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Philosophy & the City
Garland, “Penal Controls and Social Controls”
Concept map assignment: 20 points
A concept map is a visual diagram or representation of various concepts and their relations. Concept maps
help you to think philosophically by getting you to focus on “the big picture,” or on how different ideas connect
to each other. (See the next page for one example of a concept map.)
You are welcome to create your concept map using whatever method you prefer. For example, you could draw
the map by hand, take a picture of it, and then upload the photo to the Assignment tool. Alternatively, you
could use one of several applications to create your concept map.
Your concept map should include at least the following concepts (you may include others):
1. Penal controls
2. Social controls
3. American political economy
4. State capacity
5. Liberal market economy1
6. Social protections/welfare
7. Social dislocation/disorder
8. Economic inequality
9. Racial inequality
10. Poor neighborhoods
11. Violence and crime
Further notes:
● Your concept map should reflect the conceptual relationships as they are elaborated by Garland’s
article (as opposed to your own views about their relationships).
● Every concept or term should be accompanied by a brief definition.
● In some cases, it may be helpful, or even necessary, to include qualifications, negations, or additional
information related to the concepts.
● All terms should be connected with arrows.
● These relational arrows should also be labeled, typically with a verb, in order to identify the relation in
question.
● You are free, though not required, to vary the formatting—e.g., use different shapes/colors/lines—to
link or differentiate your concepts and their relations.
1
Note that “liberal” here refers to classical liberalism and its prioritizing of property rights, markets and individualism.
Here is an example of a concept map of a passage from Plato’s Apology. Note that, unlike this example, you are
not required to use different symbols for your concepts.
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