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PROMPT Week X: Urban growth and inequalityCITIES: ‘World cities’ attract both global elites (who want easy access to global networks), and poor, less-skilled people; those inequalities are often especially visible in cities of the developing world. What dynamics in post-colonial societies tend to create or reinforce persistent urban inequalities in the 21st century? Which of these dynamics are illustrated by the struggle of Dharavi residents to stay?
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Soc 630 third world societies notes – The rise of global cities.
PROMPT Week X: Urban growth and inequality
CITIES: ‘World cities’ attract both global elites (who want easy access to global networks),
and poor, less-skilled people; those inequalities are often especially visible in cities of the
developing world. What dynamics in post-colonial societies tend to create or reinforce
persistent urban inequalities in the 21st century? Which of these dynamics are illustrated
by the struggle of Dharavi residents to stay?
Moving to the city
1. The rise of cities around the world
2. What are the challenges of urban- centric “ development ‘?
3. Sao Paulo; the rise of ‘ global city ‘
4. How did globalization reshape urbanization ?
5. Why is urban inequality so stark, and so persistent?
Afghanistan: even suicide bombings can’t keep these students from school.
• Two and a half years ago March 22, 2021 Kabul Afghanistan a suicide bomber
detonated an explosive vest during an algebra class at the mawound academy
tutoring center.
• At least 40 students, most from Afghanistan’s Hazara ethnic minority , died as
they studied for college entrance exams.
•
In India , the world’s biggest lockdown has forced migrants to walk hundreds of miles home.
•
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inequalities in cities it’s way more visible than inequality in rural areas because you can
see it in front of you.
during the pandemic people around the world suddenly realize how unequal cities in the
global for example ; India people walking home who are migrant workers who you know
when the city shut down nowhere to work and no money and there was nothing to take
care of them but in in the same way in Kenya they had a lockdown at 6:00 or 8:00 you
had to be home in your house and at 6:00
world cities , 1950 – 2030
–
56.5% of the world’s population lives in urban areas, a proportion that is
expected to increase to 68% by 2050
why wouldn’t your big cities be in the middle of your country?
– because most of the largest cities are built by ports which is where the colonial
powers have their biggest cities was, it’s basically a reflection of that infrastructure
that was inherited from colonialism.
South Africa’s “ service delivery “ protests , 2010 – present
there were Dutch suffers first and then Britain took it over from Holland so they’re African
speaking and British flights in the 20th century Britain allowed the white population to have
some control over the colony so unlike most colonies but because it was a settler colony the
settlers were given the right to be citizens.
80% of the population that was indigenous ended up on 13% of the land.
South Africa unemployment rates are about 70% for people under 30 because so many poor
black people from the city from the rural areas have moved to the to the cities hoping for more
opportunities.
Peru’s ten-foot-high wall of shame stopped with razor wire which divides rich and poor to stop
the less well-off stealing from the wealthy.
– Lima the capital through increased by 10 times it’s 10 times larger than 1.1 million
residents’ rich people didn’t want to have to see the conditions that poor people
lived in so instead of providing better services they build a wall.
Sau Paulo’s uneven growth 1940s- 1990s
•
By the mid 1970s the difference between center and periphery become center to
demands for democratizing in Brazil .
•
The first part of the 20th century they had services, they had water in the streets , and
they had a metro system and buses the people living on the periphery when rural
peasants began to move to the city especially when the industry started to develop in
the early 20th century they moved to the
•
Living in a city it’s partly a result of it’s two things changing lifestyles and globalization
because people like Manuel castells and Saskia sassen argued that cities especially in
major cities like Sao Paulo start to become central nodes in the global economy.
•
Saskia sassen : global cities produce new patterns of urban inequality.
Changing urban dynamics since 1980 :
A) a more integrated global economy
by 1980s on – new urban lifestyle’s, along with changing gender roles and demographic patterns
c. changing infrastructure and architecture reflect the dynamics of new global economy. ( john
Hancock building, Boston )
– for global capitalism serving multinational corporate global capitalize and because he says you
can put these skyscrapers anywhere in the world because they reflect the local skylines
Fredric Jameson: ‘ postmodern’ architecture reflects multinational corporate capitalism :
• Fredric points out corporations’ multinational companies that have
affiliates in these global cities can put they can recreate the corporate
culture inside they can have the same type of building everywhere. the
corporate culture inside could be the same so your multinational
corporate executives can go from one country to another and feel like
they’re in the same.
Caldaria : how does the rise of fortified enclaves affect democracy ?
•
•
•
New condos accessible only to those with disposable incomes and cars
Private security forces may exclude those without appropriate dress ,
money , or cultural capital.
Privatization of public space
Even if you look down into slum ; you wouldn’t know what life is like down there.
Divided cities: Rios walled off favelas.
New York Times, November 4, 2022
Air Quality in India’s Capital Is
Dreadfully Bad. Again.
Toxic air in New Delhi and large parts of northern India this week has prompted school
closures, traffic restrictions and political infighting.
Video
Sky Turns Gray in Polluted New Delhi
By Reuters and The Associated Press
The start of the air pollution season in northern India caused school closures and other
disruptions.CreditCredit…Rajat Gupta/EPA, via Shutterstock
By Sameer Yasir and Mike Ives
Nov. 4, 2022
NEW DELHI — This year’s air pollution season in northern India is off to a dreadful
start, even by the standards of a region with some of the world’s worst air.
Particulate matter hovering over New Delhi, the capital, and nearby areas in recent days
has turned the sky a muted gray and led to widespread suffering, school closings and
other disruptions. Politicians are trading bitter accusations over who is to blame.
“We are not breathing air but smoking it,” said Jyoti Pande Lavakare, an environmental
activist in New Delhi and the author of “Breathing Here Is Injurious to Your Health,” a
book about air pollution in the country.
Public attention has focused on the pollution in New Delhi this week, she added, but
hundreds of millions of people in northern India are also suffering from some of the
worst air pollution they have seen in years.
India’s air quality, never great to begin with, tends to worsen in the autumn, when
farmers burn straw left over from their rice harvests to make room for new planting. The
pattern was no different this fall, but the latest air quality readings have been especially
dire.
As of Friday afternoon, 16 cities across India had “very poor” air, according to
government data that tracked air quality numbers far above what the World Health
Organization would consider healthy. The air in 14 other cities was “severe,” the worst
on the country’s six-tier air quality scale.
I
A view of New Delhi enveloped by smog on Friday.Credit…Shonal Ganguly/Associated
Press
A farmer burning straw after a rice harvest on the outskirts of Jalandhar, in Punjab, on
Thursday. The practice contributes to India’s air pollution, but efforts to discourage it
have fallen short.Credit…Shammi Mehra/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
This week, the Delhi government asked residents to work from home or car pool. Truck
traffic into the city was halted, and several school districts in the area moved classes
online.
On Friday, Arvind Kejriwal, the chief minister of Delhi, directed primary schools to close
as of the end of Friday, and told schools to stop outdoor activities for older children. The
country’s top human rights commission also summoned officials from Delhi and
adjoining states for a meeting on crop burning.
India’s latest air pollution crisis already has a sharp political edge, perhaps because
some politicians are beginning to look ahead to the country’s 2024 general election.
On Wednesday, Mr. Kejriwal, Delhi’s chief minister, suggested that Prime Minister
Narendra Modi’s government should not blame only Delhi for the pollution, because it
was widespread across northern India.
“This is not the time for blame game and politics, but time to find a solution to the
problem,” he said.
The environment minister, Bhupender Yadav, fired back by saying that Mr. Kejriwal’s
political party, a rival to Mr. Modi’s, was to blame for allowing crop burning to escalate
in the neighboring state of Punjab, where it holds power.
“There is no doubt over who has turned Delhi into a gas chamber,” Mr. Yadav wrote on
Twitter.
Only a few people risked outdoor exercise in New Delhi on Thursday.Credit…Rajat
Gupta/EPA, via Shutterstock
Traffic was light under gray skies.Credit…Vipin Kumar/Hindustan Times, via Getty
Images
Air pollution is typically caused by tiny particulate matter produced by burning coal,
gasoline, wood, chemicals and other materials. The particulate matter penetrates the
lungs and the bloodstream, worsening asthma and other lung disorders. It can also
increase the risk of stroke, heart attack and other complications.
An estimated 4.2 million deaths worldwide in 2015 were attributable to long-term
exposure to outdoor particulate pollution, according to a study in The Lancet, a medical
journal. East Asia and South Asia accounted for an estimated 59 percent of the deaths,
the authors wrote.
In 2019, air pollution killed more Indians than any other risk factor, according to
government data. But the burden from India’s bad air is not shared equally, in part
because children from poor families spend more of their lives outdoors.
In India, governments on the federal and regional levels have been trying to fight air
pollution by providing equipment to farmers that helps them dispose of crop residue
without burning it — for example, by composting, in a process that takes a few weeks.
Or, by encouraging them to change what they grow.
But those programs are still in their infancy and will require more resources, along with
farmers’ participation, said Sachchida Nand Tripathi, a professor of atmospheric
sciences at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur.
“If you want to get rid of it,” he said of northern India’s air pollution, “we need to talk to
farmers’ leaders and tell them to move to other crops.”
Sameer Yasir reported from New Delhi and Mike Ives from Seoul.
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