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Peer Responses:Length: A minimum of 150 words per post, not including referencesCitations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA per post from within the last 5 years
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Diagnosis
Presentation
Ali Junayed
United States University
FNP – 592
Prof. Kristin Olson
January 18, 2024
Overview
• Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic
autoimmune disorder characterized by the immune
system’s destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in
the pancreas.
• The autoimmune nature of T1DM involves the immune
system mistakenly recognizing the beta cells as foreign
invaders and launching an attack against them.
(Ben-Skowronek et al., 2021)
Etiology
• The development of Type 1 Diabetes
Mellitus (T1DM) is influenced by
genetic predisposition.
• Environmental factors, such as viral
infections, are thought to trigger the
autoimmune response leading to
T1DM.
(Blagov et al., 2023)
Pathophysiology
• With a diminished or absent population of
functional beta cells, there is a corresponding
decline in insulin production.
• The lack of insulin disrupts the regulation of
blood glucose levels.
• With a diminished or absent population of
functional beta cells, there is a corresponding
decline in insulin production.
(Eizirik et al., 2020)
Signs and
Symptoms
• Reduced energy supply to cells contributes to
persistent fatigue, affecting daily activities and
overall well-being.
• High blood glucose levels can affect the lens of the
eye, causing temporary changes in vision.
• Insufficient insulin leads to the breakdown of fats,
producing ketones.
(IBRAHIM I.M. EL ARABY, M.D. & GHADA M. ANWAR, M.D., 2021)
Treatment
Modalities
• The cornerstone of T1DM management
involves insulin replacement therapy,
which may include multiple daily injections
or insulin pump therapy to mimic the
body’s natural insulin secretion.
• Technological advancements have
introduced continuous glucose monitoring
systems, allowing individuals to track their
blood glucose levels in real-time for better
management.
(Marroqui et al., 2021)
Diagnosis
• Diagnosis involves blood tests to
measure fasting blood glucose
levels and glycated hemoglobin
(A1c) levels, providing insights
into long-term glucose control.
• Early detection is crucial to
initiate timely treatment and
prevent complications.
(Mihaela Simona Popoviciu et al., 2023)
Patient and
Family Needs
• A T1DM diagnosis can be emotionally
challenging
• Providing comprehensive education on
insulin administration, blood glucose
monitoring, and lifestyle modifications
empowers patients and their families to
actively manage T1DM.
• Mental health is integral to overall well-
being.
(Roep et al., 2021)
Complications
• Imbalances in blood glucose levels can
lead to immediate complications, such as
hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, each
presenting its own set of symptoms and
risks.
• Prolonged uncontrolled T1DM increases
the risk of developing severe
complications, including cardiovascular
diseases, neuropathy, and retinopathy.
(Vallianou et al., 2021)
Conclusion
• Recognizing early signs, initiating timely diagnosis, and implementing effective
treatment modalities are crucial.
• Ongoing self-management, supported by a well-informed healthcare team,
empowers individuals to lead fulfilling lives with T1DM.
• Regular medical follow-ups are essential to monitor and adjust the treatment
plan, ensuring optimal health and minimizing complications.
References
•
Ben-Skowronek, I., Sieniawska, J., Pach, E., Wrobel, W., Skowronek, A., Tomczyk, Z., & Rosolowska, I. (2021). Potential Therapeutic Application of
Regulatory T Cells in Diabetes Mellitus Type 1. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(1), 390. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010390
•
Blagov, A. V., Summerhill, V. I., Sukhorukov, V. N., Popov, M. A., Grechko, A. V., & Orekhov, A. N. (2023). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Inflammation,
Mitophagy, and Mitochondrial Function. Mitochondrion, 72, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2023.07.002
•
Eizirik, D. L., Pasquali, L., & Cnop, M. (2020). Pancreatic β-cells in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: different pathways to failure. Nature Reviews
Endocrinology, 16(7), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-020-0355-7
•
IBRAHIM I.M. EL ARABY, M.D., M. F., M.Sc.;, & GHADA M. ANWAR, M.D., N. M. E. G., M.D.; (2021). Review Article: Autoimmunity and Pathogenesis of
Type 1 Diabetes. The Medical Journal of Cairo University, 89(6), 1341–1347. https://doi.org/10.21608/mjcu.2021.185045
•
Marroqui, L., Perez-Serna, A. A., Babiloni-Chust, I., & Dos Santos, R. S. (2021, January 1). Chapter One – Type I interferons as key players in pancreatic β-cell
dysfunction in type 1 diabetes (I. Santin & L. Galluzzi, Eds.). ScienceDirect; Academic Press.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1937644821000162
•
Mihaela Simona Popoviciu, Nirja Kaka, Sethi, Y., Patel, N., Chopra, H., & Cavalu, S. (2023). Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Autoimmune Diseases: A Critical
Review of the Association and the Application of Personalized Medicine. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13(3), 422–422.
https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13030422
•
Roep, B. O., Thomaidou, S., van Tienhoven, R., & Zaldumbide, A. (2021). Type 1 diabetes mellitus as a disease of the β-cell (do not blame the immune
system?). Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 17(3), 150–161. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-020-00443-4
•
Vallianou, N. G., Stratigou, T., Geladari, E., Tessier, C. M., Mantzoros, C. S., & Dalamaga, M. (2021). Diabetes type 1: Can it be treated as an autoimmune
disorder? Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 22(4), 859–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-021-09642-4
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