Description
proposal on the affects of government rules, regulations and policies on tourism in Oman. most of the assessment is done in the presentation the question posted is just to continue the proposal
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Assessing the impact of government rules, regulations
and policies on tourism development in Oman
Khalid walyani
23201124
Introduction
• The study found that government rules and regulations are direct
impacts for tourism growth.
• Regulations and policies are an essential factor that contributes to
spreading tourism in proper locations
• Tourism laws is a major factor regarding sustainable tourism
development
Research rationale
• Tourism industry is growning significantly in oman
• Tourism contributes to Omans GDP due to scarsity of oil
• Oman is influinced by neighbouring countries as they are tourist
destinations
• High potential of job creation due to tourism
Research questions
• How do current government rules and regulations in Oman affect tourism
operations
• How is the rules and regulations affecting the tourism competition
• What are the economic contributions of the tourism industry in terms of jobs
• How foreign exchange income from tourism is affected by the government’s
rules and regulations.
Research aims and objectives
• To examine the impact of government policies, rules, and regulations on the tourism
industry
• To analyze how the competition is affected with neighboring countries.
• To understand what are the economic contribution of the tourism industry in terms of jobs
in Oman.
• To identify how foreign exchange income is affected by government rules and
regulations.
Litriture review – summary
• The government intervention is particularly necessary in situations that provide
large net gains or where everyone benefits, maximizing social welfare (Hall, 2006;
Wolf, 1988).
• policies and regulations impacts should be understood by governments in
developing destinations (Kubickova, 2019)
• Taxation cutting and corrupt officials affect tourism growth (Kubickova, 2019).
• Problems controlling tourists who exert a negative impact on the surroundings of
the destination (pisano, 2019)
Litriture review
• Government is the main factor in the tourism process (bramwell, 2011)
• The responsibility of tourisim development is assumed to be mainly by
goernment sectors (ruhanen, 2013)
Variables of study
Dependant variables :
Rate of tourism growth
Independentnt variables:
Environmental policies
Visa allocations
Policies of cultural preservation
References
• Marketa Kubickova (2019) The impact of government policies on destination competitiveness in
developing economies, Current Issues in Tourism, 22:6, 619-642
• Akama, J.S. (2002), The role of Government in the development of tourism in Kenya. Int. J.
Tourism Res., 4: 1-14.
• Aguinis, H. et al. (2023) ‘The why, how, and what of public policy implications of tourism and
hospitality research’, Tourism Management, 97, p. 104720. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2023.104720.
• ailey Ashton Adie, Martin Falk & Marco Savioli (2020) Overtourism as a perceived threat to
cultural heritage in Europe, Current Issues in Tourism, 23:14, 17371741, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2019.1687661
• Mohsin Javed & Zuzana Tučková (2020) The role of government in tourism competitiveness and
tourism area life cycle model, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25:9, 9971011, DOI: 10.1080/10941665.2020.1819836
References
• Anne Louise Zahra (2010) A historical analysis of tourism policy implementation by local
government, Journal of Tourism History, 2:2, 83-98, DOI: 10.1080/1755182X.2010.498526
• Lisa Ruhanen [email protected] (2013) Local government: facilitator or inhibitor of sustainable
tourism development?, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21:1, 8098, DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2012.680463
• Hong Shi, Taohong Li, Zuozhenmo Ma, Han Zhang, Xiaojuan Liu & Ning
(Chris) Chen (2022) What influence do regional government officials’ have on tourism related
growth?: evidence from China, Current Issues in Tourism,25:15, 25342546, DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2021.1972943
• Qun Qin , Geoffrey Wall & Xiaohang Liu (2011) Government Roles in Stimulating Tourism
Development: A Case from Guangxi, China, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16:5, 471487, DOI: 10.1080/10941665.2011.597573
Submission Deadline
Marks and Feedback
Before 6pm on:
15 working days after deadline (All Levels)
03/01/2024
Click or tap to enter a date.
Module title & code
Research Methods (BC13-2)
Assignment number and title
01
Assessment type
PR- Oral and WR-I
Weighting of assessment
Individual Presentation 30 % and Individual Written report 70 %
Module learning outcomes
1. Knowledge and Understanding: Understand the research process to choose and apply a
range of research methods
2. Critically evaluate pertinent academic literature and develop an appropriate research plan
What am I required to do in this assignment?
Research proposal
You are required to write a research proposal. A research proposal is a document that provides a detailed description of the
proposed research. The research proposal includes all activities that go towards completing a project stopping short of
collecting and analyzing the data.
While the research proposal is primarily written for an academic audience, it should contain elements that address the
concern of those in the organizations and whose problems were the subject of the proposal. Getting this balance right is one
of the skills needed to write a good proposal and ultimately a good project.
Your proposal would be a framework that would improve your understanding of a significant academic concept, business and
organizational matter.
The intention of the proposal is to ensure that the students’ have done sufficient preliminary research in the area of their
choice; have understood and identified the issues/problems of their study; a have proper methodology on how to proceed
his/her research.
You are specifically required to undertake the following tasks
Task 1: Presentation: 7th week — (Weighting 30%)
•
This is an individual presentation. You are required to choose a researchable topic, give an introduction of the topic,
state the rationale/ need for the study, research objectives and part of the literature review (research review).
•
You are then required to present the research topic in the class. The duration of the presentation is 10 minutes.
•
Absent is considered as ‘G’- non-submission.
•
The Maximum number of slides to be used for the presentation is 10.
Task 2: Submission: 12thweek — (Weighting 70%)
This is an individual report, and the word count is 3000 words +/- 10%.
Research Proposal – The proposal should be systematically presented with:
• Suitable title
•
Introduction
•
Problem statement; Research Questions; Objectives; the scope of the study
•
Literature review
•
Research Methodology, limitations
•
Time plan
•
References
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Your work will be graded on the following aspects:
• This is an individual work.
• The assignment MUST be submitted on-line (through MOVE) on or before the due date.
• The assignment should be submitted with the assignment cover page (template provided) added to the
assignment.
• Generative Artificial Intelligence tools such as ChatGPT and Bard is prohibited for this assignment.
• Your assignment shall reflect the depth and breadth of your original analyses in a clear and coherent
manner.
• Use of the relevant academic literature to support ideas and issues discussed. The range of academic
sources such as texts and journals to support your arguments and comments.
• This is an individual assignment and carries a weighting of 30% towards the final module grade.
2
•
•
•
•
•
•
This assignment follows an research proposal format and must be original and creative.
An analytical piece of work is required. The use of ‘cut and paste’ approach will be penalised. It must
be presented in a structured manner, with appropriate cover page, content page, introduction, body (with
appropriate heading / subheadings), conclusion, references, page numbered and any required
appendices.
Your report should be word processed and professionally presented. The length of your report should be
3000 words (+/- 10%), presented in text of font size 12 with 1.5-line spacing. Please state the exact
word count at the end of the assignment.
All assignments must be adhered strictly to the deadlines specified by Majan University College.
Failure to hand in the assignment for any reason and without prior approval and a valid written
extension from the module tutor will not be marked and will be awarded a grade G (0) irrespective of
the quality of the work. See Student Handbook, section 4.3, page 18. Available on MOVE
Unacknowledged use of work of others (plagiarism) is regarded as a dishonest practice and will be
penalised. See Student Handbook, section 5.7, p 34. Available on the MOVE
Any reference to authors and other writers shall be quoted with due acknowledgement in your
assignment report using the Harvard Referencing System. For details of Harvard referencing style refer
to the Student Handbook section 7.4, pages 47-48. Available on the MOVE.
Submission
•
The Assignment Submission link on MOVE will be open, a week ahead of the submission date.
•
You can submit your assignment multiple times, until the submission deadline. Note that Turnitin could
take up to 24 hours to produce similarity reports for submissions.
•
The last submission, within the deadline, will be considered as your final submission.
•
Assignments should be submitted by 6 pm on the day of the deadline. There is a grace period until
midnight to allow for any technical difficulties, but any assignments submitted after this will be counted as
late. Technical problems will not be accepted as an excuse for submitting after the day of the deadline.
•
You are required to tick to confirm the statement: “I confirm that this assignment is my own and all
sources have been acknowledged. I understand that the use of other people’s work or ideas without
acknowledgement is plagiarism and could result in failing the assignment”. You will not be able to submit
the assignment without ticking this box.
•
In the case of group work, it is recommended that the group should identify a leader who can be
responsible for uploading the assignment on Turnitin and to share the feedback received from lecturers
with the group members.
•
The similarity percentage of your final submission will be one of the factors considered for assessing the
originality of your assignment. However, the decision to report an assignment for plagiarism is taken by
the Lecturers, who mark your assignment.
•
The Lecturers will consider a number of factors such as Assignment type, Part of the assignment where
similarity occurs, Nature of similarity etc., along with the similarity percentage of your assignment, to
assess the originality of your assignment. Therefore, similarity percentage will not be accepted as a basis
for disputing academic judgments regarding plagiarism.
3
•
Note that the similarity percentage of your submission can change until the submission deadline if the
submissions of other students have similarity to your assignment. Therefore, the similarity percentages
are not final, till the assignment submission is closed.
Deliverables
Submission
Submission of the A1. PPT presentation and A2. Final Written report will be submitted via Turnitin Link on MOVE. At the
time of submission, you need to make sure that the assignment is your own and all the sources have been acknowledged.
Is there a word limit (Number of Words ± 10%)?
3000 words (+/-10%)- Final Report
10% (+/-)
11-20% (+/-)
21-30 (+/-)
31-40% (+/-)
41-50% (+/-)
+ 50%
No penalty
Reduction of 5
Marks
Reduction of 10
Marks
Reduction of 15
Marks
Reduction of 20
Marks
Fail the assessment
What do I need to do to pass? (Threshold Expectations)
•
•
•
•
•
Identify and formulate a feasible research topic with clear objectives and rationale.
Students provides a satisfactory relevant academic literature and develop a minimum of one research questions and
objectives
Analyze and substantiate the relevant research methods, including data or evidence gathering and analytical
processes suitable to answer specific research questions.
The report presented should be following the basic required structure of the research report. Information in the
literature review supports the topic of the study, Research design has been discussed in a satisfactory manner, data
collection methods are presented bur lacks clarity, sampling design is provided but not clearly explained.
Data analysis section is discussed but descriptive in nature.
How do I produce high quality work that merits a higher grade?
•
•
The report presented should demonstrate excellent conceptual awareness, problem, evidence of
induction/deduction. Research questions, aim and objectives should be based on research gaps, A cyclic approach
towards the literature should be evident.
Contemporary research, exemplary critical stance, show arguments, counter-arguments, and develops gaps, and
deduces hypothesis.
4
•
•
Outstanding application of the research methods, defining the research methodology, provides excellent justification
and move towards the scientific approach.
The report with minimum flaws in the structure of the proposal.
How does assignment relate to what we are doing in scheduled sessions?
The research report that has to be developed by the student is based on the topic that is being taught in the class right from
the first unit until the last unit. The first topic discusses the importance of the research, which gives an idea of basic research
and the types of research. The second unit will be discussing how a research topic shod be identified. This is helpfull in
identifying the topic of the research. The third unit is a discussion on literature review, which helps in writing the literature
review, which further includes developing the research questions, aim and objectives of the research. Topic four and five is a
discussion on data collection, scaling, sampling which is a part of the research methodology. The last topic is data analysis
tools and techniques, which is also a part of the research methodology.
5
How will my assignment be marked?
Your assignment be marked according to the threshold expectations and the criteria on the following page.
You can use them to evaluate your own work and estimate your grade before you submit.
No
1
2
Criterion
Conceptual
skills:
Introduction
Application
skill:
Research
Objectives
Weighing
(%)
10
15
Sub
Standard /
No Attempt
(0 Marks)
Poor
(20 Marks)
Satisfactory
(40 Marks)
Good
(50 Marks)
Very Good
(60 Marks)
Excellent
(70 Marks)
Outstanding
(100 Marks)
The report
lacks focus,
concepts not
explained,
purpose not
discussed
The research
has some
outline,
concepts
vaguely
explained,
lacks focus
The report has
an outline,
concepts
introduced but
has scope for
improvement
The report has
focus and
content,
concepts
explained
and rationale
has been
provided- but
the element of
objectivism
prevails
The report has
clear focus and
content,
concepts well
explained and
rationale well
explained
The excellent
introduction
has a clear
focus, concepts
well explained
with
references/data
and rationale
clearly stated
Has all the characteristic of an
outstanding introduction
(showing conceptual
awareness,
problem/rationale/opportunities
identification) evidence of
induction/deduction.
Aims and
objectives not
stated
Aims and
objectives are
not
researchable
and lack clarity
Aims and
objectives are
stated but lack
focus
Aims and
objectives are
clearly stated
but have scope
pertaining to
usage of
appropriate
action verbs
Aims and
objectives are
clearly stated
and focused
Aims and
objectives are
clear and it
clearly spells
out of the
research
agenda
Aims and objectives are based
on research gaps, A cyclic
approach towards the literature
is evident
3
4
5
6
Information
Management:
Literature
review
Research
Skill:
Methodology
Organisation
skills:
Structure
Bibliography
There is no
evidence of
information
search, no
references
given
There is some
evidence of
information
search but no
academic
references
given, not well
paraphrased,
most websites
are referred to,
lacks focus
Although the
information
supports the
task, the
information is
not well
compiled and
presented,
lacks synthesis
Uses a variety
of sources,
ideas are
generated than
being
synthesised;
shows some
evaluative
perspective
Focused
review, uses a
variety of
sources,
appropriately
referenced,
ideas are well
synthesized;
analytical and
evaluative.
Excellent
review of
literature,
evidence of
wider reading,
summative,
analytical,
formative, good
synthesis and
evidence of
critical content,
uses of a
variety of
sources and
correctly
referenced
Contemporary researches used,
exemplary critical stance, show
arguments, counter-arguments,
and develops gaps, and
deduces hypothesis.
Research
design-type
not specified,
sampling
plan, data
collection
plan,
sampling
plan, data
analysis plan
not clearly
defined and
lacks clarity
Research type
has been
mentioned but
lacks clarity.
Data collection
methods are
discussed, but
no focus and no
link to the
research
proposal, the
sampling plan
is mentioned.
Research
design has been
discussed, data
collection
methods,
sampling
design, data
analysis are
discussed, and
descriptive in
nature
Research
design,
sampling
design, Data
collection
methods
discussed, but
lacks
justification
Research
design,
sampling
design, Data
collection
methods are
clear and
focused, there
is evidence of
research,
however, there
is a scope for
refinement
All the aspects
of research
methodology
have been
clearly
discussed,
focused,
reliable, valid,
and well
justified in the
context of
research at
hand.
Shows outstanding application
of the research methods, in
defining the research
methodology, provides
excellent justification and
move towards the scientific
approach.
The report is
unorganised
and not
readable
No logical flow
of information
and ideas, no
linkage across
sections
The flow of
information is
satisfactory,
can
communicate
and link ideas.
A good and
logical flow of
information,
sections are
well structured
and linked
Excellent
compilation of
the report,
logical,
coherent, and
well linked.
A report with no flaws in the
structure – expression
enhances the quality of the
proposal
The references
do not clearly
comply with
the
basic
requirements
of
the
The references
do not clearly
comply with the
basic
requirements of
the HARVARD
The
report
shows
some
compliance to
HARVARD
STYLE
referencing, but
Good flow of
information,
sections
structured, but
has scope for
information
flow
The
report
demonstrates a
basic level of
HARVARD
STYLE
referencing, but
The
report
demonstrates a
solid
understanding
of the basic
elements
of
The
report
demonstrates
excellent
HARVARD
STYLE
formatting
Strictly adheres to Harvard
Referencing style.
25
25
10
15
The student understands and
recognizes the concept of
intellectual
property,
can
7
HARVARD
STYLE
format.
STYLE format.
The references
are inadequate
to support the
literature used
in the report.
Sources used
show limited
relevance and
currency.
shows
errors.
many
Very
few
references
quoted which
are inconsistent
with the amount
of
literature
used in the
report.
Some sources
of information
are relevant
while others
are dated.
still
contains
major
deficiencies.
No
sophistication
is evident i.e.
Websites do not
follow Harvard
Referencing
style.
Majority of the
sources are
relevant and
current.
HARVARD
STYLE
formatting. Intext citations if
presented
at
relevant areas
will lend more
appropriateness
to the report.
Sources used to
support
the
discussions are
relevant
and
current.
skills. In-text
citations
are
presented
in
relevant areas.
Consistent use
of relevant and
current sources
that enhance the
discussions.
defend
him/herself
if
challenged, and can properly
incorporate
the
ideas
/
published works of others into
their own work building upon
them.
How will my report presentation be marked?
.
No
1
Criterion
Presentation
Skills
Weighing
(%)
Sub
Standard /
No
Attempt
(0 Marks)
Poor
(20 Marks)
Satisfactory
(40 Marks)
Good
(50 Marks)
Very Good
(60 Marks)
Excellent
(70 Marks)
Outstanding
(100 Marks)
20
No visual
aids used.
Shows
signs of
nervousness
as both
content
knowledge
and
presentation
is incorrect,
Slides are not
organized
logically,
Slides do not
represent the
arguments
and there is
no synthesis
between the
two
Demonstrates
poor
Slides cover
the main
aspects of the
presentation,
structured
properly and
match the
arguments
Demonstrates
satisfactory
Level of
confidence
There is a
structure of
slides and
synthesized
There is a
logical flow of
information.
Demonstrates
a good level
of confidence
evident from
good subject
There is a
clear structure
of slides and
synthesized
There is a
perfect logical
flow of
information.
Slides
complement
the arguments
Demonstrates
The slides are
structured and well
synthesized There is a
logical flow of
information Slides
enhance the arguments
Excellent confidence is
evident from the
knowledge over the
subject. Confidence
demonstrated through
language and
The slides are clearly
presented, structured and well
synthesized There is a perfect
logical flow of information
Slides enhance the arguments.
Outstanding confidence
evident from command over
subject relevant knowledge,
preparation. Confidence
demonstrated through
language, expression and body
8
2
Application
skill:
Research
Objectives
3
Rationale of
the Study
4
Information
Management:
Literature
Review
No eye
contact
Level of
confidence
evident from
an inadequate
level of
subject
knowledge
and lack of
preparation.
No
confidence
demonstrated
through
language,
expression
and body
language all
of which
indicates lack
of confidence.
No eye
contact
evident from
an adequate
level of
subject
knowledge
and
preparation.
Confidence
demonstrated
through
language,
expression
and body
language
seems
artificial.
rarely keeps
eye contact
knowledge
and
preparation.
Confidence
demonstrated
through
language,
expression
and body
language.
Frequent eye
contact
a very good
level of
confidence.
evident from
very good
subject
knowledge
and
preparation.
Very good
confidence
demonstrated
through
language,
expression
and body
language.
Frequent eye
contact
expression. Maintains
eye contact
language. Maintains
continuous eye contact
Aims and
objectives
not stated
Aims and
objectives are
not
researchable
and lack
clarity
Aims and
objectives are
stated but lack
focus
Aims and
objectives are
clearly stated
but have scope
pertaining to
usage of
appropriate
action verbs
Aims and
objectives are
clearly stated
and focused
Aims and objectives
are clear and it clearly
spells out of the
research agenda
Aims and objectives are based
on research gaps, A cyclic
approach towards the literature
is evident
The report
lacks focus,
concepts not
explained,
purpose not
discussed
The research
has some
outline,
concepts
vaguely
explained,
lacks focus
The report has
an outline,
concepts
introduced
but has scope
for
improvement
The rationale
has been
provided- but
the element of
objectivism
prevails
The report has
clear focus
and content,
concepts well
explained and
rationale well
explained
The excellent
introduction has a clear
focus, concepts well
explained with
references/data and
rationale clearly stated
Has all the characteristic of an
outstanding introduction rationale/opportunities
identification evidence of
induction/deduction.
There is no
evidence of
information
search, no
There is some
evidence of
information
search but no
academic
Although the
information
supports the
task, the
information is
Uses a variety
of sources,
ideas are
generated than
being
Focused
review, uses a
variety of
sources,
appropriately
Excellent review of
literature, evidence of
wider reading,
summative, analytical,
formative, good
Contemporary researches used,
exemplary critical stance, show
arguments, counter-arguments,
and develops gaps, and
deduces hypothesis.
20
20
20
9
5
Handling
Questions
from Peers
and Tutor
20
references
given
references
given, not
well
paraphrased,
most websites
are referred
to, lacks focus
not well
compiled and
presented,
lacks
synthesis
synthesized;
shows some
evaluative
perspective
referenced,
ideas are well
synthesized;
analytical and
evaluative.
synthesis and evidence
of critical content, uses
of a variety of sources
and correctly
referenced
Makes no
effort to
either
understand
the question
or respond
to the
question.
Does not
understand
the questions
responds
incorrectly,
asks for
questions to
be repeated,
tried to avoid
questions
Somewhat
demonstrates
an ability to
understand
the questions
only at the
surface level,
respond with
some
explanation,
focus and
reasoning.
Good
Demonstration
of ability to
understand the
essence of
questions,
responds with
confidence
with a good
explanation,
and reasoning.
A very good
demonstration
of the ability
to understand
the essence of
questions,
responds with
confidence
with a very
good
explanation,
focus and
reasoning.
Demonstrates an
excellent ability to
understand the
questions, responds
with confidence with
excellent explanation,
and reasoning.
Explains what is
expected
Demonstrates an outstanding
ability to understand the
essence of questions, responds
with confidence with
outstanding explanation, focus
and reasoning. Explains
beyond what is expected
10
Guidelines for Writing Research Proposal
Title
• Should have a core concept you are investigating
• Should indicate the organization you have chosen
• Can be in the form of a statement or a question
Example: A study of motivational strategies in Bank Sohar
Example: Do motivations affect job performance? A study in Bank Sohar
Introduction
• Should engage the reader in an interesting way through a quote or fact
• Should define and elaborate the concept/s that you are investigating
• Should give a brief (10 lines)introduction to the chosen company
• Should give the structure of the report
Rationale
• Should identify a problem theoretically related to the chosen topic (concept) or problem
in the chosen organization
• Should indicate the source of the problem
• Should provide a rationale for the study- how your research will benefit the organization.
What value will the findings have for the chosen organization? (Users of the research)
• Provide data if possible to support your arguments or facts.
Example
Although creativity and innovation is a buzz word today and most firms agree that it is a very
important strategic ability, few firms are found it be practising it. It is evident that most of the
firms do have policies to support creative and innovative efforts but its implementation and
outputs are not really seen. However with the advent of globalization (Oman became a member
of WTO in 2007), and greater exposure to westerns economies and competition, the need for
entrepreneurial management has been felt in the corporate sector. This has been emphasized by a
number of training and consultancy firms and educational institutions that deliver programmes
for the corporate sector. Orange company has taken a number of measures to promote creativity
and innovation but has not succeeded as the employees have resisted change measures. The
company has shown only 3 innovative outcomes which were recognized by the management and
rewarded. The company market share dropped from 17%in 2010 to 12% in 2012. This study will
analyze the factors that prevent employees to be creative and innovative in Orange Company. It
will suggest measures to the firm to improve its innovation profile in the industry.
RM 1
Research aim and objectives
Aim: The aim of the study is a one-line statement of the entire research being carried out.
Objectives:
•
•
•
•
•
The objectives of the study need to be in line (linked) with the research questions in the
rational.
Should clearly state what the research aims to achieve (outcomes)
There should not be more than 4 research objectives or less than 2 research objectives
Research objectives can be converted to research objectives (see handout)
Each research objective should focus on one issue
Examples
Action verbs to be used while developing objectives.
1. To evaluate the challenges to creativity and innovation in Orange company
2. To suggest appropriate recommendations to the orange company based on the findings
More Examples
To investigate the training methods used in Oman Air
To analyze the effectiveness of training methods in Oman Air
To compare the financial performance of company x with company y
Literature Review
• The literature review is an extensive and exhaustive review of the existing literature on
your chosen topic (concepts).
• Through literature review you define, explain and elaborate the relevant concepts on your
topic.
• Through a literature review, you make your reader aware of the depth of knowledge that
exists in your chosen area of study.
• Through literature review, you elaborate on the possible relationship between concepts
that may or may not exists
• Through literature review, you appreciate the various schools of thought and
disagreements that might exist within the area of your study (critical review)
The literature review should not:
• Be descriptive but should be analytical and evaluative
• Should not be disjointed but there should be a link across the discussions
RM 2
•
Should not be dated (very old references) but updated (most recent researches)
A good example for your reference
Cheung, Harker and Harker (2007) after a thorough review of the literature found out the
consumer attitudes related to advertising have more or less remained stable over the years. Hoyer
and Maclnnis (2008) defined advertisements (Aad) as ‘a predisposition to respond in a
favourable or unfavourable manner to a particular advertising stimulus during a particular
exposure occasion’ (p. 49). Therefore, Aad is a situation-bound construct and ‘an attitudinal
reaction to the advertisement generated at the time of exposure’ MacKenzie and Lutz (1989, p.
19). Coutler et al. (2001) advanced the concept of Aad and developed a structural model that
suggested that various antecedents can determine the Aad through both peripheral and central
processing mechanisms. Blair (2000) identified that the antecedents of the Aad can be affected
by a consumer’s level of involvement. Attitude increase in the level of advertising interactivity is
likely to increase a consumer’s level of involvement during the advertising exposure.
Consequently, Aad is likely to be enhanced Vlasic and Kesic (2007).
Janiszeweski and Noel (2003) found that repeated exposures to advertisements can create
attitudes with a higher level of confidence. Further single exposures could create an attitude with
lower confidence levels and repeated exposures would create attitudes with higher confidence
levels. These hypotheses were proved to be true as the findings indicate that attitude confidence
can be increased through repeated exposures.
Methodology
• The methodology gives the details of the methods and approaches you are going to use to
achieve your research objectives.
• Note that references are also required in this section
• You have clearly stated the research approach you are going to use i.e.
1. Descriptive, correlation, explanatory explorative.
2. qualitative or quantitative
• You have justified the use of either approach or its complementary use
• In line with your research approaches, you will decide the research tools you will be used
to collect the primary data
• You can use research tools such as interviews (remember there are many types of
interviews), questionnaires, observation etc. You have to justify the use- in other words
how a particular research tool is helpful in achieving your objectives and how are you
going to use it.
• You have to discuss how you are going to design these tools, for example, the type of
questions, format and measurements
RM 3
•
•
•
You have been very clear about your sample- in other words the participants from whom
you will collect the data. Sampling method, sampling technique, population size and
sample size to be discussed.
Questionnaire design should be discussing the number and the type of questions to be
used. This section should also include the scale used for collecting the responses from the
target sample.
Data analysis discussion shod specify the statically technique and the software used.
Note: You will not collect any data in RM but only make a plan for it
References (Harvard Referencing Style)
https://lrweb.beds.ac.uk/a-guide-to-referencing
1. Amabile, T.M. (1997) Motivating creativity in organizations: on doing what you love and
loving what you do.” California Management Review, Fall, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 39-58
2. Burns, P. (2008) Corporate Entrepreneurship: Building an entrepreneurial organization,
UK: Palgrave, Macmillan
3. Morris, M.H. and Kuratko, D.F., (2002) Corporate Entrepreneurship: Entrep
