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heading with full name,
requirements
date, assignment,
period, and title
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requirements
Level II Max Points
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Level I Max Points
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organized.
● Most material is neat
and organized.
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Level I Max Points
Points: 3
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criteria
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● Provides an accurate ● Accuracy of
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journal/study guide
journal/study guide
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● Most diagrams and
might be questionable.
● All diagrams and
charts are neat and
● Diagrams need more
charts are neat and
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criteria
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JOURNAL DETAILS
Substance Use Chart
For this week’s journal assignment, you are completing a PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice Template related to this week’s content. This
clinical practice journal will be a guide to foundational aspects of psychopharmacology that you can use throughout the PMHNP program and as you
transition into practice. Complete each section of the journal template as assigned below:
Unit 2: Complete the Neuroanatomy & Neurotransmission Chart
Unit 4: Complete the Antipsychotic Chart & Mood Stabilizers Chart
Unit 6: Complete the Antidepressants & Anxiolytics Chart
Unit 8: Complete the Substance Use Chart
Use the PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice Template for the substance use and treatment chart completion.
Conduct a scholarly search for several options of a “substance use and treatment chart”. You will then complete the template to add to your
journal.
To view the grading rubric for this assignment, please visit the Grading Rubrics section of the Course Resources.
Submit your assignment to the unit Dropbox before midnight on the last day of the unit.
https://purdueglobal.brightspace.com/d2l/le/content/282196/viewContent/16944830/View
1/1
PSYCHIATRIC MENTAL HEALTH
NURSE PRACTITIONER
CLINICAL PRACTICE JOURNAL
Name: __Giovanna Skylar__
Anticipated Graduation Term/Year: __02/2025 Winter___
Nicole Walters
PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice
Table of Contents
NU660 Psychopharmacology and Health promotion
Neurotransmitter Chart (Unit 2)
Antipsychotics Chart (Unit 4)
Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, & Mood Stabilizers Chart (Unit 6)
Substance Use Resources (Chart links) (Unit 8)
Additional Resources List
1
Last updated: 10/2020 nw
PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice
Acetylcholine
Function
(Excitatory or
Inhibitory)
It acts as an
excitatoryinhibitory
neurotransmitter,
depending on the
specific receptors
it binds to. In the
peripheral
nervous system, it
can be both
excitatory and
inhibitory. It is
mainly an
excitatory
neurotransmitter
at the
neuromuscular
junctions.
Neurotransmitters Chart
Receptors
Effects of
Deficient
Locations
It is located in
different areas
of the central
nervous system,
caudal brain
stem, and
projections
from the basal
forebrain. It is
also the main
neurotransmitter
in the
neuromuscular
junction, which
allows
communication
between motor
neurons and
skeletal
muscles.
Dopamine
Acts as an
excitatory as well
as an inhibitory
neurotransmitter
depending on the
receptor type and
the particular
neural pathway. It
participates in
several
physiological
processes,
including
motivation,
reward, and
motor control.
Found in many
parts of the
brain, such as
the substantia
nigra, which is
associated with
motor control; a
ventral
tegmental area,
which is related
to motivation
and reward, and
several parts of
the limbic
system and the
frontal cortex.
Endorphins
Endorphins
primarily
Endorphins are
produced and
2
Binds to two main
types of receptors:
both nicotinic
receptors and
muscarinic
receptors. Nicotinic
receptors are
ionotropic and can
be found in the
central nervous
system and the
peripheral. In
contrast,
muscarinic
receptors are
metabotropic and
prevail
predominantly in
central and
peripheral organs
(Sinh & Das
Mukhopadhyay,
2020).
Dopamine acts on
several types of
receptors, classified
into two main
families: D1-like
receptors (D1 and
D5) and D2-like
receptors (D2, D3,
and D4). These
receptors are
localized in
different brain
areas, and specific
effects are elicited
depending on how
the receptors are
stimulated (Carr,
2023).
Endorphins exert
their effects by
Effects of
Surplus
Linked with
disorders like
Alzheimer’s
disease, where a
gradual
diminishment in
neurons
producing
acetylcholine is
responsible for
cognitive
impairment and
loss of memory
(Nimgampalle
et al., 2023).
Diseases such as
cholinergic crisis
manifest
themselves
through weak
muscles and
respiratory
distress, among
other symptoms.
It can happen
after taking
certain drugs or
being exposed to
poisons.
Several
neurological
and psychiatric
disorders are
linked to low
levels of
dopamine, such
as Parkinson’s
disease, which
is characterized
by motor
deficits,
schizophrenia
with thought
and mood
disturbances,
and ADHD
(Nimgampalle
et al., 2023).
While a
deficiency in
Conditions such
as schizophrenia,
where an overdopamine
receptor
overstimulation,
may be associated
with psychotic
symptoms. In
some cases, high
levels of
dopamine cause
impulsivity and
addiction.
Excessive levels
of endorphins are
Last updated: 10/2020 nw
PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice
function as
inhibitory
neurotransmitters.
They are known
for reducing pain
perception and
promoting a
sense of wellbeing.
released in
various parts of
the central
nervous system,
including the
hypothalamus
and pituitary
gland.
Additionally,
they are
released
peripherally,
especially
during physical
activity or stress
(Mester, 2021).
GABA
GABA is the
primary
inhibitory
neurotransmitter
in the central
nervous system.
It is crucial in
reducing neuronal
excitability and
balancing
excitation and
inhibition.
GABA is
widely
distributed
throughout the
brain, with high
concentrations
in the cerebral
cortex,
hippocampus,
and basal
ganglia. It is
found in
excitatory and
inhibitory
neurons but is
predominantly
associated with
inhibitory
signaling (Mora
et al., 2022).
Glutamate
Glutamate is the
primary
excitatory
neurotransmitter
in the central
nervous system,
playing a crucial
role in synaptic
transmission and
neural activation.
Glutamate is
found
throughout the
brain, with high
concentrations
in the cerebral
cortex,
hippocampus,
and basal
ganglia (Carr,
2023). It is
present in
3
binding to opioid
receptors,
particularly the muopioid receptors.
These receptors are
distributed in the
brain, spinal cord,
and peripheral
tissues.
endorphins is
not a diagnosed
medical
condition, low
levels or
impaired
endorphin
function
contributes to
increased
sensitivity to
pain, mood
disorders, and a
reduced sense
of well-being
(Mora et al.,
2022).
GABA binds to
GABA
GABA receptors,
deficiency or
classified into two
dysfunction is
main types:
linked to
GABA-A receptors conditions such
(ionotropic) and
as anxiety
GABA-B receptors disorders,
(metabotropic).
epilepsy, and
GABA-A receptors insomnia.
allow chloride ions Reduced
to enter the neuron, GABAergic
hyperpolarizing the activity can
cell membrane.
result in
increased neural
excitability and
disrupted
inhibitory
signaling (Sinh
& Das
Mukhopadhyay,
2020).
Glutamate binds to Glutamate
several types of
deficiency is
receptors, including uncommon, as
ionotropic
it is abundant in
receptors (AMPA,
the central
NMDA, kainate)
nervous system.
and metabotropic
However,
receptors
disruptions in
(mGluRs). NMDA glutamate
receptors, in
signaling have
particular, are
been implicated
involved in
in various
not common.
However,
conditions
associated with
chronic pain or
certain diseases
lead to prolonged
elevation of
endorphin levels,
potentially
causing
desensitization of
opioid receptors.
While excessive
GABA levels are
not common, they
can lead to
sedation and a
general
dampening of
neural activity.
However, GABA
excess is typically
regulated tightly
by the body.
Excessive
glutamate levels,
known as
excitotoxicity, can
lead to neuronal
damage and cell
death. It has been
implicated in
conditions like
stroke, traumatic
brain injury, and
Last updated: 10/2020 nw
PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice
excitatory and
inhibitory
neurons but
predominantly
associated with
excitatory
signaling.
Glycine
Glycine is an
Found in the
inhibitory
spinal cord and
neurotransmitter
the brainstem.
that generally has
a calming or
inhibitory effect
on neural activity.
Norepinephrine Mainly an
excitatory
monoamine
neurotransmitter,
which plays a
fundamental role
in the “fight-orflight” response.
It wakes the
body, making it
ready to act by
making an
individual awake
and ready to act.
Serotonin
Found in
different regions
of the CNS like
the brainstem and
limbic system.
Serotonin is
primarily an
synaptic plasticity
and learning.
neurological
disorders,
including
Alzheimer’s
disease,
Parkinson’s
disease, and
schizophrenia
(Meister, 2021).
Glycine
deficiency may
contribute to
hyperekplexia,
a rare
neurological
disorder
characterized
by exaggerated
startle
responses.
neurodegenerative
diseases.
Insufficient
levels of
norepinephrine
are associated
with conditions
like attention
deficit
hyperactivity
disorder
(ADHD) and
certain mood
disorders (Carr,
2023).
Symptoms
include poor
concentration,
fatigue, and low
motivation.
Serotonin binds to
Insufficient
several receptor
serotonin levels
types, with the
are associated
most notable being with mood
the 5-HT (5disorders such
hydroxytryptamine) as depression
receptors. These
and anxiety.
Excessive
norepinephrine
leads to
heightened stress
responses,
anxiety, and
hypertension. It
contributes to
conditions like
panic attacks and
post-traumatic
stress disorder
(PTSD).
Glycine binds to
glycine receptors –
which function as
ionotropic
receptors that open
chloride channels
into the neuron
upon being active
(Nimgampalle et
al., 2023). This
results in
hyperpolarization,
hence lowering the
chances of
triggering neuron
firing.
Located
Norepinephrine
throughout the
binds to adrenergic
central nervous receptors, divided
system, namely, into alpha and beta
the brainstem,
types. These
hypothalamus,
receptors exist in
and limbic
various body parts,
system. It is
including the heart,
also synthesized vascular system,
by adrenal
and other organs.
glands and
secreted into the
blood as a
hormone.
Additionally, a
significant
portion of
serotonin,
which regulates
gastrointestinal
functions, is
4
Excessive levels
of glycine lead to
motor and
sensory
disturbances.
However, glycine
excess is rare, and
the body tightly
regulates its
concentrations.
Excessive
serotonin levels
can lead to a
condition known
as serotonin
syndrome. This
can cause
Last updated: 10/2020 nw
PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice
inhibitory
produced in the
neurotransmitter, intestines.
meaning it
generally has a
calming or
inhibitory effect
on neural activity.
receptors are
further classified
into subtypes, such
as 5-HT1 and 5HT2 (Sinha & Das
Mukhopadhyay,
2020).
Symptoms may
include low
mood,
irritability,
sleep
disturbances,
and appetite
changes.
symptoms such as
agitation,
confusion, and
rapid heart rate,
and in severe
cases, it can be
life-threatening.
Notes:
Neurotransmitters, the central players in the signaling molecules in the nervous system, in all their intricate
detail, would act as the connectors to pass on messages between cells, thus acting as the artists behind the
creation of the landscape of various physiological processes. The characteristics of function and the receptors’
location are fundamental in weaving the tapestry of neural function. Each takes part in the coordination of
sophisticated signaling pathways. These molecular hers are the beacons for researchers and clinicians leading
the quest to understand and treat disorders ranging from mood disorders to neurodegenerative diseases.
Findings drawn from neurotransmitter research emphasize the need for equilibrium and precision in neural
signaling for healthy mental functioning. The varying balance of excitatory and inhibitory transmitters, more so,
highlights the demanding need to intervene in the subtlety of these sophisticated systems (Carr, 2023). The
neurotransmitter knowledge base appears as the prime foundation of pharmacological development and
therapeutic innovations under the evolution of neuroscience. This knowledge encourages the creation of drugs
that help restore normalcy in neurotransmitter operations. This provides a new promise for better medications
and a deeper understanding of the nuances that govern the regulation of the nervous system.
References
Antipsychotics
5
Last updated: 10/2020 nw
Cognitive Issue
Indications
(s/sx &
diagnosis)
Weight Gain
Half Life
T2DM
Starting
Dose
Hyperlipidemia
LAI option
EPS
Route(s) of
Administration
MOA
Side Effects (L=Low, M=Mo
Trade
Name
(neurotransmitter
effects)
First Generation
Generic Name
PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice
Chlorpromazine
Thorazine
Oral, IM, IV
No
25-50
mg/day
30 hours
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
Dopamine D2
receptor antagonist
M
H
H
H
M
Haloperidol
Haldol
Oral, IM, IV
Yes
0.5-5
mg/day
20 hours
Schizophrenia,
Tourette’s
Dopamine D2
receptor antagonist
H
M
M
M
H
Fluphenazine
Prolixin
Oral, IM
Yes
2.5-10
mg/day
15-30
hours
Schizophrenia
Dopamine D2
receptor antagonist
H
M
M
M
M
Thioridazine
Mellaril
Oral
No
50-800
mg/day
20-40
hours
Schizophrenia
M
H
M
H
H
Perphenazine
Trilafon
Oral, IM
No
4-16
mg/day
8-16
hours
M
H
H
M
L
Loxapine
Loxitane
Oral, IM
No
10-50
mg/day
6-10
hours
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
Schizophrenia
Dopamine D2
receptor antagonist
(Solmi et al., 2020)
Dopamine D2
receptor antagonist
H
M
M
L
H
Molindone
Moban
Oral
No
3-5 hours
Schizophrenia
L
L
M
M
M
Flupentixol
Depixol
Oral, IM
No
50-75
mg/day
3-18
mg/day
35 hours
M
L
L
M
L
Trifluoperazine
Stelazine
Oral, IM
No
6-8 hours
M
M
L
H
Oral
No
M
M
L
H
H
Mesoridazine
Serentil
Oral
No
25-100
mg/day
2-12
hours
Schizophrenia
Dopamine D2
receptor antagonist
Dopamine D2
receptor antagonist
(Pillinger et al.,
2023).
Dopamine D2
receptor
antagonist(Grinchi&
Dremencov, 2020).
M
Orap
2-15
mg/day
2-10
mg/day
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
Schizophrenia,
Anxiety
Tourette’s
Syndrome
Dopamine D2
receptor antagonist
(Grinchi&
Dremencov, 2020).
Dopamine D2
receptor
Dopamine D2
receptor antagonist
H
L
M
M
H
Second Generation
Risperidone
Risperdal
Oral, IM
Yes
1-2
mg/day
20 hours
Dopamine D2 and
serotonin 5-HT2A
receptor antagonist
H
M
L
H
M
Olanzapine
Zyprexa
Oral, IM
Yes
5-10
mg/day
30 hours
M
L
H
M
Oral
No
25-50
mg/day
7 hours
H
M
M
H
M
Ziprasidone
Geodon
Oral, IM
Yes
20 mg
twice daily
7 hours
M
L
H
M
M
Aripiprazole
Abilify
Oral, IM
Yes
10-15
mg/day
75 hours
L
H
H
M
M
Paliperidone
Invega
Oral, IM
Yes
3-6
mg/day
23 hours
H
H
H
M
M
Olanzapine/Fluoxetine
Symbyax
Oral
No
Varied
Varied
M
H
M
M
L
Zotepine
Nipolept
Oral
No
150-300
mg/day
7-16
hours
Dopamine D2 and
serotonin 5-HT2A
receptor antagonist
Dopamine D2 and
serotonin 5-HT2A
receptor antagonist
( Pillinger et al.,
2023).
Dopamine D2 and
serotonin 5-HT2A
receptor antagonist
Dopamine D2
partial agonist and
serotonin 5-HT1A
receptor partial
agonist ( Pillinger
et al., 2023).
Dopamine D2 and
serotonin 5-HT2A
receptor antagonist
Dopamine D2 and
serotonin reuptake
inhibition
(Grinchi&
Dremencov, 2020).
Dopamine D2 and
serotonin 5-HT2A
receptor antagonist
M
Seroquel
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder,
Autism
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
M
H
M
L
L
Pimozide
Quetiapine
6
55 hours
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
Bipolar
Disorder,
Treatmentresistant
Depression
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
Last updated: 10/2020 nw
PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice
Sertindole
Serdolect
Oral
No
4-24
mg/day
3 days
Schizophrenia
Clozapine
Clozaril
Oral
No
12.5-50
mg/day
12 hours
Treatmentresistant
Schizophrenia
Cariprazine
Vraylar
Oral
No
1.5-6
mg/day
2-5 days
Brexpiprazole
Rexulti
Oral
No
1-2
mg/day
91 hours
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
Latuda
Oral
No
40-80
mg/day
18 hours
Fanapt
Oral
No
1 mg twice
daily
18 hours
Saphris
Sublingual
No
5-10 mg
twice daily
24 hours
Lurasidone
Iloperidone
Asenapine
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
Schizophrenia,
Bipolar
Disorder
Dopamine D2 and
serotonin 5-HT2A
receptor antagonist
Dopamine D4
receptor antagonist
and serotonin 5HT2A receptor
antagonist
(Grinchi&
Dremencov, 2020).
Dopamine D3 and
D2 receptor partial
agonist
Dopamine D2
partial agonist and
serotonin 5-HT1A
receptor partial
agonist (Grinchi&
Dremencov, 2020).
Dopamine D2 and
serotonin 5-HT2A
receptor antagonist
Dopamine D2 and
serotonin 5-HT2A
receptor antagonist
Dopamine D2 and
serotonin 5-HT2A
receptor antagonist
(Grinchi&
Dremencov, 2020).
M
L
L
H
H
H
M
M
H
L
L
L
L
H
H
H
H
L
H
L
L
L
M
M
H
L
M
M
M
L
L
L
H
M
Notes:
Antidepressants, Anxiolytics & Mood Stabilizers
Indications
(s/sx &
diagnosis)
SSRIs
7
Last updated: 10/2020 nw
Cognitive Issue
Half Life
Weight Gain
Starting
Dose
T2DM
LAI option
Hyperlipidemia
Route(s) of
Administration
EPS
Side Effects (L=Low, M=Mode
Trade Name
MOA
(neurotransmitt
er effects)
Antidepressants
Generic Name
PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice
Fluoxetine
Prozac
Oral
No
20
mg/day
2-3 days
Sertraline
Zoloft
Oral
No
50
mg/day
1 day
Paroxetine
Paxil
20
mg/day
Oral
No
Major
Depressive
Disorder
(MDD),
OCD
MDD, Panic
Disorder
Selective
serotonin reuptake
inhibition (SSRI)
1 day
MDD, Social
Anxiety
Disorder
Escitalopram
Lexapro
Oral
No
10
mg/day
27-32
hours
Citalopram
Celexa
Oral
No
20
mg/day
35 hours
SNRIs
Venlafaxine
Effexor
Oral
No
75
mg/day
5 hours
Cymbalta
Oral
No
30
mg/day
12 hours
Desvenlafaxine
Pristiq
Oral
No
50
mg/day
11 hours
Levomilnacipran
Fetzima
Oral
No
20
mg/day
12 hours
Milnacipran
Savella
Oral
No
12.5 mg
twice
daily
6-8 hours
Elavil
Oral
No
25
mg/day
10-50
hours
Duloxetine
TCAs
Amitriptyline
L
L
M
L
L
M
L
H
L
M
SSRI
M
L
M
L
M
MDD,
Generalized
Anxiety
Disorder
MDD, Panic
Disorder
SSRI
M
M
M
M
L
SSRI
L
M
L
M
L
Major
Depressive
Disorder
(MDD),
Generalized
Anxiety
Disorder
Major
Depressive
Disorder,
Diabetic
Peripheral
Neuropathy,
Fibromyalgia
SerotoninNorepinephrine
Reuptake
Inhibition (SNRI)
M
L
H
L
M
SerotoninNorepinephrine
Reuptake
Inhibition (SNRI)
M
H
H
L
M
Major
Depressive
Disorder
(MDD),
Major
Depressive
Disorder
(MDD),
Fibromyalgia
SerotoninNorepinephrine
Reuptake
Inhibition (SNRI)
SerotoninNorepinephrine
Reuptake
Inhibition (SNRI)
SerotoninNorepinephrine
Reuptake
Inhibition (SNRI)
M
L
L
L
L
L
L
M
L
H
H
H
M
M
H
Major
Depressive
Disorder
(MDD),
Neuropathic
Pain
Blocks serotonin
and
norepinephrine
reuptake,
anticholinergic (
Zemanova et al.,
2022)
L
L
M
H
L
L
M
M
M
L
SSRI
Nortriptyline
Pamelor
Oral
No
25
mg/day
16-90
hours
MDD,
Neuropathic
Pain,
Prophylaxis
of Migraine
Blocks serotonin
and
norepinephrine
reuptake
L
H
M
L
M
Imipramine
Tofranil
Oral
No
25
mg/day
9-24 hours
H
L
L
M
Oral
No
25
mg/day
12-24
hours
Blocks serotonin
and
norepinephrine
reuptake ( Martin
et al., 2021)
Blocks
norepinephrine
reuptake
M
Norpramin
MDD,
Enuresis
(bedwetting),
Panic
Disorder
MDD,
Attention
Deficit
Hyperactivity
Disorder
(ADHD)
L
L
L
M
H
Desipramine
8
Last updated: 10/2020 nw
PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice
MAOIs
Phenelzine
Nardil
Oral
Oral
No
15 mg
three
times
daily
11-12
hours
No
10 mg
twice
daily
2-4 hours
Tranylcypromine
Parnate
Isocarboxazid
Marplan
Oral
No
10 mg
twice
daily
2 hours
Selegiline
Emsam
Transdermal
Patch
Yes
6 mg/day
10 hours
Atypical
Bupropion
Wellbutrin
Oral
No
150 mg
twice
daily
21 hours
Mirtazapine
Remeron
Oral
No
15 mg at
bedtime
20-40
hours
Trazodone
Desyrel
Oral
No
150 mg at
bedtime
4-9 hours
Anxiolytics
Benzodiazepines
Alprazolam
Xanax
Oral
No
0.25-0.5
mg TID
6-12 hours
Diazepam
Valium
Oral, IV
No
2-10 mg
TID
20-100
hours
Lorazepam
Ativan
Oral, IV
No
0.5-2 mg
TID
10-20
hours
Clonazepam
Klonopin
No
0.25-0.5
mg BID
18-50
hours
Oxazepam
Serax
Oral
No
15-30 mg
TID
4-15 hours
Chlordiazepoxide
Librium
Oral
No
5-25 mg
TID
5-30 hours
Oral
Major
Depressive
Disorder
(MDD),
Panic
Disorder,
Social
Anxiety
Disorder
Major
Depressive
Disorder
(MDD),
Major
Depressive
Disorder
(MDD),
Major
Depressive
Disorder
(MDD),
Parkinson’s
Disease
Irreversible
inhibition of
MAO-A and
MAO-B
L
L
L
L
M
Irreversible
inhibition of
MAO-A and
MAO-B
Irreversible
inhibition of
MAO-A and
MAO-B
Selective
irreversible
inhibition of
MAO-B
M
M
L
L
H
L
M
H
L
L
M
L
H
H
M
Major
Depressive
Disorder
(MDD),
Smoking
Cessation
Major
Depressive
Disorder
(MDD),
Anxiety
Insomnia
Norepinephrine
and dopamine
reuptake inhibitor
M
M
L
M
L
Alpha-2
adrenergic
antagonist,
serotonin receptor
modulator
Serotonin
antagonist and
reuptake inhibitor
(SARI)
L
H
M
M
H
L
M
M
M
L
Generalized
Anxiety
Disorder,
Panic
Disorder
Anxiety,
Alcohol
Withdrawal,
Muscle
Spasms
Anxiety,
Status
Epilepticus,
Insomnia
(short-term)
Enhances GABAA receptormediated
neurotransmission
M
H
H
M
L
Enhances GABAA receptormediated
neurotransmission
M
L
H
H
L
Enhances GABAA receptormediated
neurotransmission
L
M
L
H
M
Panic
Disorder,
Social
Anxiety
Disorder
Anxiety,
Alcohol
Withdrawal
Enhances GABAA receptormediated
neurotransmission
H
L
L
H
M
Enhances GABAA receptormediated
neurotransmission
( Hernandez-Leon
et al., 2024)
Enhances GABAA receptormediated
neurotransmission
L
L
L
M
M
M
M
M
L
L
Anxiety,
Alcohol
Withdrawal
Barbiturates
9
Last updated: 10/2020 nw
PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice
Phenobarbital
Luminal
Oral
No
30-120
mg/day
53-118
hours
Seizures,
Sedation
(historical)
Enhances GABAA receptormediated
neurotransmission
M
L
M
M
L
Secobarbital
Seconal
Oral
No
100 mg at
bedtime
15-40
hours
Insomnia
(historical)
Enhances GABAA receptormediated
neurotransmission
L
L
M
M
H
Amobarbital
Amytal
Oral, Injection
No
65-200
mg/day
15-40
hours
Insomnia
(historical)
Enhances GABAA receptormediated
neurotransmission
L
H
L
L
M
Butabarbital
Butisol
Oral
No
30-100
mg at
bedtime
34-42
hours
Insomnia
(historical)
Enhances GABAA receptormediated
neurotransmission
L
L
H
L
M
Eskalith,
Lithobid
Oral
No
300-600
mg/day
24 hours
Bipolar
Disorder,
Maintenance
therapy
H
H
M
M
M
Valproic Acid
Depakote
Oral
No
500-1000
mg/day
9-16 hours
Bipolar
Disorder,
Epilepsy
Modulation of
neurotransmitter
release,
particularly
serotonin (
Pillinger et al.,
2023).
Enhances
GABAergic
transmission,
inhibits sodium
channels ( Solmi
H
M
M
L
L
Lamotrigine
Lamictal
Oral
No
25-50
mg/day
24 hours
M
L
L
H
Tegretol
Oral
No
200-400
mg/day
12-17
hours
Inhibits voltagegated sodium
channels
Blocks sodium
channels,
decreases
excitability
L
Carbamazepine
M
L
M
M
M
Oxcarbazepine
Trileptal
Oral
No
300-600
mg/day
1-2 hours
Bipolar
Disorder,
Epilepsy
Bipolar
Disorder,
Epilepsy,
Trigeminal
Neuralgia
Bipolar
Disorder,
Epilepsy
Blocks sodium
channels,decreases
excitability (
M
L
M
M
H
Serum bicarbonate
levels, renal
function (
Pillinger et al.,
2023).
H
H
H
H
M
Binds to α2δ
subunit of voltagegated calcium
channels
L
H
M
M
M
Mood Stabilizers
Lithium
et al., 2020).
Solmi et al.,
2020)
Topiramate
Gabapentin
Topamax
Neurontin
Oral
Oral
No
No
25-50
mg/day
900-1800
mg/day
10
19-25
hours
5-7 hours
Bipolar
Disorder,
Epilepsy
Bl
ocks sodium
channels,
enhances
GABAergic
transmission
Bipolar
Disorder,
Neuropathic
Pain
Last updated: 10/2020 nw
Notes:
Substance Use Chart
Generic Name
Substance
Use
Trade
Name
Route(s) of
Administratio
n
LAI
Option
Starting
Dose
Half
Life
Indication
s
(s/sx &
diagnosis)
MOA
(neurotransmitt
er effects)
EP
S
Hyperlipidemi
a
T2D
M
Weigh
t Gain
Cognitiv
e Issue
Other
SE
Cost
s
PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice
References
Commonly Used Drugs and Treatment Information Charts:
https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/Commonly-Used-Drugs-Charts_final_June_2020_optimized.pdf
https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/nida_commonlyuseddrugs_final_printready.pdf
Withdrawal Sx Chart
https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/nida_commonlyabused_withdrawalsymptoms_10062017-508-1.pdf
Carr, R. (2023). Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and hormones: Putting it all together. Art therapy and clinical neuroscience, 76-91.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.115766
Grinchii, D., & Dremencov, E. (2020). Mechanism of Action of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in Mood Disorders. International Journal of
Molecular Sciences, 21(24), 9532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249532
Hernandez-Leon, A., Escamilla, R., Tabal-Robles, A. R., Martı́nez-VargasD., Romero-Bautista, L., Gerson Escamilla-Soto, Romero, G., J. Martıń
Torres-Valencia, & María Eva González-Trujano. (2024). Antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities and acute toxicity evaluation of the
Psilocybe cubensis mushroom in experimental models in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 320, 117415–117415.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.117415
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PMHNP Journal for Clinical Practice
Kishi, T., Ikuta, T., Matsuda, Y., Sakuma, K., Okuya, M., Mishima, K., & Iwata, N. (2021). Mood stabilizers and/or antipsychotics for bipolar
disorder in the maintenance phase: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Molecular
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Martin, E. L., Strickland, J. C., Schlienz, N. J., Munson, J., Jackson, H., Bonn-Miller, M. O., & Vandrey, R. (2021). Antidepressant and anxiolytic
effects of medicinal cannabis use in an observational trial. Frontiers in psychiatry, 12, 1554. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.729800
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Mora, F., Segovia, G., Del Arco, A., de Blas, M., & Garrido, P. (2022) Stress, neurotransmitters, corticosterone and body–brain integration. Brain
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Solmi, M., Fornaro, M., Ostinelli, E. G., Zangani, C., Croatto, G., Monaco, F., Krinitski, D., Fusar‐Poli, P., & Correll, C. U. (2020). Safety of 80
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