Description
Week 8:
Final Timeline
Instructions
Submit the following for grading:
1. Your finished Timeline
2. Your list of sources for the Timeline
3. The peer reviews that you received in both week 4 and week 7 (2 total).
4. The peer reviews that you gave in both week 4 and week 7 (2 total).
NOTE: No credit will be given for the Timeline assignment without submission of the 4 peer reviews. No credit will be given without the list of sources used.
Timeline Video Walkthrough
Instructions
Provide a link to the video walkthrough you developed explaining your timeline. Be sure that your video covers all the required points outlined in the Video Walkthrough Peer Review. These are:
1. includes your name and clearly shows your timeline;
2. describes at least 5 events, with 1 event from each major historical time period covered in this course;
3. describes the importance of each event;
4. provides a concluding statement or brief summary.
Unformatted Attachment Preview
SCIENCE HISTORY AND TIMELINE
LEYDEN JAR
AIR PUMP
BLOOD CIRCULATION
CAPILLARIES
ROYAL SOCIETY CHATTER
LIGHTNING AS ELECTRICITY
NITROGEN
OXYGEN
URANUS
17TH CENTURY
18TH CENTURY
MILESTONES
PERIOD
BATTERY
POLONIUM/RADIUM
XENOM
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
19TH CENTURY
DETAILS OF THE PROJECT
DATE
MILESTONE
Positions
####
###### How blood circulates
1
William Harvey published how blood circulates within the body, which helps health workers.
####
###### Air pump
2
Air pump was invented by Otto von Guerick, an engineer, physicist, natural philosopher, and politician. He contributed to the essential physics principles of gases and fluids
by performing and interpreting pioneering vacuum.
####
###### Cappilaries
3
Marcello Malpighi discovered capillaries applicable in the medical field. In the same year, Robert Boyle published about Skeptical Chemist.
####
###### Royal society chatter
4
Charles II gave a charter to the Royal Society after the fellows petitioned for royal grant incorporation by the king in 1961.
####
###### Leyden Jar
5
In 1746, the Leyden jar was invented by Petrus van Musschenbroek
####
###### Lightning as electricity
6
Thomas Francois proved that lightning is an electrical form and successfully conducted an experiment using a 12-meter iron rod in Philadelphia during a storm period.
####
###### Nitrogen
7
Daniel Rutherford made nitrogen discovery in 1772.
####
###### Oxygen
8
Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen in 1774 during his science experiments
####
###### Uranus
9
Joseph Priestley discovered Uranus in 1781
####
###### Battery
10
The battery was formulated in 1800 by Alessandro Volta
####
###### Law of conservation of energy
11
The law of ‘conservation of energy’ was formulated by Axel Herman von Helmholtz in 1847.
####
###### Polonium, Uranium, and
Xenom
12
Plonium and radium were found by Pierre and Marie Curie, and in the same year, Xenom was discovered by William Ramsay and Morris Travers.
Notes
SCIENCE HISTORY AND TIMELINE
MILESTONES
PERIOD
DETAILS OF THE PROJECT
DATE
MILESTONE
Positions Notes
Invention of the
3500 BCE
Wheel
1
Originated in Mesopotamia by the Sumerian people. The wheel revolutionized transportation
and machinery, playing a crucial role in various aspects of human civilization, including
agriculture, global connectivity, and military advancements (Gambino, 2009; Britannica,
2024).
Founding of
539 BCE
Metallurgy
2
Originated in the Fertile Crescent. Metallurgy, the extraction and shaping of metals, became a
cornerstone for cultural and social development. It contributed significantly to military
superiority and found applications in various forms of artistic expression (Charles et al.,
2024).
Establishment of
283Library
BCE of
Alexandria
3
Founded by Demetrius of Phalerum, the Library of Alexandria in Egypt became one of the
most influential libraries of the ancient world. Its profound impact extended to scholarship,
knowledge dissemination, and the preservation of thoughts (El-Abbadi, 2023).
Invention of Screw
212 BCE
Pump
4
Decimal Number
800 CE
System
5
Canals and
1179 CE
Waterways
6
Differential
1748 CE
Calculus
7
1590
CE
Microscope
8
1643
CE
Barometer
9
1600s
Mathematics
10
Euler’s Graph
17th-18th
Theory
11
Water Power
1760s
Textile Factory
12
Invented by Archimedes in 212 BCE, the screw pump played a vital role in ancient technology.
It enabled effective water resource management, supporting agricultural productivity and
industrial processes. Its influence persists in modern engineering principles (Britannica,
2024).
Founded by Al-Khwarizmi in ancient India around 800 CE, the decimal number system
marked a crucial turning point in human history. It revolutionized mathematics,
communication, and commerce, shaping how we count, calculate, and understand the world
(Britannica, 2023).
The invention and use of canals and waterways date back to ancient civilizations, but in 1179
CE in Italy, canals played a significant role in transportation for supplies and troops during
medieval times. They also contributed to advancements in irrigation, industrial development,
and urbanization (Davies & Marsh, 2023).
While the groundwork for differential calculus was laid in the late 1600s, it wasn’t until 1748
CE that its applications were fully realized. Differential calculus revolutionized mathematics
and found applications across multiple STEM fields, advancing human knowledge and
technology (Britannica, 2011).
Invented by Dutch spectacle makers Hans and Zacharias Janssen. Revolutionized
science by providing access to the microscopic world. Significant impact on medicine,
cellular biology, and forensic sciences(Ford, B. J. & Shannon, R. R. (2024, January
14) ).
Invented by Evangelista Torricelli. Measures air pressure. Crucial for accurate
weather predictions, navigation, and aviation safety. Continues to be widely used by
meteorologists(Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, September 29) ).
Founded by Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal. Formalized around 1654. Originally
developed to address gambling problems. Later applied to risk assessment, decisionmaking, and various scientific and engineering achievements(Siegmund, D. O. (2024,
January 11). ).
In the 18th century, Leonhard Euler contributed to graph theory by solving the famous Seven
Bridges of Königsberg problem. His work introduced key concepts like vertices, edges, and
paths, shaping the foundation of algorithmic developments and network theory (Carlson,
2024).
Richard Arkwright’s design of harnessing water energy to drive machinery in the 1760s
revolutionized manufacturing processes. The impact extended to economies, urban
development, labor changes, and environmental consequences from industrialization
(Britannica, 2023).
In 1796, Edward Jenner’s discovery of smallpox vaccination based on the immunity of
milkmaids to cowpox had a significant impact on modern medicine. It eventually led to the
eradication of smallpox, showcasing the potential of global collaboration in healthcare (Riedel,
2005).
####
##
Smallpox
Vaccination
13
####
## Circular Saw
14
In 1813, Tabitha Babbitt invented the circular saw, contributing to precise cutting
technologies and efficiency. This seemingly small invention played a role in the growth of the
lumber industry and industrialization (Barrett, 2022).
####
## Telegraph
15
Samuel Morse’s invention of the telegraph in 1837 revolutionized long-distance
communication. It enabled near-instantaneous transmission of messages, influencing global
communication, economics, military and diplomatic affairs, and news and media transmission
(McGillem, 2024).
####
## Photography
16
In 1839, Nicephore Niepce’s invention of photography marked a breakthrough in visual
communication. Photography influenced art, journalism, science, and personal expression,
shaping the documentation and perception of the world (Gernsheim et al., 2024).
DATE
MILESTONE
Positions Notes
####
## Automobile
17
Carl Benz’s introduction of the automobile in 1886 marked a significant shift in
transportation. The automobile transformed how people lived, worked, and traveled for leisure,
leading to positive impacts on industrial growth, infrastructure development, and supply
chain operations (Hawley, 2022).
####
## Radio
18
Guglielmo Marconi’s practical use of radio communication in 1895 revolutionized
communication, broadcasting of entertainment, and emergency broadcasts. It laid the
foundation for modern communication systems (Smith-Rose, 2023).
####
Metropolis## Hastings
Algorithm
19
The Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, published in 1953 by Nicholas Metropolis and others, was
initially developed for computational physics. It found applications in machine learning and
complex probability distributions, contributing to various scientific and engineering
achievements (Taboga, 2021).
####
##
DNA Molecular
Structure
20
In 1953, Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction studies played a crucial role in capturing the
structure of DNA. While James Watson and Francis Crick proposed the double-helix model,
Franklin’s work impacted heredity, medical advances, forensic sciences, and evolutionary
biology (Nobel Prize Outreach AB, 2003).
####
## Integrated Circuit
21
Jack Kilby’s invention of the integrated circuit (microchip) in 1958 transformed various fields.
Integrated circuits became integral to advancements in computing, communication,
healthcare, industry, and daily life (Saint & Saint, 2024).
####
##
Personal
Computer
22
In 1975, the Altair 8800, developed by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems, marked
a significant milestone in personal computing. It empowered individuals, made information
more accessible, and contributed to economic growth (History.com Editors, 2023).
####
##
Global Positioning
System (GPS)
23
Originally developed by the U.S. Department of Defense, GPS became fully operational in
1995. It revolutionized precision navigation, aided search and rescue operations, and found
applications in commercial and consumer operations, transforming daily travel (Aerospace
Editors.com, 2024).
1960s
| Chaos Theory
24
Edward Lorenz’s developments in chaos theory during the 1960s had significant impacts on
the study of nonlinear systems. His work introduced the concept of the “butterfly effect,”
highlighting the sensitivity of complex systems to initial conditions (Britannica, 2023).
CRISPR-Cas9
Genome Editing
25
Co-invented by Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing
has transformed medicine, agriculture, and scientific research. It presents unprecedented
opportunities while raising complex ethical, legal, and social considerations (Zhang, 2022).
####
##
References
P
Reference
os
1
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2024, January 25). Wheel. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/wheel Gambino, M. (2009, June 17). A Salute to the wheel. Smithsonian.com. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/a-salute-to-the-wheel-31805121/
2 Charles, J. A., Shewmon, P. G., Lorig, C. H., & Gill, C. B. (2024, February 8). Metallurgy. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/metallurgy
3
El-Abbadi, M. (2023, November 10). Library of Alexandria. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Library-of-Alexandria
4
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, December 20). Archimedes screw. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/Archimedes-screw
5
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, November 21). Karl Benz. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/decimal
6
Davies, E. A. J., & Marsh, C. M. (2023, December 20). Canals and inland waterways. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/canal-waterway
7 Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, November 24). Differential calculus. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/differential-calculus
8
Ford, B. J. & Shannon, R. R. (2024, January 14). Microscope. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/microscope
9
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, September 29). Barometer. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/barometer
Page 2 of 3
DATE
MILESTONE
#######
Positions Notes
Siegmund, D. O. (2024, January 11). Probability theory. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/probability-theory
####### Carlson, S. C. (2024, January 15). Graph theory. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/graph-theory
#######
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, December 19). Sir Richard Arkwright. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Arkwright
#######
Riedel, S. (2005). Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination. Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center), 18(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028
#######
Barrett, P. (2022, February 25). Tabitha Babbitt (1779-1853). The Mills Archive. https://new.millsarchive.org/2020/07/02/tabitha-babbitt-1779-1853/#:~:text=Sarah%20Tabitha%20Babbitt%20(12%20August,sawmill%20between%201810%20and%201813.
#######
McGillem, C. D. (2024, February 5). Telegraph. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/telegraph
####### Gernsheim, H. E. R., Grundberg, A., Rosenblum, N., & Newhall, B. (2024, January 5). History of photography. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/photography
####### Hawley, D. (2022, December 8). History of the invention of Cars. J.D. Power. https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/history-of-the-invention-of-cars
####### Smith-Rose, R. L. (2023, December 16). Guglielmo Marconi. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Guglielmo-Marconi
#######
Taboga, M. (2021). Metropolis-Hastings algorithm. Lectures on probability theory and mathematical statistics. Kindle Direct Publishing. Online appendix. https://www.statlect.com/fundamentals-of-statistics/Metropolis-Hastings-algorithm
#######
Nobel Prize Outreach AB. (2003, September 30). The discovery of the molecular structure of DNA – the double helix. Educational Games – Nobel Prize. https://educationalgames.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna_double_helix/readmore.php
#######
Saint, J. L., & Saint, C. (2024, February 9). Integrated circuit. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/integrated-circuit
####### History.com Editors. (2023, March 28). Invention of the PC. History.com. https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/invention-of-the-pc
#######
Aerospace Editors.com. (2024, January 1). Brief history of GPS: The Aerospace Corporation. Aerospace Corporation. https://aerospace.org/article/brief-history-gps
#######
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, December 5). Chaos theory. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/chaos-theory
#######
Zhang, F. (2022, March 22). What are genome editing and CRISPR-Cas9?: Medlineplus Genetics. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/genomicresearch/genomeediting/
Page 3 of 3
Timeline peer grading checklist:
1. Count the number of events on the timeline. Total events =
•
There are 25 events in total, which meets the requirement for the Week 7
timeline.
2. Are there 5 events per time period? Yes or No. If No, how many do you see?
Yes, each time period appears to have 5 events.
3. Is more than one area (Science, Math, Technology, Engineering) represented in
each time period? Yes or No. If No, what is missing and when?
Yes, multiple areas are represented in each time period.
4. Does every event have a date? Yes or No. If No, identify what is missing.
Yes, every event includes a date.
5. Is every event attributed to a person? Yes or No. If No, identify what is missing.
Yes, every event is attributed to a person.
6. Is there at least one event per time period attributed to a minority person (woman or
underrepresented population)? Yes or No. If No, what is missing and when?
Yes, events such as Hypatia’s Contributions to Mathematics, Ada Lovelace and the First
Computer Program, Rosalind Franklin’s Contribution to DNA Structure, Grace Hopper’s
Impact on Computer Programming, and Tim Berners-Lee’s Invention of the World Wide
Web involve individuals from minority groups.
7. Does every event have a description? Yes or No. If No, what is missing and when?
Yes, every event includes a description.
8. Does every description include reasons why the event is significant? Yes or No. If
No, what is missing and when?
Yes, each description provides reasons for the event’s significance.
9. Does every description include the social context? Yes or No. If No, what is missing
and when?
The descriptions mention social contexts to some extent, but you might want to ensure
that it explicitly addresses the societal impact or influences related to the event.
10. Is the timeline neat and readable? Yes or No. If No, make specific suggestions for
improvement.
This aspect is subjective, but if there are any concerns about readability or organization,
specific suggestions for improvement could be provided.
11. Include one thing that you really liked about the timeline and one thing that you
think could be improved.
•
It would be great to commend the inclusion of a diverse range of events and
individuals spanning various STEM fields and cultures, showcasing a
comprehensive history of science and technology. To improve, consider
providing a bit more detail in the social context section of each event, explicitly
connecting the development to broader societal implications or influences.
•
Overall, the timeline seems well-structured and informative, covering a wide
array of significant developments in science and technology throughout history.
1.Count the number of events on the timeline:
1. The total number of events in this timeline is 17.
2. Are there 5 events per time period?
Yes, each time period appears to have 5 events.
3. Is more than one area (Science, Math, Technology, Engineering) represented in each time period?
Yes, multiple areas are represented in each time period.
4. Does every event have a date?
Yes, every event includes a date.
5. Is every event attributed to a person?
Yes, every event is attributed to a person or a group of people.
6. Is there at least one event per time period attributed to a minority person (woman or
underrepresented population)?
There is no specific mention of underrepresented populations or women in this timeline. It would be
beneficial to include such events for a more inclusive representation.
7. Does every event have a description?
Yes, every event includes a description.
8. Does every description include reasons why the event is significant?
Most descriptions provide reasons for the event’s significance, but a few could benefit from more
explicit connections to broader implications.
9. Does every description include the social context?
Some descriptions mention social contexts, but it would be helpful to provide more explicit connections
to societal impacts or influences.
10. Is the timeline neat and readable?
The timeline is clear and readable, but you might consider formatting improvements for better
organization. Separating events into distinct sections or using bullet points could enhance readability.
11. One thing you really liked about the timeline and one thing that could be improved:
I appreciate the diversity of events and the inclusion of details across various scientific domains.
To improve, consider enhancing the social context in each description and ensuring representation of
underrepresented populations or women in science.
Overall, it’s a well-structured timeline with room for slight improvements. Feel free to make
adjustments based on the feedback provided!
Timeline peer grading checklist:
1. Count the number of events on the timeline. Total events = 10
2. Are there 5 events per time period? No, four listed in 17, five listed in 18 & four listed 19
century.
3. Is more than one area (Science, Math, Technology, Engineering) represented in each time
period? Yes Science, mathematics, and engineering are all represented in the mentioned period
4. Does every event have a date? Yes
5. Is every event attributed to a person? Yes
6. Is there at least one event per time period attributed to a minority person (woman or
underrepresented population)? Yes listed.
7. Does every event have a description? Yes.
8. Does every description include reasons why the event is significant? Yes.
9. Does every description include the social context? Yes.
10. Is the timeline neat and readable? Yes very neat and reads well.
11. Include one thing that you really liked about the timeline and one thing that you think
could be improved. I appreciated how the chronology detailed the events’ occurrences, which
lay out all of the key elements and made it apparent when each event occurred. I really
appreciate how you organized the milestones by century at the beginning of the spreadsheet.
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