdTNxpHF8CbUm6I#v=onepage&q=Roeser%2C%20Hillerbr
and%2C%20Sandin%2C%20and%20Peterson%20(2012)&f=false
Ministry of Manpower. (2022). Workplace Safety and Health Report 2022. National Statistics. https://www.mom.gov.sg//media/mom/documents/press-releases/2021/0319-annex-a—workplace-safety-and-health-report-2020.pdf
REFERENCES
World Health Organization. (2019, October 1). Hiv/Aids. World Health Organization
(WHO). https://www.who.int/health-topics/hiv-aids#tab=tab_1
World Health Organization. (2022, June 24). Hepatitis C. WHO | World Health
Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c
World Health Organization. (2022, June 24). Hepatitis B. World Health Organization
(WHO). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b
Yang, J., Yang, H., & Wang, B. (2022, May 12). Organizational silence among hospital
nurses in China: A cross-sectional study. Publishing Open Access research journals &
papers | Hindawi. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2022/9138644/
Lincoln University College
Research Proposal
BNRS6214
FACULTY OF NURSING
BSC (HONS) IN NURSING
(POST-REGISTRATION)
ASSIGNMENT COVER PAGE
ALL details MUST BE COMPLETED, or the assignment may be returned before acceptance.
Student’s Name
Student’s ID
1.
Florence Marikan
2.
Mohamad Khairull Ayzatt Bin Mohd Khalid
3.
Samuel Binsar Sinaga Siagian
4.
Wong Yong Sing
1.
111210920034L
2.
111220120286L
3.
111220120272L
4.
111220120245L
Student’s NRIC
Lecturer’s Name
Year/Semester
1/ Semester 2
Faculty
Faculty Of Nursing
Program
BSC (Hons) in Nursing (Post Registration)
Subject Code & Name
(BNRS6214) Introduction To Research and Statistics
Assignment Title
Research Proposal
No. of Page (excluding this
page)
1.
880305 – 52 – 5720
2.
920609 – 08 – 5705
3.
881003 – 12 – 6155
4.
911230 – 13 – 5777
Dr Syazana
31 pages
Required words
–
Actual # of words
4147
Date submitted
16/12/22
Due Date
16th December 2022
Soft copy included
Yes
/
No
DECLARATION BY STUDENTS:
I certify that this assignment is my own work in my own words. All resources have been acknowledged and the content has not
been previously submitted for assessment to LINCOLN or elsewhere. I also confirm that I have kept a copy of this assignment.
Signed:
Date:
16/12/2022
Remarks: This assignment must be submitted in hard copy, either (1) in person to the college
office or by post, ensuring that either the assignment or envelope is date stamped. Also must sign this sheet as
proof of submission.
1
Lincoln University College
Research Proposal
BNRS6214
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMISSION
FACULTY OF NURSING
LINCOLN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
2023
Knowledge of Biological Hazards Among Perioperative Nurses in
Sengkang General Hospitals, Singapore
NAME
1. Florence Marikan
2. Mohamad Khairull Ayzatt Bin Mohd Khalid
3. Samuel Binsar Sinaga Siagian
4. Wong Yong Sing
STUDENT ID
1. 111210920034L
2. 111220120286L
3. 111220120272L
4. 111220120245L
2
Linco
