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please provide a one paragraph analysis of the following slides: 2 (intro), 7 (Chinese Exclusion Act), and 9 (Bracero Program).The use of AI is strictly prohibited. This is your analysis; no outside resources are permitted. The PowerPoint is attached.
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Border Security
James Phelps, Ph.D.
Jeff Dailey, Ph.D.
Monica Koenigsberg, Ph.D.
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
All rights reserved.
Introduction
Border Security = National Security
Border integrity is an imperative component of
national policy.
Each administration views and applies their own
interpretation of when/how border integrity is
established.
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
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Natural Geographic Barriers
• Mountains
• Oceans
• Rivers
• Lakes
• Straights
• Deserts
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Secure Borders
➢ Secure borders in every country play an extremely
important role in maintaining economic vitality and
commerce.
➢ National borders are natural gateways for imported
and exported goods, and play a primary role in
international tourism and business.
➢ Borders also provide access into the country through
both major and minor (clandestine) entry points.
➢ Control of those borders is the key to mitigating the
risk posed by the penetration of unwanted or
dangerous people and goods into the country.
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U.S. Border Patrol
The United States Border Patrol (USBP) is an
American federal law enforcement agency that
enforces laws and regulations for the admission
of foreign-born persons (aliens) to the United
States.
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U.S. Border Patrol
Founded on May 28, 1924 as an agency of the
United States Department of Labor to prevent
illegal entries along the Mexico–United States
border and the United States–Canada border.
Mission: securing the nation’s borders
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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
• Outlawed Chinese immigrants from entering the
United States for a period of ten years.
• From 1882 to 1943 the United States Government
severely curtailed immigration from China to the
United States.
• This Federal policy resulted from concern over Chinese
workers who had come to the United States in
response to the need for inexpensive labor, primarily
for construction of the transcontinental railroad.
Competition with American workers brought pressure
for restrictive action.
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Great Depression
• The Deportation Act of 1929 was passed on
March 4, authorizing the Immigration Service
to round up Mexican workers and ship them
back to Mexico.
• Between 1929 and 1939, approximately
500,000 Mexicans were repatriated to Mexico.
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The Bracero Program
• The beginning of World War II saw a labor
shortage in the United States. Food production
was critical to winning the war, and immigrant
labor was necessary to accomplish it.
• The Bracero Program was a diplomatic
agreement between the US and Mexico for the
importation of “temporary” contract laborers.
• Effective August 4, 1942, Mexican nationals could
work in America’s agriculture industry.
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The First Sky Marshals
• On Aug. 3, 1961, the first attempted skyjacking to
Cuba was thwarted in El Paso, Texas.
• The plane landed in El Paso, Texas, to refuel.
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
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The New Strategy
• In November 2005, the U.S. Border Patrol published an
updated national strategy. The goal of this updated strategy
was operational control of the United States border. The
strategy has five main objectives:
1. Apprehend terrorists and terrorist weapons illegally
entering the United States;
2. Deter illegal entries through improved enforcement;
3. Detect, apprehend, and deter smugglers of humans,
drugs, and other contraband;
4. Use “smart border” technology; and
5. Reduce crime in border communities, improving quality of
life.
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The Northern Border
• The border with Canada was only staffed with
350 USBP officers from the end of WWII to the
attacks of 9/11.
• Northern border staffing increased to 1500
agents by 2008.
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USBP Capabilities
• The major activities of the modern Border Patrol
include traffic check, traffic observation, city
patrol, transportation check, administrative,
intelligence, and anti-smuggling activities.
• Horse and bike patrols are used to augment
regular vehicle and foot patrols. Horse units
patrol remote areas along the international
boundary that are inaccessible to standard allterrain vehicles.
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
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• Marine Patrols are conducted along the coastal
waterways of the United States, primarily along
the Pacific coast, the Caribbean, the tip of Florida,
and Puerto Rico and interior waterways common
to the United States and Canada. Border Patrol
conducts border control activities from 130
marine craft of various sizes.
• Snowmobiles are used to patrol remote areas
along the northern border in the winter.
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Special Operations Group
The U.S. Border Patrol maintains several special
operations groups with dedicated focus.
• Border Patrol Tactical Unit (BORTAC)
• Border Patrol, Search, Trauma and Rescue
(BORSTAR)
• Air Mobile Unit (SDC/SOG/AMU)
• Mobile Response Team (MRT)
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BORTAC
• Created in 1984, initially in response to rioting at INS agencies.
• The Border Patrol Tactical Unit provides an immediate response
capability to emergency and high-risk incidents requiring specialized
skills and tactics.
• BORTAC has a group of full-time team members headquartered in El
Paso, Texas and non-full time members dispersed throughout the
United States that can be called upon when needed.
• The team conducts training and operations both within the United
States and in other countries.
• BORTAC also trains and equips Sector Special Response Teams that
provide Sector Chief Patrol Agents with the same specialized rapidresponse capability within their respective areas of responsibility.
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
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BORSTAR
• Border Patrol Search, Trauma, and Rescue, is
comprised of Border Patrol agents who
volunteer and perform search and rescue
missions on an as-needed basis.
• After serving two years in the Border Patrol,
agents must apply for and pass a selection
process in order to attend a five-week
BORSTAR Academy.
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
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USBP Training
• All new Border Patrol Agents spend a minimum (depending on their
level of Spanish) of 58 training days (8 1/2 weeks) at the Border
Patrol Academy (if they are fluent in Spanish) in Artesia, New
Mexico, which is one of the components of the Federal Law
Enforcement Training Center (FLETC).
• If the new recruits are not fluent in Spanish then they spend an
additional eight weeks at the Academy for a total of 14 1/2 weeks.
• Border Patrol Agent Trainees are instructed in courses including:
– criminal law,
– nationality law and administrative immigration law,
– police operations,
– self-defense and arrest techniques,
– firearms training with pistol, shotgun and rifle,
– police vehicle driving, and
– other Border Patrol / federal law enforcement subjects.
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
All rights reserved.
USBP Training
• All new Border Patrol Agents spend a minimum (depending on their
level of Spanish) of 58 training days (8 1/2 weeks) at the Border
Patrol Academy (if they are fluent in Spanish) in Artesia, New
Mexico, which is one of the components of the Federal Law
Enforcement Training Center (FLETC).
• If the new recruits are not fluent in Spanish then they spend an
additional eight weeks at the Academy for a total of 14 1/2 weeks.
• Border Patrol Agent Trainees are instructed in courses including:
– criminal law,
– nationality law and administrative immigration law,
– police operations,
– self-defense and arrest techniques,
– firearms training with pistol, shotgun and rifle,
– police vehicle driving, and
– other Border Patrol / federal law enforcement subjects.
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
All rights reserved.
Post 9/11 Agency Consolidation
• In March 2003, the Customs Service was rolled
into the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
as the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection
(CBP) and Immigration and Customs Enforcement
(ICE).
• The United States Customs Service had three
major missions: collecting tariff revenue,
protecting the U.S. economy from smuggling and
illegal goods, and processing people and goods at
ports of entry.
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
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• In 2003 the administration of immigration services,
became the responsibility of the Bureau of Citizenship
and Immigration Services (BCIS), which existed only for
a short time before changing to its current name, U.S.
Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).
• The investigative and enforcement functions were
combined with INS and U.S. Customs investigators, the
Federal Protective Service, and the Federal Air Marshal
Service, to create U.S. Immigration and Customs
Enforcement (ICE).
• The border security functions of the INS, which
included the Border Patrol along with INS Inspectors,
were combined with U.S. Customs Inspectors into the
newly created U.S. Customs and Border Protection
(CBP).
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
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POE
• CBP are responsible for daily port specific operations.
– USBP, Air and Marine and Field Operations make up CBP
•
As of June 2013, there are 329 official ports of entry in the United
States and 15 Pre-clearance offices in Canada and the Caribbean.
• Port personnel under Field Operations, are the face of border
security, and the face of Border Security, for most visitors entering
the United States.
• CBP enforces the import and export laws and regulations of the
United States federal government and conducts immigration policy
and programs.
• CBP also perform agriculture inspections, under Field operations
Agriculture Specialists, to protect the country from potential
carriers of animal and plant pests or diseases that could cause
serious damage to America’s crops, livestock, pets, or the
environment.
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ICE
• ICE has more than 20,000 employees in offices
in all 50 states and 47 foreign countries.
• ICE is the principal investigative arm of the
U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
• ICE is the second largest investigative agency
in the federal government.
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
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ICE: HSI
• Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) directorate is a component in the
ICE mission
• Investigate a wide range of domestic and international activities within
and out of the United States.
• HSI investigates
– immigration crime,
– human rights violations and human smuggling,
– smuggling of narcotics, weapons and other types of contraband,
– financial crimes,
– cybercrime, and
– export enforcement issues.
• ICE special agents conduct investigations aimed at protecting critical
infrastructure industries that are vulnerable to sabotage, attack or
exploitation.
• HSI oversees the agency’s international affairs operations and intelligence
functions.
• HSI consists of more than 10,000 employees, consisting of 6,700 special
agents, who are assigned to more than 200 cities throughout the U.S. and
47 countries around the world.
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
All rights reserved.
USCIS
• U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is the
government agency that oversees lawful immigration
to the United States. USCIS’ strategic goals include:
• Strengthening the security and integrity of the
immigration system.
• Providing customer-oriented immigration benefit and
information services.
• Supporting immigrants’ integration and participation in
American civic culture.
• Promoting flexible and sound immigration policies and
programs.
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
All rights reserved.
Conclusion
Border security operations are a universal
function of every country.
Border security issues include terrorism,
smuggling (people, drugs, guns, and other
contraband) smuggling, and maintenance of
sovereign borders.
Copyright © 2015 Carolina Academic Press.
All rights reserved.
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