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Prepare for Your Proposal Oral DefenseThis will be my oral defense for the proposal. I send you the template. I did have my prospectus form, Dr. PH Capston paper for this oral defense. Thank you
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DrPH Proposal Oral Defense
Slide Template
The information presented here is
recommended guidance only.
Work in conjunction with your committee on
the slides; committee members may have
suggestions other than those presented here.
Notes about the Oral Defense
• Recommendation for time:
– The oral defense PowerPoint presentation should be
around 20 – 40 minutes in length followed by the
committee Q & A portion. The entire defense should not
exceed two hours.
• The oral defense will be with the Student, Chair, and
Committee member
– In the event of an emergency and your member cannot
attend, the oral can proceed with just the chair. The
member will review the archived recording of the
presentation later and provide a vote.
• Student to proof and edit slides
• Use same font and background on each slide
2
Notes about the Oral Defense
• Do not overuse color because color can be
distracting
• Refer to the Doctoral Study Checklist for
guidance when completing the various
components of your presentation at:
https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/researchcenter/program-documents/drph
• Rehearse, Rehearse, Rehearse
– Stay within time limit
– Know your stuff
3
Notes about the Oral Defense
• Check for professional appearance, flow, and
unity throughout the presentation
• Do not read your slides to the committee
• Discuss the main points using your slides as a
guide
• Use graphics pertinent to the topic – see
examples on next few slides. . .
• Academic Skills for Powerpoint
4
Graphic Suggestion
• Consider adding a
related photo,
graphic, or using
SmartArt enhance
your presentation
Journal &
Reflection
6
Graphic Suggestion
• Power Points should
have minimal
verbiage
• 5 short bullet points
max, or two short
sentences
• Discuss and briefly
elaborate using your
notes
Key Points
❑ Max 5 Short Pts.
❑ Max 2 Sentences
What happens during the oral defense?
• The presentation will be on video on
Microsoft Teams. You will be able to
screenshare your PowerPoint during the
Microsoft Teams meeting. Please send your
PowerPoint to your committee before the
presentation as well.
• First, you will present your slides
• Next, your committee will ask you questions
about your study
• The entire process takes between 1-2 hours
8
What happens during the oral defense?
• The committee will vote:
– Accepted as presented
– Accepted but requires minor revisions under
supervision of chair
– Not accepted–requires major revisions, with
committee review but no additional oral
– Not accepted–requires major revisions, with
committee review and another oral
9
Now, let’s take a look at a proposal oral
defense template. Be sure to remove all
slides up to this point and begin your slide
show with the title slide.
10
Place Title of Study Here
Your name
Date of Presentation
Degree Program and Specialization
Proposal Oral Defense
Background
• Briefly summarize research literature related
to the scope of the study topic
• Describe the gap in knowledge in the
discipline that the study will address and why
study is needed
12
Problem Statement
• State the research problem
• Provide evidence of consensus that the
problem is current, relevant, and significant to
the discipline
• Frame the problem in a way that builds upon
or counters previous research findings
focusing on the problem
• Address a meaningful gap in the current
research literature
13
Purpose of the Study
• Indicate whether a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed
methods paradigm is being used
• Discuss the study intent
• State the independent, dependent, and covariate
variables and/or concept/phenomenon (as
appropriate to the particular study)
• *Briefly explain how the field-based products
resulting from the study will hold significance for
policymakers, public health practitioners, and your
target population.
*Only if your checklist/final study includes Field-Based Products.
14
Research Questions
• State the Research Questions
15
Hypotheses (if Quant or Mixed)
• For quantitative components, state the null
and alternative hypotheses that identify the
independent and dependent variables being
studied, the association being tested, and how
the variables are being measured
16
Conceptual or Theoretical Framework
• Name of theory
• Identify author
of the theory
• State how the
theory interfaces
with your study
• Name of conceptual
framework
• Identify author of the
conceptual framework
• State how the concepts
interface with your
study
17
Conceptual or Theoretical Framework
*Only use this slide if your checklist/proposal includes Field-Based Products.
FOR QUANTITATIVE OR
MIXED METHODS
• Clearly define the
constructs of the theory or
model and how they align
with the Public Health
Intervention Plan in Section
4.
FOR QUALITATIVE METHODS
• Clearly define the constructs of the
theory or model and how they align with
the Executive Summary: Considerations
for Program Development and
Implementation Strategies in Section 4.
18
Method/Design
• Quantitative, qualitative, or mixed method
• “Using this method will allow me to. . .”
• Research Design
• “Using this design will allow me to. . .”
19
Participants/Sample Size
• Primary or secondary data
• Population from which sample is selected
• Inclusion/Exclusion criteria for participants
• Power calculations for quantitative studies
• Proposed sample size for qualitative
20
Data Collection Technique
• Primary or Secondary Data Collection
• Survey or Instrument Used
• Recruiting Techniques
• Software
21
Data Analysis Plan
• List each research question with its proposed
analysis plan
22
Social Change Implications
• Describe potential implications for positive
social change that are consistent with and
bounded by the scope of the study
23
Concluding Thoughts…
• Provide a strong “take home” message that
captures the key essence of the proposal
24
Acknowledgements
• Thank your committee members
25
References
26
Environmental Risk Factors Associated with Respiratory Diseases in Socioeconomic
Disadvantaged and Advantaged Children
by
[your official name]
MA/MS, [university], 20XX
BS, [university], 20XX
Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Abstract
Air pollution has been identified as a major environmental risk factor contributing
to respiratory health complications among children from various backgrounds. The study
aims to examine environmental risk factors that increase the prevalence of respiratory
illnesses in children from socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged backgrounds.
The theoretical foundation of the study is the environmental health disparities framework
(EHDF). Based on this theoretical foundation, the study investigates the research problem
through four viewpoints: exposure, vulnerability, risk, and interventions. The study’s
research questions seek to determine the association between poor air quality and
respiratory illnesses. Besides, research questions focus on identifying the correlation
between the degree of particulate matter and respiratory illnesses among children of
different socioeconomic backgrounds. A quasi-experimental design was vital in guiding
the study. Primary methodologies involved in the study include questionnaires, surveys,
and content analysis. Concerning the data analytic procedure, relevant peer-reviewed
journals were examined to determine a correlation between air pollution and respiratory
diseases. Clinical data was also assessed to gather statistics on respiratory infections like
asthma. Data from these sources were evaluated and presented in graphs. Ultimately,
applications of the study to the public health professional practice include health trend
and pattern analysis, policy development, and evidence-based decision-making to
influence positive outcomes. Further, the study promotes positive social change by
creating awareness of the effects of air pollution on health to transform people’s attitudes
toward embracing renewable energy sources.
Environmental Risk Factors Associated with Respiratory Diseases in Socioeconomic
Disadvantaged and Advantaged Children
by
[your official name]
MA/MS, [university], 20XX
BS, [university], 20XX
Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to my professor for guiding me through this course. Up to this point,
your advice and constant feedback have helped me gain knowledge and competency in
the field of public health.
I would also like to thank my friends and family members who have motivated
me to continue working hard for a better result during challenging times. I express my
gratitude to my family members for their support and encouragement.
Table of Contents
List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ii
Figure 1…………………………………………………………………….ii
Figure 2.……………………………………………………………………ii
Figure 3……………………………………………………………………ii
Section 1: Foundation of the Study and Literature Review …………………………………….1
Study Foundation ………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Section 2: Research Design and Data Collection ………………………………………………….3
Section 3: Presentation of the Results and Findings ………………………………………………4
Section 4: Application to Professional Practice and Implications for Social
Change …………………………………………………………………………………………………8
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..10
Appendix A: Research Design Table …………………………………………………………………12
i
List of Figures
Figure 1……………………………………………………………………………………5
Figure 2.…………………………………………………………………………………6
Figure 3……………………………………………………………………………………7
ii
1
Section 1: Foundation of the Study and Literature Review
Study Foundation
Air pollution is a significant environmental risk factor causing respiratory health
issues among children across various backgrounds. The problem being addressed is
respiratory diseases attributed to environmental challenges like air pollution. The
overarching purpose of the study is to examine environmental risk factors that contribute
to respiratory infections among children. Further, this study targets children from
socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged backgrounds; thus, it aims to explore
issues affecting such populations in relation to respiratory diseases caused by
environmental risk factors. This is a quantitative study that takes a cause-effect approach
to explore the link between environmental risk factors and respiratory diseases in
children. Data points supporting the study’s foundation include air quality values,
statistical assessments of particulate matter in the air, existing literature, participant
experiences, and number of reported cases.
Literature Review
Environmental risk factors like air pollution, frequently caused by industrial
emissions and vehicle exhaust, increase the threat of respiratory diseases in children.
According to Brumberg et al. (2021), air pollution is highly associated with increased
incidences of asthma and reduced lung function in children. Pollutants from vehicular
traffic, forest fires, coal-powered industries, and agricultural sprays contain toxic
particles that damage the lungs, raising the risk of asthma (Brumberg et al., 2021).
Moreover, Domingo and Rovira (2020) suggest that air pollution exacerbates viral
2
respiratory infections. Pollutant agents like sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), and particulate matter corrode respiratory organs such as the lungs, creating an
avenue for viruses to enter the human system, thus promoting viral infections.
Air pollution gives rise to respiratory illnesses like COPD, asthma, and
pneumonia. Children, unlike adults, are highly at risk of COPD and asthma since their
lungs are weak and developing. Exposure to air pollution for a prolonged period has been
shown to increase the incidences of COPD and asthma in children (Hendryx et al., 2019;
Kim et al., 2018). Critical signs indicating that children are affected by pollution include
frequent coughs, wheezing, breathing problems, nose and throat irritations, and poor lung
health (Nho, 2020; Dominski et al., 2021). According to Chatkin et al. (2021), children
from economically disadvantaged neighborhoods are most likely to develop asthma due
to poor environmental conditions. In addition, kids from economically disadvantaged
backgrounds are less likely to obtain clinical services on respiratory health, further
exacerbating their conditions, which is quite the opposite of children from high-income
societies. Approaches to reduce the risk of respiratory illnesses from air pollution involve
hygiene, air conditioning, and personal care, such as wearing masks (Rahman et al.,
2022). In addition, policy changes on the use of fossil fuels should be adopted to
minimize toxic fumes emitted from industries and motor vehicles. Besides, industries
should be located away from human settlements to minimize the direct impact of air
pollution on children and adults.
3
Section 2: Research Design and Data Collection
This quantitative study adopts a quasi-experimental research design to examine
respiratory illnesses attributed to air pollution in children. Based on the quasiexperimental design, the study takes a cause-effect approach to investigate the association
between environmental risk factors like air pollution and respiratory illnesses among
children. Data collection methods adopted for this study include questionnaires, surveys,
and content analysis. Questionnaires based on structured interviews will be used to gather
participants’ respiratory health data. Surveys will involve standardized assessments and
social media analytics to obtain essential information on respiratory health and poor air
quality. Besides, content analysis will entail evaluating peer-reviewed journals on the
research topic. Data gathered using these methods are crucial in engaging stakeholders to
influence policy changes to curb the social problem. Therefore, the quasi-experimental
design aligns with the data collection methods, which are essential in analyzing the
cause-effect relationship between environmental risk factors and respiratory diseases in
children.
4
Section 3: Presentation of the Results and Findings
Data from California-based clinical institutions indicate that children below 11
years old are at risk of acquiring respiratory illnesses due to pollution. Close to 1.2
million children in California have been diagnosed with asthma since 2014 as a result of
exposure to air pollution. Although the prevalence changes constantly due to treatment,
approximately 100,000 cases of asthma are reported annually among Californian
children, further indicating the scope of air pollution across the state (Rahman et al.,
2022). Children in highly polluted areas, like places with high traffic, suffer from
symptoms associated with lung damage. The majority of these children are between the
ages of 10 and 18. Besides, children staying within 75 meters of a highway are at high
risk of acquiring asthma, according to data gathered in Alameda County, California
(Rahman et al., 2022).
Below is a graphical representation of asthma cases among children in California
based on findings deduced from clinical and peer-reviewed journals.
5
Asthma Cases among Children of different
Ethnicities
68%
64%
33%
25%
WHITE
LATINO
ASIAN/NATIVE AMERICANS BLACK/AFRICAN-AMERICAN
Series 2
Figure 1: A graph showing asthma cases among children of different ethnicities.
Findings indicate that respiratory illnesses among children vary due to the seasons
of the year. For instance, during the summer, respiratory illnesses increase as children are
exposed to a wide range of air pollutants, which are driven by high temperature and wind
(Rahman et al., 2022). However, during winter, caregivers report exercise-induced
asthma, which is unrelated to air pollution. Thus, during summers, children are at high
risk of asthma caused by poor air quality, unlike in winter.
Scientific assessments reveal that industrial emissions contain carbon monoxide
(CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and volatile organic compounds,
which, when inhaled, damage the lining of the lung cavity, causing respiratory illnesses
like pneumonia and COPD. Industrial emissions also contain heavy metals like lead and
mercury, which react with water, increasing the risk of chronic illnesses, not only for
children but also for adults (Ryter et al., 2018).
6
Nitrogen
Oxides
(NOx)
Carbon
monoxide
Industrial
emissions
Volatile
organic
compounds
Sulfur
dioxide
(SO2)
Dissolved
lead and
mercury
Figure 2: A chart showing toxic chemicals produced by industrial emissions.
Air quality assessments indicate high concentrations of particulate matter. As a
highly urbanized region, California experiences a high traffic density, contributing to
poor air quality. Findings indicate that children living in proximity to traffic often
experience respiratory health complications. High concentrations of Nitrogen oxide
(NOx) from vehicle exhausts have shown reduced lung function among children (Ryter et
al., 2018). Findings indicate that African American and Hispanic children primarily
suffer from the long-term respiratory effects of air pollution due to factors like the lack of
private insurance and poor living standards.
7
Asthma
Bronchitis
Air
pollution:
industrial
and traffic
emissions.
Chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disorder
(COPD)
Pneumonia
Figure 3: A chart showing respiratory diseases caused by air pollution.
8
Section 4: Application to Professional Practice and Implications for Social Change
This study can be involved in the professional practice of public health through an
analysis of health trends and patterns to enhance targeted interventions for particular
groups. For instance, having identified that children of Hispanic and African American
descent are at risk of asthma, targeted interventions such as respiratory screenings and
health insurance expansion are crucial to minimize prevalence (Rahman et al., 2022).
Besides, the study can be applied to professional practice in terms of policy development.
Considering that children living around highways are likely to acquire respiratory
illnesses like asthma, policies such as a carbon tax can be introduced to curb emissions,
hence minimizing the prevalence of respiratory diseases from air pollution (Kumar,
2020). The study can be applied to practice by assessing health disparities and evaluating
social programs to combat air pollution and respiratory illnesses. Overall, the study
outlines vital knowledge which can support evidence-based decision-making during
public health professional practice to sustain intervention programs and policy
development.
The study has a positive implication for social change. Positive social change can
be achieved by educating the public on personal care practices like wearing masks to
reduce the prevalence of respiratory illness from air pollution. The study creates
awareness of the adverse impacts of industrial emissions and vehicle exhaust, which
informs the public to embrace renewable energy sources. It also engages relevant
stakeholders to leverage policy changes on industrial emissions to reduce incidences of
respiratory illnesses. It can strengthen collaboration between social workers and
9
policymakers in the health sector to strengthen intervention programs targeting children
with respiratory diseases from air pollution. Furthermore, the study can promote health
policy changes to increase insurance coverage for low-income households, thus
expanding clinical services to affected children.
10
References
Brumberg, H. L., Karr, C. J., Bole, A., Ahdoot, S., Balk, S. J., Bernstein, A. S., … &
Trasande, L. (2021). Ambient air pollution: health hazards to
children. Pediatrics, 147(6). DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-051484
Chatkin, J., Correa, L., & Santos, U. (2021). External environmental pollution as a risk
factor for asthma. Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 1-18.
DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08830-5
Domingo, J. L., & Rovira, J. (2020). Effects of air pollutants on the transmission and
severity of respiratory viral infections. Environmental research, 187, 109650.
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109650
Dominski, F. H., Branco, J. H. L., Buonanno, G., Stabile, L., da Silva, M. G., & Andrade,
A. (2021). Effects of air pollution on health: A mapping review of systematic
reviews and meta-analyses. Environmental research, 201, 111487.
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111487
Hendryx, M., Luo, J., Chojenta, C., & Byles, J. E. (2019). Air pollution exposures from
multiple point sources and risk of incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and asthma. Environmental Research, 179, 108783.
DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108783
Kim, D., Chen, Z., Zhou, L. F., & Huang, S. X. (2018). Air pollutants and early origins of
respiratory diseases. Chronic diseases and translational medicine, 4(2), 75–94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.03.003
11
Kumar, R. (2020). Air pollution and respiratory health. Health, 3, 032–037.
DOI:10.29328/journal.japch.1001015
Nho, R. (2020). Pathological effects of nano-sized particles on the respiratory
system. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 29, 102242.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2020.102242
Rahman, M. M., McConnell, R., Schlaerth, H., Ko, J., Silva, S., Lurmann, F. W., … &
Garcia, E. (2022). The effects of co-exposure to extremes of heat and particulate
air pollution on mortality in California: implications for climate change. American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 206(9), 1117-1127.
https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202204-0657OC
Ryter, S. W., Ma, K. C., & Choi, A. M. (2018). Carbon monoxide in lung cell physiology
and disease. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 314(2), C211C227. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00022.2017
12
Appendix A: Research Design Table
Research Problem,
Purpose, and
Framework
Research
Question(s),
Method, & Design
Problem: the specific
research problem is that
environmental risks like air
pollution cause respiratory
illnesses like asthma and
COPD on children.
Purpose: the purpose of
this quantitative study is to
analyze environmental risks
that increase the prevalence
of respiratory illness among
children and how these
problems can be mitigated.
Framework: the theoretical
framework for this study
includes exposure-response
model and vulnerability and
susceptibility model.
RQ1: What correlation
exists between a
degree of particulate
matter, including other
contaminants and the
level of respiratory
health among children
from socioeconomically
advantaged areas
compared those in
economically
disadvantaged regions?
HA1: There is a strong
correlation between
the degree of exposure
to particulate matter
and other
contaminants and the
respiratory health
among children from
socioeconomically
advantaged areas
compared to those
from economically
disadvantaged regions.
Exposure to particulate
matter and other
contaminants will
adversely affect
children’s respiratory
health in both
socioeconomically
advantaged and
disadvantaged regions.
Method: Quantitative
Design: Quasiexperimental
RQ2: What is the
association between
poor air quality and the
prevalence of
Types of Data to
be Collected and
Data Collection
Instruments
Data Sources
Data Analysis
Air quality values.
Statistics of affected
individuals, and
respiratory diseases.
Overall, they offer
values on air quality of
specific areas making
it easy to examine
economically
disadvantaged and
advantaged areas.
I will utilize surveys to
examine households
affected with
respiratory illnesses.
Systematic literature
review.
The data sources will
be the World Health
Organization,
participant surveys, the
Environmental
Protection Agency, and
the Centers for Disease
Control and
Prevention.
Variables: Age, income,
geographic location,
housing, and access to
clinical services.
Scales of measurement:
interval/ratio, nominal.
Analysis: analysis of
variance (ANOVA). SPSS
for data analysis.
The type of data to be
collected include the
population of affected
individuals, air quality
The data sources will
be the World Health
Organization,
participant surveys, the
Variables: Age, income,
geographic location,
housing, and access to
clinical services.
13
respiratory illnesses
among children.
HA1: There is a
statistically significant
association between
poor air quality and the
prevalence of
respiratory illnesses
among children. Poor
air quality will
contribute to high
cases of respiratory
illnesses, increasing
prevalence among
children.
Method: Quantitative
values, and
respiratory illnesses.
I will gather data using
surveys and
systematic literature
review.
Environmental
Protection Agency, and
the Centers for Disease
Control and
Prevention.
Scales of measurement:
interval/ratio, nominal.
Analysis: analysis of
variance (ANOVA). SPSS
for data analysis.
Air quality values,
particulate matter
percentages,
population of affected
individuals, and
respiratory diseases.
Surveys and
systematic literature
review.
The data sources will
be the World Health
Organization,
participant surveys, the
Environmental
Protection Agency, and
the Centers for Disease
Control and
Prevention.
Variables: Age, income,
geographic location,
housing, and access to
clinical services.
Scales of measurement:
interval/ratio, nominal.
Analysis: analysis of
variance (ANOVA). SPSS
for data analysis.
Design: Quasiexperimental
RQ3: Determine the
relationship between
the impact of air
pollution levels in
economically
advantaged regions like
California and
impoverished areas and
identify differences by
exploring how they
influence respiratory
illness in children of
different age brackets.
HA1: There is a
statistically significant
difference in the
impact of air pollution
levels on respiratory
illness in children
between economically
advantaged regions
and impoverished areas
across different age
brackets. Economically
advantaged areas like
California have
astronomical levels of
air pollution due to
high traffic, producing
14
more exhausts than
impoverished areas,
thus rising respiratory
illnesses like asthma
among children.
Method: Quantitative
Design: Quasiexperimental
DrPH Prospectus Form
Students | Complete your doctoral prospectus within this form. Write your responses in the white spaces using a scholarly tone and include in-text
citations and APA reference entries, where appropriate. You can click on underlined terms and headings for descriptions, resource links, and
examples located in the Appendix. For additional prospectus information and resources, refer to the Doctoral Research Coach. Complete the
Research Design Alignment Table within this form using the information from earlier sections and self-assess your research design alignment.
Submit this completed form into MyDR for formal evaluation and feedback when your committee chair indicates that you are ready to do so.
Student’s Name | WEN CHIEH CHIA
Student ID | A01165559
Program and Specialization* | DR. PUBLIC HEALTH
Submission Date | 2/26/2024
*Remember that your study focus must be within the realm of your program and specialization area.
Evaluators Only | Complete this section and provide feedback on responses and rubric scores in the form where noted.
Committee Chairperson Name: TOLULOPE OSOBA
Second Committee Member Name: EDWARD IROBI
PhD Program Director or Designee: Click or tap here to enter text.
Overall Assessment: Choose score.
Overall Assessment: Choose score.
Overall Assessment: Choose score.
Rubric Standard | Complete > Does the prospectus contain all the required elements? Refer to the annotated outline to see the required parts of the
Doctoral study Prospectus document.
Note. Please complete following the directions provided, using the stem sentences, and referring to the examples in the appendix.
Title
Provide a concise (aim for 15 words or fewer) working title for this study. Include the main topic, variables/concepts under investigation, and the relationship
between them. A title should be fully explanatory when standing alone and include the most critical key words.
Respiratory Health and Environmental Risks in Californian Children: Impact of Socioeconomic Status
Supporting Literature
The first step in developing your prospectus is to search the literature related to the general area you want to investigate (see social problem below). In your
review of recent, empirical literature, what keywords did you search and in what databases?
The keywords and databases searched included respiratory illnesses, air pollution, toxic compounds in air, socioeconomic factors contributing to
air pollution-based diseases, harmful effects of air pollution, asthma, COPD, viral respiratory infections. Databases searched: Google Scholar,
Walden University Library, ProQuest
Provide at least 10 brief summaries of recent, scholarly (peer-reviewed) articles that support/justify a current and relevant problem in your discipline or
professional field. Source(s) supporting your framework (see Framework below) should be included. Include the complete, APA reference entry, followed by
(a) an in-text citation; (b) what was studied; (c) what was found; and (d) why this research is important in relation to your study. This evidence provides the
justification for your research problem.
1.Brumberg, H. L., Karr, C. J., Bole, A., Ahdoot, S., Balk, S. J., Bernstein, A. S., … & Trasande, L. (2021). Ambient air pollution: health hazards to
children. Pediatrics, 147(6). DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-051484
Brumberg et al. (2021) examined air pollution sources like agricultural production, forest, fires, vehicular traffic and coal-fired power
plants, including their potential to cause respiratory illnesses among infants and children. The research finds that air pollution exacerbates
respiratory diseases causing reduced lung function and high incidences of asthma. This study is significant for the research since it outlines
essential information that can help in determining the relationship between air pollution and respiratory illnesses among children.
2. Chatkin, J., Correa, L., & Santos, U. (2021). External environmental pollution as a risk factor for asthma. Clinical reviews in allergy &
immunology, 1-18. DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08830-5
Chatkin et al. (2021) researched the risk factors of asthma. The study discovered that pollutant agents like particulate matter and gaseous
components has a considerable implication on asthma incidences among children. children in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods are most
likely to develop asthma from environmental pollution. This scholarly article is crucial for the research as it demonstrates the relationship between
respiratory illness and environmental pollution, specifically on individuals in economically disadvantaged areas.
3. Domingo, J. L., & Rovira, J. (2020). Effects of air pollutants on the transmission and severity of respiratory viral infections. Environmental
research, 187, 109650. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109650
Domingo & Rovira (2020) probed the impact of air pollutants on respiratory viral infections. The study indicated that pollutant agents like
particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) improve transmission of viruses causing respiratory
infections in children as well as adults. Evidence from this article is essential for the research since it indicates the association between air
pollutants and respiratory viral infections.
4. Dominski, F. H., Branco, J. H. L., Buonanno, G., Stabile, L., da Silva, M. G., & Andrade, A. (2021). Effects of air pollution on health: A
mapping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Environmental research, 201, 111487. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111487
Dominski et al. (2021) analyze the trends in air pollution and negative consequences it causes on human health. The study reveals that
nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter are the primary components that promote respiratory illnesses. This journal is vital for the research since it
highlights a close relationship between air pollution and adverse respiratory health outcomes.
5. Hendryx, M., Luo, J., Chojenta, C., & Byles, J. E. (2019). Air pollution exposures from multiple point sources and risk of incident chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Environmental
