Description
please anser these questions correctly and briefly, you can use the attached book as a refrence
Unformatted Attachment Preview
1. Public clouds are less secure. Why?
(1 Mark)
2. Differentiate between public cloud and private cloud. Write any 10 valid differences.
(5 Marks)
3. Compare Grid computing and cloud computing on the following parameters – What?, Who provides the
service?, Who uses the service? And who pays for the service?
(4 Marks)
4. What is Multitenancy in cloud computing? Explain in detail by taking some real life example? List any 2
advantages and 2 disadvantages of multitenancy in cloud computing.
(3 Marks)
5. Both Google drive and AWS S3 (Simple Storage Service) offer storage services to the user. Compare
Google drive with AWS S3. Write any 4 points of comparison.
(2 Marks)
Public clouds are less secure. Why?
(1 Mark)
1. Differentiate between public cloud and private cloud. Write any 10 valid differences.
(5 Marks)
2. Compare Grid computing and cloud computing on the following parameters – What? Who provides the
service?, Who uses the service? And who pays for the service?
(4 Marks)
3. What is Multitenancy in cloud computing? Explain in detail by taking some real-life examples? List any 2
advantages and 2 disadvantages of multitenancy in cloud computing.
(3 Marks)
4. Both Google drive and AWS S3 (Simple Storage Service) offer storage services to the user. Compare
Google drive with AWS S3. Write any 4 points of comparison.
(2 Marks)
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Cloud Computing
Concepts, Technology & Architecture
Thomas Erl,
Zaigham Mahmood,
and Ricardo Puttini
Upper Saddle River, NJ • Boston • Indianapolis • San Francisco
New York • Toronto • Montreal • London • Munich • Paris • Madrid
Cape Town • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City
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First printing: May 2013
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Praise for this Book
“Cloud computing, more than most disciplines in IT, suffers from too
much talk and not enough practice. Thomas Erl has written a timely book
that condenses the theory and buttresses it with real-world examples that
demystify this important technology. An important guidebook for your
journey into the cloud.”
—Scott Morrison, Chief Technology Officer, Layer 7 Technologies
“An excellent, extremely well-written, lucid book that provides a
comprehensive picture of cloud computing, covering multiple
dimensions of the subject. The case studies presented in the book provide
a real-world, practical perspective on leveraging cloud computing in an
organization. The book covers a wide range of topics, from technology
aspects to the business value provided by cloud computing. This is the
best, most comprehensive book on the subject—a must-read for any
cloud computing practitioner or anyone who wants to get an in-depth
picture of cloud computing concepts and practical implementation.”
—Suzanne D’Souza, SOA/BPM Practice Lead, KBACE Technologies
“This book offers a thorough and detailed description of cloud computing
concepts, architectures, and technologies. It serves as a great reference
for both newcomers and experts and is a must-read for any IT
professional interested in cloud computing.”
—Andre Tost, Senior Technical Staff Member, IBM Software Group
“This is a great book on the topic of cloud computing. It is impressive
how the content spans from taxonomy, technology, and architectural
concepts to important business considerations for cloud adoption. It
really does provide a holistic view to this technology paradigm.”
—Kapil Bakshi, Architecture and Strategy, Cisco Systems Inc.
“I have read every book written by Thomas Erl and Cloud Computing is
another excellent publication and demonstration of Thomas Erl’s rare
ability to take the most complex topics and provide critical core concepts
and technical information in a logical and understandable way.”
—Melanie A. Allison, Principal, Healthcare Technology Practice,
Integrated Consulting Services
“Companies looking to migrate applications or infrastructure to the cloud
are often misled by buzzwords and industry hype. This work cuts through
the hype and provides a detailed look, from investigation to contract to
implementation to termination, at what it takes for an organization to
engage with cloud service providers. This book really lays out the
benefits and struggles with getting a company to an IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS
solution.”
—Kevin Davis, Ph.D., Solutions Architect
“Thomas, in his own distinct and erudite style, provides a comprehensive
and a definitive book on cloud computing. Just like his previous
masterpiece, Service-Oriented Architecture: Concepts, Technology, and
Design, this book is sure to engage CxOs, cloud architects, and the
developer community involved in delivering software assets on the
cloud. Thomas and his authoring team have taken great pains in
providing great clarity and detail in documenting cloud architectures,
cloud delivery models, cloud governance, and economics of cloud,
without forgetting to explain the core of cloud computing that revolves
around Internet architecture and virtualization. As a reviewer for this
outstanding book, I must admit I have learned quite a lot while reviewing
the material. A ‘must have’ book that should adorn everybody’s desk!”
—Vijay Srinivasan, Chief Architect – Technology, Cognizant
Technology Solutions
“This book provides comprehensive and descriptive vendor-neutral
coverage of cloud computing technology, from both technical and
business aspects. It provides a deep-down analysis of cloud architectures
and mechanisms that capture the real-world moving parts of cloud
platforms. Business aspects are elaborated on to give readers a broader
perspective on choosing and defining basic cloud computing business
models. Thomas Erl’s Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology &
Architecture is an excellent source of knowledge of fundamental and indepth coverage of cloud computing.”
—Masykur Marhendra Sukmanegara, Communication Media &
Technology, Consulting Workforce Accenture
“The richness and depth of the topics discussed are incredibly
impressive. The depth and breadth of the subject matter are such that a
reader could become an expert in a short amount of time.”
—Jamie Ryan, Solutions Architect, Layer 7 Technologies
“Demystification, rationalization, and structuring of implementation
approaches have always been strong parts in each and every one of
Thomas Erl’s books. This book is no exception. It provides the definitive,
essential coverage of cloud computing and, most importantly, presents
this content in a very comprehensive manner. Best of all, this book
follows the conventions of the previous service technology series titles,
making it read like a natural extension of the library. I strongly believe
that this will be another bestseller from one of the top-selling IT authors
of the past decade.”
—Sergey Popov, Senior Enterprise Architect SOA/Security, Liberty
Global International
“A must-read for anyone involved in cloud design and decision making!
This insightful book provides in-depth, objective, vendor-neutral
coverage of cloud computing concepts, architecture models, and
technologies. It will prove very valuable to anyone who needs to gain a
solid understanding of how cloud environments work and how to design
and migrate solutions to clouds.”
—Gijs in ’t Veld, Chief Architect, Motion10
“A reference book covering a wide range of aspects related to cloud
providers and cloud consumers. If you would like to provide or consume
a cloud service and need to know how, this is your book. The book has a
clear structure to facilitate a good understanding of the various concepts
of cloud.”
—Roger Stoffers, Solution Architect
“Cloud computing has been around for a few years, yet there is still a lot
of confusion around the term and what it can bring to developers and
deployers alike. This book is a great way of finding out what’s behind the
cloud, and not in an abstract or high-level manner: It dives into all of the
details that you’d need to know in order to plan for developing
applications on cloud and what to look for when using applications or
services hosted on a cloud. There are very few books that manage to
capture this level of detail about the evolving cloud paradigm as this one
does. It’s a must for architects and developers alike.”
—Dr. Mark Little, Vice President, Red Hat
“This book provides a comprehensive exploration of the concepts and
mechanics behind clouds. It’s written for anyone interested in delving
into the details of how cloud environments function, how they are
architected, and how they can impact business. This is the book for any
organization seriously considering adopting cloud computing. It will
pave the way to establishing your cloud computing roadmap.”
—Damian Maschek, SOA Architect, Deutsche Bahn
“One of the best books on cloud computing I have ever read. It is
complete yet vendor technology neutral and successfully explains the
major concepts in a well-structured and disciplined way. It goes through
all the definitions and provides many hints for organizations or
professionals who are approaching and/or assessing cloud solutions. This
book gives a complete list of topics playing fundamental roles in the
cloud computing discipline. It goes through a full list of definitions very
clearly stated. Diagrams are simple to understand and self-contained.
Readers with different skill sets, expertise, and backgrounds will be able
to understand the concepts seamlessly.”
—Antonio Bruno, Infrastructure and Estate Manager, UBS AG
“Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture is a
comprehensive book that focuses on what cloud computing is really all
about…. This book will become the foundation on which many
organizations will build successful cloud adoption projects. It is a mustread reference for both IT infrastructure and application architects
interested in cloud computing or involved in cloud adoption projects. It
contains extremely useful and comprehensive information for those who
need to build cloud-based architectures or need to explain it to customers
thinking about adopting cloud computing technology in their
organization.”
—Johan Kumps, SOA Architect, RealDolmen
“This book defines the basic terminology and patterns for the topic—a
useful reference for the cloud practitioner. Concepts from multitenancy to
hypervisor are presented in a succinct and clear manner. The underlying
case studies provide wonderful real-worldness.”
—Dr. Thomas Rischbeck, Principal Architect, ipt
“The book provides a good foundation to cloud services and issues in
cloud service design. Chapters highlight key issues that need to be
considered in learning how to think in cloud technology terms; this is
highly important in today’s business and technology environments where
cloud computing plays a central role in connecting user services with
virtualized resources and applications.”
—Mark Skilton, Director, Office of Strategy and Technology, Global
Infrastructure Services, Capgemini
“The book is well organized and covers basic concepts, technologies, and
business models about cloud computing. It defines and explains a
comprehensive list of terminologies and glossaries about cloud
computing so cloud computing experts can speak and communicate with
the same set of standardized language. The book is easy to understand
and consistent with early published books from Thomas Erl…. It is a
must-read for both beginners and experienced professionals.”
—Jian “Jeff” Zhong, Chief Technology Officer (Acting) and Chief
Architect for SOA and Cloud Computing, Futrend Technology Inc.
“Students of the related specialties can fulfill their educational process
with very easily understood materials that are broadly illustrated and
clearly described. Professors of different disciplines, from business
analysis to IT implementation—even legal and financial monitoring—
can use the book as an on-table lecturing manual. IT specialists of all
ranks and fields of application will find the book as a practical and useful
support for sketching solutions unbound to any particular vendor or
brand.”
—Alexander Gromoff, Director of Science & Education, Center of
Information Control Technologies, Chairman of BPM Chair in
Business Informatics Department, National Research University
“Higher School of Economics”
“Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture is a
comprehensive compendium of all the relevant information about the
transformative cloud technology. Erl’s latest title concisely and clearly
illustrates the origins and positioning of the cloud paradigm as the nextgeneration computing model. All the chapters are carefully written and
arranged in an easy-to-understand manner. This book will be
immeasurably beneficial for business and IT professionals. It is set to
shake up and help organize the world of cloud computing.”
—Pethuru Raj, Ph.D., Enterprise Architecture Consultant, Wipro
“A cloud computing book that will stand out and survive the test of time,
even in one of the fastest evolving areas of technology. This book does a
great job breaking down the high level of complexity of cloud computing
into easy-to-understand pieces. It goes beyond the basic, often repeated,
explanations. It examines the fundamental concepts and the components,
as well as the mechanisms and architectures that make up cloud
computing environments. The approach gradually builds the reader’s
understanding from the ground up.
“In a rapidly evolving area like cloud computing, it’s easy to focus on
details and miss the big picture. The focus on concepts and architectural
models instead of vendor-specific details allows readers to quickly gain
essential knowledge of complex topics. The concepts come together in
the last part of the book, which should be required reading for any
decision maker evaluating when and how to start a transition to cloud
computing. Its thorough, comprehensive coverage of fundamentals and
advanced topics makes the book a valuable resource to keep on your desk
or your eBook reader, regardless if you’re new to the topic or you already
have cloud experience.
“I highly recommend the book to those looking to implement or evaluate
cloud environments, or simply looking to educate themselves in a field
that will shape IT over the next decade.”
—Christoph Schittko, Principal Technology Strategist & Cloud
Solution Director, Microsoft
“Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture is an excellent
resource for IT professionals and managers who want to learn and
understand cloud computing, and who need to select or build cloud
systems and solutions. It lays the foundation for cloud concepts, models,
technologies, and mechanisms. As the book is vendor-neutral, it will
remain valid for many years. We will recommend this book to Oracle
customers, partners, and users for their journey toward cloud computing.
This book has the potential to become the basis for a cloud computing
manifesto, comparable to what was accomplished with the SOA
manifesto.”
—Jürgen Kress, Fusion Middleware Partner Adoption, Oracle EMEA
To my family and friends
—Thomas Erl
To Zoya, Hanya, and Ozair with love
—Zaigham Mahmood
To Silvia, Luiza, Isadora, and Lucas
—Ricardo Puttini
Contents at a Glance
Foreword
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Case Study Background
Part I: Fundamental Cloud Computing
Chapter 3: Understanding Cloud Computing
Chapter 4: Fundamental Concepts and Models
Chapter 5: Cloud-Enabling Technology
Chapter 6: Fundamental Cloud Security
Part II: Cloud Computing Mechanisms
Chapter 7: Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms
Chapter 8: Specialized Cloud Mechanisms
Chapter 9: Cloud Management Mechanisms
Chapter 10: Cloud Security Mechanisms
Part III: Cloud Computing Architecture
Chapter 11: Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Chapter 12: Advanced Cloud Architectures
Chapter 13: Specialized Cloud Architectures
Part IV: Working with Clouds
Chapter 14: Cloud Delivery Model Considerations
Chapter 15: Cost Metrics and Pricing Models
Chapter 16: Service Quality Metrics and SLAs
Part V: Appendices
Appendix A: Case Study Conclusions
Appendix B: Industry Standards Organizations
Appendix C: Mapping Mechanisms to Characteristics
Appendix D: Data Center Facilities (TIA-942)
Appendix E: Emerging Technologies
Appendix F: Cloud Provisioning Contracts
Appendix G: Cloud Business Case Template
About the Authors
About the Foreword Contributor
About the Contributors
Index
Contents
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Objectives of This Book
1.2 What This Book Does Not Cover
1.3 Who This Book Is For
1.4 How This Book Is Organized
Part I: Fundamental Cloud Computing
Chapter 3: Understanding Cloud Computing
Chapter 4: Fundamental Concepts and Models
Chapter 5: Cloud-Enabling Technology
Chapter 6: Fundamental Cloud Security
Part II: Cloud Computing Mechanisms
Chapter 7: Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms
Chapter 8: Specialized Cloud Mechanisms
Chapter 9: Cloud Management Mechanisms
Chapter 10: Cloud Security Mechanisms
Part III: Cloud Computing Architecture
Chapter 11: Fundamental Cloud Architectures
Chapter 12: Advanced Cloud Architectures
Chapter 13: Specialized Cloud Architectures
Part IV: Working with Clouds
Chapter 14: Cloud Delivery Model Considerations
Chapter 15: Cost Metrics and Pricing Models
Chapter 16: Service Quality Metrics and SLAs
Part V: Appendices
Appendix A: Case Study Conclusions
Appendix B: Industry Standards Organizations
Appendix C: Mapping Mechanisms to Characteristics
Appendix D: Data Center Facilities (TIA-942)
Appendix E: Emerging Technologies
Appendix F: Cloud Provisioning Contracts
Appendix G: Cloud Business Case Template
1.5 Conventions
Symbols and Figures
Summary of Key Points
1.6 Additional Information
Updates, Errata, and Resources (www.servicetechbooks.com)
Referenced Specifications (www.servicetechspecs.com)
The Service Technology Magazine (www.servicetechmag.com)
International Service Technology Symposium
(www.servicetechsymposium.com)
What Is Cloud? (www.whatiscloud.com)
What Is REST? (www.whatisrest.com)
Cloud Computing Design Patterns (www.cloudpatterns.org)
Service-Orientation (www.serviceorientation.com)
CloudSchool.com™ Certified Cloud (CCP) Professional
(www.cloudschool.com)
SOASchool.com® SOA Certified (SOACP) Professional
(www.soaschool.com)
Notification Service
Chapter 2: Case Study Background
2.1 Case Study #1: ATN
Technical Infrastructure and Environment
Business Goals and New Strategy
Roadmap and Implementation Strategy
2.2 Case Study #2: DTGOV
Technical Infrastructure and Environment
Business Goals and New Strategy
Roadmap and Implementation Strategy
2.3 Case Study #3: Innovartus Technologies Inc.
Technical Infrastructure and Environment
Business Goals and Strategy
Roadmap and Implementation Strategy
Part I: Fundamental Cloud Computing
Chapter 3: Understanding Cloud Computing
3.1 Origins and Influences
A Brief History
Definitions
Business Drivers
Capacity Planning
Cost Reduction
Organizational Agility
Technology Innovations
Clustering
Grid Computing
Virtualization
Technology Innovations vs. Enabling Technologies
3.2 Basic Concepts and Terminology
Cloud
IT Resource
On-Premise
Cloud Consumers and Cloud Providers
Scaling
Horizontal Scaling
Vertical Scaling
Cloud Service
Cloud Service Consumer
3.3 Goals and Benefits
Reduced Investments and Proportional Costs
Increased Scalability
Increased Availability and Reliability
3.4 Risks and Challenges
Increased Security Vulnerabilities
Reduced Operational Governance Control
Limited Portability Between Cloud Providers
Multi-Regional Compliance and Legal Issues
Chapter 4: Fundamental Concepts and Models
4.1 Roles and Boundaries
Cloud Provider
Cloud Consumer
Cloud Service Owner
Cloud Resource Administrator
Additional Roles
Organizational Boundary
Trust Boundary
4.2 Cloud Characteristics
On-Demand Usage
Ubiquitous Access
Multitenancy (and Resource Pooling)
Elasticity
Measured Usage
Resiliency
4.3 Cloud Delivery Models
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
Comparing Cloud Delivery Models
Combining Cloud Delivery Models
IaaS + PaaS
IaaS + PaaS + SaaS
4.4 Cloud Deployment Models
Public Clouds
Community Clouds
Private Clouds
Hybrid Clouds
Other Cloud Deployment Models
Chapter 5: Cloud-Enabling Technology
5.1 Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
Connectionless Packet Switching (Datagram Networks)
Router-Based Interconnectivity
Physical Network
Transport Layer Protocol
Application Layer Protocol
Technical and Business Considerations
Connectivity Issues
Network Bandwidth and Latency Issues
Cloud Carrier and Cloud Provider Selection
5.2 Data Center Technology
Virtualization
Standardization and Modularity
Automation
Remote Operation and Management
High Availability
Security-Aware Design, Operation, and Management
Facilities
Computing Hardware
Storage Hardware
Network Hardware
Carrier and External Networks Interconnection
Web-Tier Load Balancing and Acceleration
LAN Fabric
SAN Fabric
NAS Gateways
Other Considerations
5.3 Virtualization Technology
Hardware Independence
Server Consolidation
Resource Replication
Operating System-Based Virtualization
Hardware-Based Virtualization
Virtualization Management
Other Considerations
5.4 Web Technology
Basic Web Technology
Web Applications
5.5 Multitenant Technology
5.6 Service Technology
Web Services
REST Services
Service Agents
Service Middleware
5.7 Case Study Example
Chapter 6: Fundamental Cloud Security
6.1 Basic Terms and Concepts
Confidentiality
Integrity
Authenticity
Availability
Threat
Vulnerability
Risk
Security Controls
Security Mechanisms
Security Policies
6.2 Threat Agents
Anonymous Attacker
Malicious Service Agent
Trusted Attacker
Malicious Insider
6.3 Cloud Security Threats
Traffic Eavesdropping
Malicious Intermediary
Denial of Service
Insufficient Authorization
Virtualization Attack
Overlapping Trust Boundaries
6.4 Additional Considerations
Flawed Implementations
Security Policy Disparity
Contracts
Risk Management
6.5 Case Study Example
Part II: Cloud Computing Mechanisms
Chapter 7: Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms
7.1 Logical Network Perimeter
Case Study Example
7.2 Virtual Server
Case Study Example
7.3 Cloud Storage Device
Cloud Storage Levels
Network Storage Interfaces
Object Storage Interfaces
Database Storage Interfaces
Relational Data Storage
Non-Relational Data Storage
Case Study Example
7.4 Cloud Usage Monitor
Monitoring Agent
Resource Agent
Polling Agent
Case Study Example
7.5 Resource Replication
Case Study Example
7.6 Ready-Made Environment
Case Study Example
Chapter 8: Specialized Cloud Mechanisms
8.1 Automated Scaling Listener
Case Study Example
8.2 Load Balancer
Case Study Example
8.3 SLA Monitor
Case Study Example
SLA Monitor Polling Agent
SLA Monitoring Agent
8.4 Pay-Per-Use Monitor
Case Study Example
8.5 Audit Monitor
Case Study Example
8.6 Failover System
Active-Active
Active-Passive
Case Study Example
8.7 Hypervisor
Case Study Example
8.8 Resource Cluster
Case Study Example
8.9 Multi-Device Broker
Case Study Example
8.10 State Management Database
Case Study Example
Chapter 9: Cloud Management Mechanisms
9.1 Remote Administration System
Case Study Example
9.2 Resource Management System
Case Study Example
9.3 SLA Management System
Case Study Example
9.4 Billing Management System
Case Study Example
Chapter 10: Cloud Security Mechanisms
10.1 Encryption
Symmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
Case Study Example
10.2 Hashing
Case Study Example
10.3 Digital Signature
Case Study Example
10.4 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
Case Study Example
10.5 Identity and Access Management (IAM)
Case Study Example
10.6 Single Sign-On (SSO)
Case Study Example
10.7 Cloud-Based Security Groups
Case Study Example
10.8 Hardened Virtual Server Images
Case Study Example
Part III: Cloud Computing Architecture
Chapter 11: Fundamental Cloud Architectures
11.1 Workload Distribution Architecture
11.2 Resource Pooling Architecture
11.3 Dynamic Scalability Architecture
11.4 Elastic Resource Capacity Architecture
11.5 Service Load Balancing Architecture
11.6 Cloud Bursting Architecture
11.7 Elastic Disk Provisioning Architecture
11.8 Redundant Storage Architecture
11.9 Case Study Example
Chapter 12: Advanced Cloud Architectures
12.1 Hypervisor Clustering Architecture
12.2 Load Balanced Virtual Server Instances Architecture
12.3 Non-Disruptive Service Relocation Architecture
12.4 Zero Downtime Architecture
12.5 Cloud Balancing Architecture
12.6 Resource Reservation Architecture
12.7 Dynamic Failure Detection and Recovery Architecture
12.8 Bare-Metal Provisioning Architecture
12.9 Rapid Provisioning Architecture
12.10 Storage Workload Management Architecture
12.11 Case Study Example
Chapter 13: Specialized Cloud Architectures
13.1 Direct I/O Access Architecture
13.2 Direct LUN Access Architecture
13.3 Dynamic Data Normalization Architecture
13.4 Elastic Network Capacity Architecture
13.5 Cross-Storage Device Vertical Tiering Architecture
13.6 Intra-Storage Device Vertical Data Tiering Architecture
13.7 Load Balanced Virtual Switches Architecture
13.8 Multipath Resource Access Architecture
13.9 Persistent Virtual Network Configuration Architecture
13.10 Redundant Physical Connection for Virtual Servers Architecture
13.11 Storage Maintenance Window Architecture
Part IV: Working with Clouds
Chapter 14: Cloud Delivery Model Considerations
14.1 Cloud Delivery Models: The Cloud Provider Perspective
Building IaaS Environments
Data Centers
Scalability and Reliability
Monitoring
Security
Equipping PaaS Environments
Scalability and Reliability
Monitoring
Security
Optimizing SaaS Environments
Security
14.2 Cloud Delivery Models: The Cloud Consumer Perspective
Working with IaaS Environments
IT Resource Provisioning Considerations
Working with PaaS Environments
IT Resource Provisioning Considerations
Working with SaaS Services
14.3 Case Study Example
Chapter 15: Cost Metrics and Pricing Models
15.1 Business Cost Metrics
Up-Front and On-Going Costs
Additional Costs
Case Study Example
Product Catalog Browser
On-Premise Up-Front Costs
On-Premise On-Going Costs
Cloud-Based Up-Front Costs
Cloud-Based On-Going Costs
Client Database
On-Premise Up-Front Costs
On-Premise On-Going Costs
Cloud-Based Up-Front Costs
Cloud-Based On-Going Costs
15.2 Cloud Usage Cost Metrics
Network Usage
Inbound Network Usage Metric
Outbound Network Usage Metric
Intra-Cloud WAN Usage Metric
Server Usage
On-Demand Virtual Machine Instance Allocation Metric
Reserved Virtual Machine Instance Allocation Metric
Cloud Storage Device Usage
On-Demand Storage Space Allocation Metric
I/O Data Transferred Metric
Cloud Service Usage
Application Subscription Duration Metric
Number of Nominated Users Metric
Number of Transactions Users Metric
15.3 Cost Management Considerations
Pricing Models
Additional Considerations
Case Study Example
Virtual Server On-Demand Instance Allocation
Virtual Server Reserved Instance Allocation
Cloud Storage Device
WAN Traffic
Chapter 16: Service Quality Metrics and SLAs
16.1 Service Quality Metrics
Service Availability Metrics
Availability Rate Metric
Outage Duration Metric
Service Reliability Metrics
Mean-Time Between Failures (MTBF) Metric
Reliability Rate Metric
Service Performance Metrics
Network Capacity Metric
Storage Device Capacity Metric
Server Capacity Metric
Web Application Capacity Metric
Instance Starting Time Metric
Response Time Metric
Completion Time Metric
Service Scalability Metrics
Storage Scalability (Horizontal) Metric
Server Scalability (Horizontal) Metric
Server Scalability (Vertical) Metric
Service Resiliency Metrics
Mean-Time to Switchover (MTSO) Metric
Mean-Time System Recovery (MTSR) Metric
16.2 Case Study Example
16.3 SLA Guidelines
16.4 Case Study Example
Scope and Applicability
Service Quality Guarantees
Definitions
Usage of Financial Credits
SLA Exclusions
Part V: Appendices
Appendix A: Case Study Conclusions
A.1 ATN
A.2 DTGOV
A.3 Innovartus
Appendix B: Industry Standards Organizations
B.1 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
B.2 Cloud Security Alliance (CSA)
B.3 Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF)
B.4 Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA)
B.5 Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information
Standards (OASIS)
B.6 The Open Group
B.7 Open Cloud Consortium (OCC)
B.8 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
B.9 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
B.10 Liberty Alliance
B.11 Open Grid Forum (OGF)
Appendix C: Mapping Mechanisms to Characteristics
Appendix D: Data Center Facilities (TIA-942)
D.1 Primary Rooms
Electrical Room
Mechanical Room
Storage and Staging
Offices, Operations Center, and Support
Telecommunications Entrance
Computer Room
D.2 Environmental Controls
External Electrical Power Provider Interconnection
Power Distribution
Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS)
Power Engine-Generator
D.3 Infrastructure Redundancy Summary
Appendix E: Emerging Technologies
E.1 Autonomic Computing
E.2 Grid Computing
Service Grids
Appendix F: Cloud Provisioning Contracts
F.1 Cloud Provisioning Contract Structure
Terms of Service
Service Usage Policy
Security and Privacy Policy
Warranties and Liabilities
Rights an
