Description
Intro to Business Research
Research proposal phase 1
Topic: PICK A RESEARCH TOPIC BELOW OUT OF THE FOUR
Impact of Globalization on Medium-to-Small Enterprises
Strategies for Maintaining Mental Health in the Workplace.
Growth of E-Commerce and Its Effect on Brick-and-Mortar Stores
Ethical Implications of Data Mining in Businesses
I need an abstract, introduction, scope of study, and literature review. I will be sending the guidelines so you can see and understand what needs to be done, I will also be sending links to help find researchable content.
PAPER FORMAT
– The paper must be a minimum of 7 pages, not including the title and reference page
– The paper should use APA format
– Use normal 1-inch margins
– Text should be typed using Times New Roman, 12-point font
– Document should be double-spaced
– Pages should be numbered at the top right-hand corner
– Section titles should be in bold font
– Title page should include, the title of the paper, name(s), due date, course title and section,
semester
The reference page should be included as the last page
PAPER OUTLINE
I Title Page (5 points)
The title page should include the title of the paper, name(s), due date, course title and section,
semester
II Abstract (10 points)
A brief overview of the paper
III Introduction to the topic (10 points)
The introduction should introduce the topic by briefly stating the problem, purpose, significance,
and goals of the paper.
– Scope of the Study (10 points)
The scope of a study explains the extent to which the research area will be explored in the
work and specifies the parameters the study will be operating. This means that you will
have to define what the study is going to cover and what it is focusing on.
IV Literature Review (15 points)
A literature review consists of an overview, a summary, and an evaluation (“critique”) of the
current state of knowledge about a specific area of research. It synthesizes results into a summary
of what is and is not known/
Unformatted Attachment Preview
Literature Review
1. Introduction:
This literature review’s main goal is to give readers a thorough overview of the information
already available on electric and autonomous vehicles (EVs and AVs). It offers the framework
for the study of EVs and AVs by covering historical events, technological improvements,
environmental repercussions, consumer behavior, infrastructural issues, regulatory influences,
and societal implications. This review guides the investigation of key elements and knowledge
gaps in the acceptance and integration of these revolutionary technologies into transportation
systems. It also informs the research questions and study objectives.
2. Historical Evolution of Electric Vehicles:
Early electric cars were developed by inventors like Thomas Edison in the late 19th century,
which is where the history of electric vehicles (EVs) began. However, the range of these cars
was constrained, and they were up against ICE cars for market share. The development of
electric vehicles was significantly influenced by advancements in battery technology, particularly
the introduction of lithium-ion batteries in the 1990s. Introducing the GM EV1 in 1996, the Tesla
Roadster in 2008, and the Nissan Leaf in 2010 are noteworthy turning points. Government
incentives and rules helped EV sales expand as well.
•
“The Future of the Electric Car” (2000) provides insights into the early challenges and
development of electric vehicles.
•
“A Historical Review of Battery Technology” (2005) offers a historical perspective on
battery technologies and their relevance to electric vehicles.
•
“Electric Vehicle Technologies for Climate Change Mitigation” (2011) discusses
strategies for using electric vehicles to combat climate change.
•
“Electric Vehicle Adoption in the United States: A Literature Review” (2017) summarizes
studies on EV adoption patterns and influencing factors.
•
“The Tesla Revolution” (2020) explores the transformative impact of Tesla on the electric
vehicle industry. These research papers collectively contribute to our understanding of the
historical development, technological advancements, and societal impact of electric
vehicles.
3. Advances in Electric Vehicle Technology:
The performance and efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs) have been greatly enhanced by
technological developments in their many parts, including batteries, electric motors, and
regenerative braking systems. Fast-charging capabilities, the adoption of high-energy-density
lithium-ion batteries, and ongoing research into solid-state batteries are important advancements.
The efficiency and power density of electric motors has increased because of the frequent use of
permanent magnet synchronous motors and sophisticated control algorithms. To maximize
energy recovery, regenerative braking systems have improved in efficiency, allowing one-pedal
driving. The range, ease of charging, effectiveness, and general performance of EVs are all
improved by these developments, which aids in their broad acceptance. Further advancements in
electric mobility are anticipated because of ongoing research and development in these fields.
Studies exploring innovations in electric vehicle (EV) technology have revealed several key
findings. Innovations in battery technology, including higher energy density and thermal
management, have extended EV driving ranges. Fast-charging infrastructure has reduced
charging times, making long-distance travel more practical. Improved regenerative braking
systems, efficient electric motors, lightweight materials, and aerodynamics have enhanced
overall vehicle performance and energy efficiency. Advanced software optimization plays a vital
role in managing power and temperature control. Research also examines user behavior and its
impact on range anxiety. Moreover, studies assess the environmental and economic advantages
of EV innovations, promoting cleaner and more cost-effective transportation solutions.
4. Autonomous Driving Technology:
The development of autonomous driving technology has advanced significantly, from early
concepts to the most cutting-edge systems available today. Early experiments and fundamental
driver assistance systems were the starting point in the late 20th century, and then DARPA
challenges and academic research followed in the 2000s. Semi-autonomous features were first
introduced in the 2010s with the development of advanced prototypes, and in certain regions,
autonomous ride-hailing services were first commercially deployed in the late 2010s and early
2020s. While current efforts to determine the future of self-driving vehicles focus on legal
frameworks, safety standards, and industry alliances, recent advances in AI and machine learning
have further improved autonomous capabilities.
Three crucial areas have received the most attention in the research on the creation of
autonomous vehicles:
•
Development of Sensors: Researchers have investigated a few sensor technologies,
including radar, cameras, ultrasonic sensors, LiDAR, and so on. For more precise
perception and obstacle identification in autonomous vehicles, they have investigated
sensor fusion algorithms to merge data from many sources.
•
Algorithms for Machine Learning: Research has focused heavily on machine learning,
especially deep learning. Neural networks have been explored for direct perception and
end-to-end learning from video input. Techniques for reinforcement learning have also
been investigated for the control of autonomous vehicles.
•
Connectivity: Studies have looked at the role that 5G networks play in providing lowlatency communication for autonomous driving, as well as connection technologies like
Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication. Studies have also investigated data
management in vehicular networks, which is essential for the efficient operation of
autonomous vehicles.
Together, these research projects address opportunities and difficulties in each of these fields,
advancing the technology of autonomous vehicles.
5. Market Analysis and Consumer Adoption:
The electric vehicle (EV) market has been expanding steadily, with global sales exceeding 3
million units in 2020. China, Europe, and North America were important markets, propelled by
things like government incentives and environmental concerns. With major expenditures from
manufacturers and a larger selection of EV models that appeal to consumer tastes, it was
anticipated that the EV industry would keep expanding. The market for driverless vehicles was
also developing, and businesses were conducting significant testing. According to projections,
there is a lot of room for expansion, particularly in the delivery and ride-sharing industries. Fullscale Level 5 autonomous cars still must overcome technological and legal obstacles, though.
Consumer reception varied; enthusiasm over convenience and safety was balanced by worries
about privacy, liability, and safety.
Perceptions, cost, infrastructure, and trust are a few examples of the variables that affect
consumer adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous vehicles. Consumer impressions
of EVs are influenced by issues like range restrictions and charging accessibility, with incentives
and pricing having a significant impact in preferences. Adoption depends heavily on the
availability of accessible charging infrastructure. When it comes to autonomous vehicles,
adoption is influenced by integration with connected and shared mobility concepts, real-world
experiences, and safety records. Consumer views are also influenced by sociodemographic
factors like age, gender, and geography. For these technologies to be promoted and advanced, it
is essential to comprehend these factors.
6. Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles:
The environmental benefits of electric cars (EVs) are constantly emphasized in the examined
studies. They carry out thorough life cycle analyses, contrasting EVs with traditional vehicles
and emphasizing important advantages. These advantages include a sizable decrease in
greenhouse gas emissions, better air quality due to less air pollutants, and reduced fuel usage.
The studies underline the significance of the global EV market in reducing climate change while
also addressing methodological issues in estimating the environmental impact of EVs. Overall,
the data points to the switch to EVs as a sustainable and eco-friendly mode of transportation.
Electric vehicles (EVs) have significant environmental benefits, which are frequently highlighted
by the results of life cycle studies (LCAs). These studies repeatedly show that EVs significantly
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially when they are charged with clean or renewable
energy sources. Additionally, EVs use less energy overall and depend less on fossil fuels because
of their superior energy efficiency throughout the course of their lifetime. The usage of EVs
offers real health benefits, especially in urban areas where air pollution is a problem and is
perhaps most notable for the rapid improvements in local air quality that result from having no
tailpipe emissions. The need of responsible resource usage and materials management in the
production of EV components, with a focus on recycling and disposal procedures to reduce the
environmental footprint, is also emphasized by LCAs. Overall, these findings present strong
evidence in favor of the environmental viability of electric cars and offer persuasive arguments
in favor of their adoption in the fight against global warming and to enhance air quality.
7. Economic Implications:
The economic effects of switching to electric vehicles (EVs) are complex and include both
possibilities and difficulties. On the plus side, the switch to EVs can encourage industry
expansion by opening new opportunities in the production of batteries and electric drivetrains.
Along the whole supply chain, from EV assembly to component manufacture and charging
infrastructure development, it has the potential to create jobs. To ensuring that the working force
has the necessary skills, training and workforce development programs are crucial.
Economically, the transition can result in growth, driven by rising EV demand from consumers
and falling reliance on imports of fossil fuels, which may help trade balances. To ensure a
smooth transition, however, conventional sectors dependent on internal combustion engines may
face difficulties that need for strategic planning and regulatory support. The importance of
government incentives, regulatory frameworks, and infrastructural investments in determining
the economic environment around EV adoption is crucial. In conclusion, switching to EVs will
have positive economic effects, but doing so will necessitate a careful balance between
maximizing gains and preventing potential disruptions to existing industries.
The economic benefits of switching to EVs are frequently highlighted in studies on the total cost
of ownership (TCO) and possible cost savings connected with EVs. These studies consider
things like the cost of fuel, maintenance, incentives, and resale value. Overall, the research
shows that when compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, EVs frequently
offer a more advantageous TCO. Over the course of the vehicle’s lifetime, the lower operating
costs—which include lower fuel prices and maintenance needs—contribute significantly to cost
savings. Numerous studies also stress the significance of incentives and tax breaks in improving
the viability of EVs from an economic standpoint. These findings promote the ongoing transition
to sustainable transportation options by giving consumers and policymakers important
information to help them make knowledgeable decisions about switching to EVs.
8. Infrastructure Development:
Studies investigating the history, present state, and future needs of electric vehicle (EV) charging
infrastructure provide vital information for advancing EV adoption. These evaluations cover a
range of aspects of charging infrastructure, including planning, standards, technology,
accessibility, and regulations. Notably, they stress the necessity of a thorough and well-organized
charging network to accommodate the rising demand for EVs. Research also examines regional
experiences, such as California’s, offering useful insights for stakeholders and policymakers in
various fields. These studies are helpful resources that direct the development and improvement
of the charging infrastructure to enable a sustainable and practical transition to electric mobility
as EVs continue to gain popularity.
Several crucial elements are highlighted by research on the infrastructure needs for the
deployment of autonomous vehicles (AVs). This study focuses on communication networks and
highlights the significance of 5G connectivity for high-speed, low-latency real-time data transfer
between AVs, infrastructure, and the cloud. It also emphasizes the necessity of strong
cybersecurity protocols to safeguard AV communication networks. Clear lane markings, signs,
and the incorporation of sensors into the infrastructure are crucial for assisting AVs with
perception and navigation on roads. For effective traffic management, adaptive traffic signals and
data sharing systems are crucial. To secure the successful integration of AVs into our
transportation systems, it is also important to highlight established procedures, helpful
legislation, and equal infrastructure expenditures. Collectively, these findings offer policymakers
and stakeholders direction for establishing a secure and effective environment for the
deployment of AV.
9. Policy and Regulation:
Electric and autonomous vehicle (EV and AV) adoption is significantly influenced by
government incentives, laws, and regulations. Purchase incentives, emissions regulations, and
financing for charging infrastructure are examples of EV-friendly policies that have been
successful in encouraging EV adoption. However, problems like charging infrastructure gaps and
range anxiety still exist, calling for constant policy modifications. Governments create
frameworks for testing, deploying, and safety laws in relation to AVs, encouraging innovation
and development. However, difficulties arise from worries about safety, data privacy, and
conflicting rules. For the integration of AVs to be seamless, rules must be unified and datarelated difficulties must be resolved. In both situations, governments have the power to direct the
development of these game-changing technologies in the direction of a sustainable and secure
transportation future.
Here are some studies that assess the effectiveness of various policy measures related to electric
and autonomous vehicles:
1. “The Impact of Financial Incentives on Electric Vehicle Adoption” by M. T. Brown
and T. L. Turrentine (2015): This study evaluates the effectiveness of financial
incentives, such as tax credits and rebates, in promoting electric vehicle adoption. It
assesses the impact of these incentives on consumer behavior and EV market growth.
2. “Impact of Charging Infrastructure on Plug-In Electric Vehicle Adoption” by N.
Lin et al. (2016): This research examines the relationship between charging
infrastructure availability and electric vehicle adoption rates. It assesses how the presence
of charging stations influences consumer decisions to adopt electric vehicles.
3. “Effectiveness of Different Policy Instruments in Promoting Electric Vehicles: A
Review” by X. Shi et al. (2020): This review paper provides an overview of various
policy instruments, including purchase incentives, emissions standards, and charging
infrastructure development, and assesses their effectiveness in promoting electric vehicle
adoption in different regions.
Collectively, these studies help us better understand how effective different legislative initiatives
are at encouraging the use of electric and autonomous vehicles. They offer insightful information
for decision-makers, researchers, and industry participants who want to develop and put into
practice efficient strategies to hasten the adoption of these cutting-edge technology.
10. Safety and Security Concerns:
An extensive range of subjects are covered in research on the safety features of autonomous
vehicles (AVs), such as accident analysis, risk evaluations, and cybersecurity issues. While risk
assessments concentrate on assessing AV safety through criteria like sensor reliability and
software robustness, accident analysis studies examine AV-related occurrences to identify their
causes and opportunities for improvement. The research of human-AV interaction and
sensing/perception capacities is crucial for improving AV safety.
Due to AVs’ reliance on software and communication infrastructure, cybersecurity issues are of
utmost importance when developing new versions of them. To defend AV systems from
cyberattacks, researchers look at weaknesses and create defense plans. Critical cybersecurity
issues include data protection, secure communication methods (such Vehicle-to-Everything), and
over-the-air upgrades. Part of the continuous endeavor to guarantee the safety and security of
autonomous vehicles is the creation of legislative frameworks that require cybersecurity
standards for AV producers.
In conclusion, research in these fields helps AV technology advance by highlighting safety
issues, outlining fixes, and defending AVs from cybersecurity risks, ultimately paving the path
for safer and more secure autonomous transportation.
11. Societal and Equity Considerations:
The societal effects of EVs and AVs (electric and autonomous vehicles, or EVs and AVs) have
been studied, and the results show major changes in urban design and transportation patterns.
With the advent of shared mobility services and a decline in the demand for substantial parking
facilities, EVs and AVs are poised to reduce the number of cars on the road. These innovations
provide mobility options, especially for individuals who are unable to drive, promoting
accessibility and inclusivity in the transportation sector.
Studies look on possible changes in travel habits, such as altered commutes and increased usage
of shared transportation. Their effect on mass transit networks is also being investigated. Central
issues are the fair distribution of benefits and access to this technology. Research tackles the need
for accessible AV features and infrastructure in marginalized communities as well as concerns of
transportation equality, access to AV technology, and environmental justice.
Essentially, research on EVs and AVs highlights their potential to transform urban design and
transportation, providing chances for inclusivity, lowering car ownership, and improving
accessibility while posing significant challenges about equity and the environment. As they
negotiate the shifting terrain of future mobility, policymakers and urban planners should use
these ideas as a guide.
12. Emerging Trends and Future Scenarios: – Academic study of the electric and autonomous
car industries identifies a few new trends and projects how these technologies will affect
transportation in the future. The use of electric vehicles (EVs) is rising, autonomous driving
technology is developing, shared mobility and mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) are becoming more
popular, and public transportation is electrifying. The market for passenger vehicles will be
dominated by electric vehicles in the future, and networks for transportation will increasingly
incorporate autonomous vehicles. This change is anticipated to result in improved air quality,
cleaner, more sustainable urban environments, and a move away from private vehicle ownership
toward on-demand mobility options. Important elements of this transportation evolution include
urban planning and infrastructure development.
13. Conclusion of the Literature Review: – The studied literature on autonomous and electric
vehicles shows important new information about their development, advantages, difficulties, and
societal effects. Battery technology for electric vehicles has advanced significantly, but the
infrastructure for charging them and their limited range still need to be improved. Although
autonomous driving technology has gone from the conceptual phases to sophisticated systems,
problems with safety, regulation, and public confidence still exist. The environmental benefits of
EVs and the potential for AVs to cut emissions and enhance air quality are regularly emphasized
in research.
In the transition to electric and autonomous vehicles, economic ramifications, including job
creation and industry transformation, are crucial factors to consider. Consumer adoption is
motivated by convenience and cost savings, with government incentives and education playing a
critical role. For adoption to be successful, infrastructure development is essential for EV
charging as well as AV deployment.
The integrated effects of EVs and AVs, societal and equity implications, consumer behavior
analysis, and policy effectiveness assessment are among the areas of current study that are
lacking. By analyzing the cumulative effects of these technologies, their societal ramifications,
consumer decision-making, and the efficacy of regulatory measures, the current study seeks to
close these gaps.
14. Contribution to the Current Study: – By providing background information on electric and
autonomous vehicles (EVs and AVs), the examined literature contributes to the understanding of
the research issues and goals of the current study. It provides information on how these
technologies have evolved historically, their effects on the environment and the economy, the
factors that affect consumer uptake, the development of infrastructure, policy and regulatory
frameworks, safety and cybersecurity issues, and fairness considerations. This information
provides the foundation for developing study questions and goals for evaluating the status,
societal effects, consumer behavior, and policy efficacy of EVs and AVs today. In essence, the
literature review offers a strong framework for the examination into the varied features of these
transformational technologies conducted in the current study.
Study Scope: Evolution to Electric and Autonomous Vehicles
1. Introduction:
a. Background Information on Evolution of Automobiles
b. Significance of Transition to Electric and Autonomous Vehicles
c. Purpose and Objectives of the Study
2. Historical Perspective:
a. Development of Traditional Combustion Engine Vehicles
b. Emergence of Electric Vehicles (EVs)
c. Evolution of Autonomous Vehicle Technology
3. Environmental Impact:
a. Comparison of Environmental Footprint: Traditional vs. Electric Vehicles
b. Role of Electric Vehicles in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions
c. Environmental Benefits of Autonomous Driving Systems
4. Technological Advancements:
a. Battery Technology and its Impact on Electric Vehicles
b. Advancements in Autonomous Vehicle Sensors and AI
c. Integration of Electric and Autonomous Technologies
5. Market Trends and Adoption:
a. Global Market Analysis for Electric Vehicles
b. Factors Influencing Consumer Adoption of Electric and Autonomous Vehicles
c. Government Policies and Incentives Promoting Electric and Autonomous Transportation
6. Challenges and Limitations:
a. Infrastructure Challenges for Electric Vehicles (Charging Stations)
b. Safety Concerns and Ethical Issues Related to Autonomous Vehicles
c. Technological Limitations and Research Gaps
7. Impact on Society and Urban Planning:
a. Transformation of Urban Mobility Patterns
b. Implications for Public Transportation Systems
c. Urban Planning Strategies to Accommodate Electric and Autonomous Vehicles
8. Economic Aspects:
a. Economic Benefits of Electric and Autonomous Vehicles Industry
b. Job Creation and Skill Development in the EV and Autonomous Technology Sector
c. Economic Challenges and Disruptions Caused by Transition
9. Future Outlook and Predictions:
a. Predictions for Market Growth and Technological Innovations
b. Anticipated Challenges and Solutions
c. Potential Societal and Economic Transformations Due to Electric and Autonomous Vehicles
10. Conclusion:
a. Summary of Key Findings
b. Implications for Future Research and Development
c. Closing Thoughts on the Future of Transportation: A Sustainable and Autonomous Era
Introduction
The automobile industry is undergoing a paradigm shift as it moves toward electric and
autonomous vehicles, which is altering global transportation in the process. To address
environmental issues, lessen reliance on fossil fuels, and lessen the effects of climate change,
electrification is being pushed. With less pollutants and less reliance on non-renewable
resources, electric vehicles (EVs) have become a well-known sustainable alternative. In parallel,
the development of autonomous vehicles (AVs) has drawn considerable attention, promising
improved accessibility, traffic efficiency improvements, and safety improvements. With a focus
on the interconnectedness of their growth and the potential synergies that can shape the future of
mobility, this research paper explores the evolutionary trajectory of both electric and
autonomous vehicles. It does this by examining the technological advancements, policy
initiatives, market dynamics, and societal implications that have propelled these innovations.
This study aims to clarify the complex interactions between technological innovation, regulatory
frameworks, consumer preferences, and the larger socio-economic landscape in shaping the
automotive landscape of the future through a thorough examination of the transition from
conventional internal combustion engine vehicles to the era of electrification and autonomy.
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