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Trauma in children and adolescents
Psychological seminar
Trauma in children and adolescents
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I. Introduction
Trauma in children and adolescents constitutes issues in the lives of these individuals at a young
age and during adulthood, requiring thorough research because of its profound and enduring
consequences on mental, emotional, and physical health. This research seeks to dive into the
dimensions of trauma within this age group, emphasizing its importance for comprehensive
knowledge. By exploring the elements of trauma in adolescents and kids, the study aims to get to
the bottom of the complexities in their studies. Establishing clear targets, the research strives to
contribute to precious insights that could inform interventions, guidelines, and support systems, in
the end fostering a more empathetic and knowledgeable technique to address the difficulty of
trauma and its impact on youth.
Statement of the Problem
The problem is that trauma in adolescents and children is overlooked and under-researched
compared to trauma in adults even though trauma at a young age can have a clear impact on your
adult life. Childhood and early life are important to the developmental phases children experience,
vulnerable to the enduring repercussions of annoying activities. Recognizing the pervasive
incidence of trauma in this demographic, this observation is devoted to a focused exploration of
its multifaceted dimensions and implications. The relevant objective is to illuminate the character
and volume of trauma experienced with the aid of kids and teenagers, with a deliberate emphasis
on knowledge of the nuanced intricacies (Moran et al., 2020). Through this exploration, the look
aspires to find insights that pave the way for the identity of powerful interventions and preventive
measures. By mitigating the adverse effects of trauma on the well-being of younger people, this
research goal is to contribute appreciably to the enhancement of assistance systems and techniques
tailored to the precise wishes of this populace.
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Statement of the Purpose (Objective)
The objective of my paper is to address and inform others about the trauma that children
endure that gets overlooked during research and the effects it can have on their adult lives. This
study aims to explore the complex nature of trauma experienced by children and adolescents, with
specific objectives in mind. It seeks to comprehensively examine the types and occurrences of
trauma within this demographic, shedding light on the various forms of adversity they encounter.
Identifying risk factors contributing to trauma is crucial for gaining an understanding of the
contextual factors shaping their experiences. Additionally, investigating the coping mechanisms
employed by these individuals adds depth to our understanding, elucidating both adaptive and
maladaptive strategies. Furthermore, the study aims to uncover the long-term consequences of
childhood and adolescent trauma, offering insights that can inform early identification and
intervention strategies. Ultimately, this research endeavors to equip policymakers, educators, and
mental health professionals with valuable insights to develop targeted interventions and robust
support systems for the affected population.
Significance of the Study (Rationale)
The significance of this observation lies in its potential to fill a crucial gap in understanding
trauma in children and youth. Exploring the complexities surrounding this issue not only aims to
contribute to evidence-based practices and interventions but also holds the promise of positively
impacting the lives of young individuals who have endured trauma. Beyond individual impact, the
research carries societal relevance, as a heightened understanding of childhood and adolescent
trauma could foster the development of more empathetic and informed communities. This, in turn,
has the potential to create a supportive environment necessary for the well-being and recovery of
affected individuals, amplifying the broader societal benefits of such knowledge.
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ii. Review of Literature
A thorough review of the existing literature is crucial for placing the current study within
the broader landscape of research on trauma in children and adolescents. Previous studies have
examined different aspects of this topic, employing various methodologies and offering valuable
insights. Research using Spinazzola et al. (2021) highlighted the prevalence of various varieties of
trauma in adolescents, together with exposure to violence, neglect, and familial disruptions. The
current study aimed to expand upon previous research on Developmental Trauma Disorder (DTD)
and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). A total of 271 children from ages 8-18 who were
receiving mental health treatment from across six locations in the United States participated in the
study. The DTD Structured Interview and the Traumatic Events Screening Instrument were used
to assess the children’s experiences also known as the “Developmental Trauma Disorder SemiStructured Interview” (DTD-SI). On an initial analysis, it was found that both DTD (prevalence of
27.3%, N = 74) and PTSD (prevalence of 40.2%, N = 109) were associated with various traumatic
events (Spinazzola et al.). These events included physical assault or abuse, family violence,
emotional abuse, caregiver separation or impairment, and polyvictimization. The study also
revealed that children who experienced both traumatic victimization and attachment trauma
(36.2%) or attachment trauma alone (32.5%) were more likely to meet the symptom criteria for
DTD compared to those who only experienced victimization (17.5%) or had no history of
victimization or attachment trauma (8.1%) (Spinazzola et al.). Overall, the study’s results replicate
and build upon previous research, highlighting that while DTD and PTSD share some traumatic
antecedents, DTD is uniquely associated with traumatic emotional abuse and caregiver separation.
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Further investigation is necessary to understand how specific types of trauma contribute to the risk,
progression, and severity of DTD.
Similarly, Negriff et al. (2019) conducted a longitudinal study known as the Young
Adolescent Project (YAP) which aims to investigate the impact of abuse and neglect on the
development of adolescents. This study is multidisciplinary and follows a developmental,
ecological perspective and seeks to understand the physical, social, and psychological effects of
childhood trauma and maltreatment as children transition into adolescence. The study has
completed four waves of data collection, From early adolescence with a mean age of 10.95 to late
adolescence with a mean age of 18.24. The group of maltreated children was made up of 303
children who were selected from new cases opened by the Department of Child and Family
Services. In comparison, the comparison group consisted of 151 children who did not have any
previous involvement with child welfare but lived in the same neighborhoods as the maltreated
group. Many domains were assessed in the study, including physical development (such as height,
weight, body mass, and pubertal development), physiological reactivity (such as cortisol levels),
cognitive abilities, mental health (including symptoms of depression, anxiety, trauma, and
aggression), risk behavior (such as sexual activity, delinquency, and substance use), social
development (including self-esteem, competence, and social support), family environment, and
exposure to community violence (Negriff et al.). Overall, The findings have revealed the pervasive
negative effects of child maltreatment/trauma across multiple domains. However, the study also
identified maltreated youth who exhibited positive functioning. Our ultimate goal is for this
research to contribute to the identification of intervention targets that can foster resilience and
positive adaptation in individuals who have experienced early maltreatment.
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In addition, Jannesari et al. (2021) qualitative exploration of sociocultural influences on
trauma expression underscores the need for culturally sensitive interventions. Mayer and Quinn
(2022) employ advanced neuroimaging techniques to reveal neurological alterations associated
with trauma, offering insights crucial for tailored interventions. Lastly, Avery et al. (2020)
investigation into trauma-informed practices in schools highlights the vital role of educational
environments in addressing and supporting traumatized youth. Together, these studies enrich our
understanding, providing insights into cultural nuances, neurobiological impacts, the buffering
effects of social support, and the significance of educational institutions in the complex dynamics
of trauma in children and adolescents. Their studies emphasized the lasting impact of trauma on
mental fitness, highlighting the significance of early intervention and help.
Recent research has made significant strides in uncovering the prevalence and various forms of
trauma experienced by children and adolescents. However, a critical gap persists in understanding
the nuanced coping mechanisms employed by these young individuals when faced with trauma.
This paper aims to bridge this gap by delving into the adaptive and maladaptive strategies that
children and teenagers utilize in response to distressing experiences. Building upon findings from
previous studies, the research endeavors to extend beyond the current understanding, providing a
more comprehensive perspective on how young people navigate and manage trauma. By shedding
light on these coping mechanisms, the study seeks to contribute crucial insights that could inform
targeted interventions and support systems tailored to the specific needs of this vulnerable
population.
Expanding on this, it is essential to recognize that the effectiveness of coping mechanisms can
vary greatly depending on individual factors such as age, developmental stage, personality traits,
and the nature of the traumatic experience itself. Adaptive coping strategies may include seeking
social support, engaging in activities that promote relaxation and self-care, or reframing negative
thoughts. On the other hand, maladaptive coping mechanisms may involve avoidance, substance
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use, or self-harm as ways of managing distress. Furthermore, understanding the context in which
these coping mechanisms operate is paramount. Factors such as family dynamics, socioeconomic
status, cultural background, and access to resources can profoundly influence the coping strategies
available to young individuals. Therefore, a holistic approach that considers individual and
contextual factors is necessary to develop effective interventions and support systems.
My study on trauma in children and adolescents is motivated by the necessity to conduct
comprehensive research, establish clear objectives, and enhance the existing knowledge of trauma
in adolescents. The research aims to provide valuable insights by investigating the importance of
examining and critically reviewing relevant literature. Through this thorough examination, the
objective is to construct a strong foundation that not only improves understanding but also
facilitates effective strategies for addressing the complex dynamics of trauma within this specific
age group. By integrating theoretical frameworks with practical implications, this study aspires to
not only deepen scholarly understanding but also offer practical applications for professionals,
educators, and policymakers grappling with the multifaceted challenges presented by childhood
and adolescent trauma.
References
Negriff, S., Gordis, E. B., Susman, E. J., Kım, K., Peckins, M. K., Schneiderman, J. U., &
Mennen, F. E. (2019). The Young Adolescent Project: A longitudinal study of the effects
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of maltreatment on adolescent development. Development and Psychopathology, 32(4),
1440–1459. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419001391
Spinazzola, J., Van Der Kolk, B., & Ford, J. D. (2021). Developmental Trauma Disorder: A
legacy of attachment trauma in victimized children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 34(4),
711–720. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22697
Moran, L., Reilly, K., & Brady, B. (2020). Introduction: Narrative Research with Children and
Young People. In Springer eBooks (pp. 1–31). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-556471_1
Jannesari, S. et al. (2021) ‘How does context influence the delivery of mental health interventions
for asylum seekers and refugees in low- and middle-income countries? A qualitative
systematic review,’ International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 15(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-021-00501-y.
Avery, J. et al. (2020) ‘Systematic Review of School-Wide Trauma-Informed Approaches,’
Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 14(3), pp. 381–397.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-020-00321-1.
Mayer, A.R. and Quinn, D.K. (2022) ‘Neuroimaging biomarkers of New-Onset
psychiatric Disorders following traumatic brain injury,’ Biological Psychiatry, 91(5), pp. 459–
469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.06.005.
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