Management Question

Description

The APA quiz is comprised of 20 multiple choice and true/false questions. You will have 60 minutes to complete the quiz. You must complete this quiz in one sitting because you can not save it and go back to it later.

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Quick Tips for APA Revised Summer 2020
The purpose of Quick Tips for APA is to provide examples for the following:
•
•
•
•
Academic language and style tips
Understanding how to format an in-text citation for a direct quote.
Understanding how to format an in-text citation for paraphrased material
How to format references for different types of resources (i.e., books, articles, etc.).
Section One: Academic Language and Style Tips
•
•
•
•
•
Abstracts are not used for the papers in this course; a solid introduction that provides
some context and introduces all of the topics to be discussed is used.
Papers should be written using the third person point-of-view, which does not use forms
of “I,” or “we.” It is important to remember the papers in this course are research papers,
not informational or opinion papers, and need to maintain an objective tone with
information supported by scholarly resources and specific examples.
Primary sources of information should be used when possible. If the original source is
not available, secondary sources can be used. “Secondary sources were created by
someone who did not experience first-hand or participate in the events or conditions you
are researching” (“Library Harvard,” para. 2).
Clarity and conciseness are needed in academic/research writing – eliminate unnecessary
words, avoid using slang, jargon, colloquialisms, or poetic language.
Use of direct quotes – it is important that direct quotes are used sparingly, if at all,
throughout a research paper. This is important as students are expected to articulate their
own ideas and conclusions from reading multiple sources.
Section Two: In-Text Citations
What is an in-text citation? For APA, an in-text citation is placed within the body of the paper
in order to note the source of your material. The in-text citations alert the reader to more
thorough information located on the reference page (“Purdue University,” n.d.).
What types of in-text citations are there? There are two types of in-text citations; one is for
paraphrased material and the other is for a direct quote.
What is paraphrasing? Paraphrasing involves taking information from a source (i.e., books,
articles, websites, etc.) and writing it in your own words while maintaining the idea of the
original content.
What is a direct quote? When you quote information from another source, it essentially means
that you are taking the author’s language or wording verbatim.
Why do we need to use in-text citations? The use of in-text citations is important, especially
when writing a research paper. Because research papers are not just based on your perspective
alone, you must give credit to others’ ideas. Additionally, providing in-text citations helps to
avoid plagiarizing material (more on that later!).
Quick Tips for APA Revised Summer 2020
When should I use an in-text citation?
In-text citations must be used whenever you discuss concepts, theories, and/or other information
that has been paraphrased or directly quoted by you from another source.
It is also important to note that you still need to provide an in-text citation when writing a
research paper even if you incorporate your own perspective and examples along with
paraphrased or quoted material.
Examples of In-text Citations for Paraphrased Material
There are various ways you can format an in-text citation within a sentence.
First, we are going to examine examples of in-text citations for paraphrased material.
Notice the
comma used
after the author’s
last name.
The use of in-text citations is important when writing a research paper (Smith, 2019).
You can also refer to the author’s name in a sentence. If you do this, you do not have to include
the name again and create an additional in-text citation at the end of the sentence. Instead,
The punctuation for
include the date after the author’s last name.
the sentence goes
after the parenthesis.
.
Example:
Dumbledore (2019) noted that the main goal of an organization is to align with the vision
statement.
Note the author’s
last name is used in
the signal phrase.
The year of publication is
placed after the author’s
last name.
The next group of examples will show you how to format an in-text citation for paraphrased
material when you have more than one author.
Two authors:
It is important to implement a work from home policy because winter is coming (Snow & Stark,
2019).
Simplified example:
The authors’ last names are separated by
“&,” and the comma goes after the second
name. The period goes at the end of the
citation.
Quick Tips for APA Revised Summer 2020
(Dougherty & Smith, 2019).
According to Snow and Stark (2019) it is important to implement a work from home policy
because winter is coming.
Notice that the authors’ last names are used in
the signal phrase with the word “and” used
between the two authors’ names. Additionally,
the year of publication is placed after the
authors’ last names.
A work by three or more authors should look like this in the in-text citation noted within the
body of the paper:
Example: The joy of the employees was short-lived when they had to go back to work
(Targaryen et al., 2019).
How do you format an in-text citation if there is no author?
If there is no author, do not panic! You would format the in-text citation in a similar format as
note above. The only difference is, instead of noting the author’s last name, you would use a
shortened version of the title of an article, book, etc.
Here are some examples:
The ethical issues at Hogwarts came into question when Sirus Black arrived (“Understanding
Ethics,” 2019).
The psychology of the brain is extremely interesting and dynamic (Experimental Psychology,
1985).
“If the title of the work is italicized in the reference, also italicize the title in the in-text citation.
If the title of the work is not italicized in the reference, use double quotation marks around the
title in the in-text citation” (Publication Manual of the APA, 2020, pp. 264-265). “APA style
calls for capitalizing important words in titles when they are written in the text (but not when
they are written in reference lists).” (“Purdue University,” n.d., para 4).
Examples of In-Text Citations for Direct Quotes
Quick Tips for APA Revised Summer 2020
As previously mentioned, there are various ways you can format an in-text citation within a
sentence.
In-text citations for direct quotes are very similar to the way you would format citations for
paraphrased material. One main difference is that the in-text citation for a direct quote must
include the page or paragraph number. Additionally, quotation marks must be placed around the
sentence(s) you are taking verbatim from another source.
Example:
“Emotional intelligence is the ability to monitor your emotions and those of others” (Kinicki,
2018, p. 45).
Note the quotation marks around the
sentence. This alerts the reader that you are
quoting content from another source
Simplified example:
verbatim.
(Dougherty, 2019, p.45).
Example:
As you can see, the
page number has
been placed within
the in-text citation,
along with the
author’s last name
and year of
publication.
Kinicki (2019) posits that “…self-awareness is essential when managing others” (p. 34).
Note that the author’s last name is used in the
signal phrase with the year of publication
enclosed in parentheses after the author’s last
name.
Quotation marks are placed around the sentence
that was taken verbatim. The page number is
placed at the end of the sentence enclosed in
parentheses.
You also want to note that you would use the lowercase letter “p.” with a period for one page, “pp.” for
multiple pages, and “para.” for a paragraph. Then
include the page or paragraph number. The
punctuation for the sentence goes after the
parentheses.
Quick Tips for APA Revised Summer 2020
For more information on in-text citations, check out:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/ref
erence_list_author_authors.html
Section Three: Plagiarism
By mastering how to format and utilize in-text citations and references properly, it can help you
avoid plagiarism.
Let’s go over the basics.
What is plagiarism?
“Definition: In an instructional setting, plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses
someone else’s language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without
acknowledging its source.
This definition applies to texts published in print or online, to manuscripts, and to the work of
other student writers” (“Kent State”, n.d., para 1).
What would be considered plagiarism?
Plagiarism can be “…. buying, stealing, or borrowing a paper (including copying an entire
paper or article from the Web); hiring someone to write your paper for you; and copying large
sections of text from a source without quotation marks or proper citation” (“Purdue University”,
n.d., para 1).
Where is the plagiarism policy located?
You can find the plagiarism policy in the course syllabus as well as the University’s academic
integrity policy.
http://www.wilmu.edu/studentlife/acadintegrity.aspx
For more information on plagiarism & best practices, check out:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/avoiding_plagiarism/is_it_plag
iarism.html
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/using_research/avoiding_plagiarism/safe_pract
ices.html
Section Four: References
What is a reference page? The reference page contains a list of all the sources you have used in
the body of your paper. In other words, any in-text citations used within the text of the paper,
Quick Tips for APA Revised Summer 2020
must correlate to each reference listed on the reference page (except for personal
communication).
Why do we need a reference page? Quite simply put, the objective of the APA reference page
is to make sure that the reader can locate the sources that were cited in the paper.
The way a reference entry is formatted depends on the type of source it is (i.e., book, article,
newspaper, webpage, etc.).
However, there are basic rules that must be followed in regard to the overall formatting of the
reference page regardless of the type of references.
Basic Rules: Formatting the Reference Page
1. The reference page should appear at the end of the paper. It should be separate from the
last page of content.
2. The title of the reference page should be labeled “References,” centered, and bolded. The
title would not be italicized, underlined, or in quotes.
3. References should be listed in alphabetical order “by the last name of the first author of
each work” (“Purdue University”, n.d., para 2).
4. The references listed should be double-spaced.
5. All lines after the first line of each entry should be indented half an inch from the left
margin. This is called the hanging indentation.
For more information on the reference page, check out:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/ref
erence_list_basic_rules.html
Basic Rules: Formatting References
1. “Capitalize all major words in journal titles. When referring to the titles of books,
chapters, articles, reports, webpages, or other sources, capitalize only the first letter of
the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and
proper nouns” (“Purdue University”, n.d., para 3).
2. The titles of books are italicized.
3. The titles of articles are NOT italicized.
4. The titles of Journals are italicized.
5. “The volume number in journals is italicized. The issue number is NOT italicized and
butts up against the volume number with no space” (Bishop, 2012, p.16).
6. The authors full first name is never used on the reference page. Only the authors last
name (put first), and “the author’s first and middle initial….” (Bishop, 2012, p.16).
I hope that was not too confusing! To help the above information make more sense, below are
actual examples of different types of references.
Quick Tips for APA Revised Summer 2020
Basic Examples of Different Types of References
• Note: The hanging indent & double spacing of references are not illustrated in the below
examples. The purpose of the examples is to show formatting for each type of reference.
How to format a reference for a book:
Basic format:
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Publisher.
Example:
Smith, R. C., & Fala, R. R. (1991). Fairy Tales for your pets. McGraw-Hill.
For more detailed information and examples, check out:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/ref
erence_list_books.html
How to format a reference for an article in a periodical (i.e., journals & magazines):
Basic format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume
number(issue number), pages. https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
Article in Journal Paginated by Volume
Snow, J. F. (2016). Fundamentals for preparing for winter. Journal of Comparative and
Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
Article in Journal Paginated by Issue
Fala, M. (1996). The purpose of listening to boring people. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5-13.
Article in a Magazine
Smith, H. A., III. (1990, April). Are grades really that important? Time, 135, 28-31.
For more detailed information, check out:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/ref
erence_list_articles_in_periodicals.html
Quick Tips for APA Revised Summer 2020
How to Format Electronic Sources
Webpage or Piece of Online Content
(All examples and narrative for Webpage or Piece of Online Content, unless otherwise noted, are from
Purdue OWL,
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_li
st_electronic_sources.html)
“Individual webpages and documents hosted online are cited similarly to print content. Note,
however, that the URL is typically included at the end of the entry. The URL may, at the author’s
discretion, be left as an active link. Include additional information (like translators, editors, first
edition publication date, and so on) as you would for print sources” (“Purdue University”, n.d.,
para 1).
Basic format:
Author Lastname, A. A. & Author B. B. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
Example:
Price, D. (2018, March 23). Laziness does not exist. Medium.
https://humanparts.medium.com/laziness-does-not-exist-3af27e312d01
If the resource was written by a group or organization, use the name of the group/organization as
the author. Additionally, if the author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the
citation.
Example:
Group name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Site name. URL
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice
served: Case closed for over 40 dogfighting victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justiceserved-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting-victims
Article from an Online Periodical
“Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all information the online
host makes available, including an issue number in parentheses” (“Purdue University”, n.d., para
2).
Basic format:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical,
volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved from
https://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Quick Tips for APA Revised Summer 2020
Bernstein, B. (2016). 10 tips on raising bears in your home. A List Apart: For People Who Love
Bears, 149. Retrieved from https://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
Article from an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned
(All examples and narrative for Article from an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned, unless otherwise
noted, are from Purdue OWL,
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_li
st_electronic_sources.html)
Basic format:
Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, Vol.(Issue), page
numbers. DOI
Example:
Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P. T. (2006). Development and validation of the
active empathetic listening scale. Psychology & Marketing, 23(2), 161180. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105
Article from an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned
“If an online scholarly journal article has no DOI and is published on a website, include the
URL. If an online scholarly article has no DOI and is published on a databased, do not include a
URL or any database information. The only exception is for databases that publish articles that
are in limited circulation (like ERIC) or that are only available on that particular database (like
UpToDate). You should also include the date that you accessed the article” (“Purdue OWL,”
2020, para. 9).
Basic format:
Perreault, L. (2019). Obesity in adults: Role of physical activity and exercise. UpToDate.
Retrieved January 12, 2020, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adultsrole-of-physical-activity-and-exercise
For more detailed information on electronic sources check out:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/ref
erence_list_electronic_sources.html
Quick Tips for APA Revised Summer 2020
References
Bishop, J. P. (2012). The APA bubble paper. Wilmington University.
Kent State University. (2019). Definition of plagiarism. Retrieved from
https://www.kent.edu/plagiarism/what-plagiarism
Purdue University online writing lab (n.d.). Retrieved July 7, 2020, from
http://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html
Quick Tips for APA Revised Summer 2020
Publication Manual, Seventh Edition
APA Style
Lecture Slides
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their
courses.
Publication Manual, Seventh Edition
Reference
List
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their
courses.
REFERENCES
Reference List
3
 Check your work to ensure no works cited
in the text are missing from the reference list.
o A reference list provides a reliable way for readers to identify and
locate the works cited in your paper.
o In general, each work cited in the text must appear in the reference
list, and each work in the reference list must be cited in the text.
o Exceptions that do not need a reference list entry are:
 personal communications
 general mentions of websites and periodicals
 common software and apps
 quotations from research participants in your own study
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 2.12 and 8.4
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
4
Reference Elements
An APA Style
reference has
four elements:
These elements
answer the
following questions:
Author
Who?
Date
When?
Title
What?
Source
Where?
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Section 9.4
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
5
Where to Find Reference Information
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Section 10.1
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
6
Author
o WHO is responsible for the work
o The author can be
 an individual
 multiple individuals
 a group (institution, government agency, organization, etc.)
 both individuals and groups
o Examples of authors are
 people who write books and journal, magazine, and newspaper articles
 editors of books
 directors of films
 composers of songs
 government agencies that produce reports
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Section 9.7
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
7
Author
G E N E R A L F O R M AT
o Separate authors’ names with a comma.
o Use an ampersand (&) before the final author, even when there are only
two authors. End with a period.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
o For a work with no author, start the reference with the title of the work.
 On a page from an organizational or
government website, the organization or
government agency itself is considered
the author, unless otherwise specified.
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.8–9.12
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
8
Author
WORK WITH LESS THAN 21 AUTHORS
o List all authors’ names in the reference list entry. Separate the names with
commas and put an ampersand before the last author.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., & Author, D. D.,
WORK WITH 21 OR MORE AUTHORS
o List the first 19 authors’ names, insert an ellipsis (. . .) in place of other
authors, and then list the final author’s name (without an ampersand).
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E.,
Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J.,
Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O.,
Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., . . . Author, Z. Z.
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.8–9.12
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
9
Author
F O R M AT O F I N D I V I D U A L A U T H O R N A M E S
o Invert author names: Put the last name first, followed by a comma and
the author’s initials.
o Use one space between initials.
o Write the name exactly as it appears on the published work, retaining
the capitalization, hyphenation, two-part names, etc.
hooks, b.
Santos-García, S., & Velasco Rodríguez, M. L.
van der Waal, P. N.
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.7–9.11
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
10
Author
F O R M AT O F G R O U P A U T H O R N A M E S
o Provide the full, official name of the group, followed by a period.
National Institute of Mental Health.
o Use only an ampersand (without a comma) to separate two group authors.
United States Environmental Protection Agency & National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences.
o When multiple government agencies are listed on a work, use the most
specific agency as the author. Include the broader bureau or department of
which the agency is a part in the source.
National Institute of Nursing Research. (2015). A family’s perspective: Pediatric
palliative care stories (NIH Publication No. 15-NR-8018). U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
https://www.ninr.nih.gov/sites/files/docs/NINR_508c_FamilyStories_0.pdf
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.7–9.11
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
11
Author
The following roles are
abbreviated in references:
SPECIALIZED ROLES
o Sometimes it is necessary to describe a
contributor’s role, such as book editors, film
directors, and executive producers of TV shows.
o Identify a specialized role in parentheses after
the author’s name.
Abbreviation
Role
Ed. (Eds.)
editor(s)
Narr. (Narrs.)
narrator(s)
Trans.
translator(s)
Wong, C. T. (Ed.).
Jefferson, C. (Writer), & Scanlon, C. (Director).
M. Schur, D. Miner, M. Sackett, & D. Goddard (Executive Producer)
o If an author has more than one role, separate them with an ampersand (&).
Coppola, S. (Writer & Director).
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.7–9.11
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
12
Date
o WHEN the work was published or created
o The date can be
 a year (2020)
 a year and month (2020, May)
 a year, month, and day (2020, May 5)
 a year and season (2020, Fall)
 a range of dates (2015–2020)
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.13–9.17
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
13
Date
G E N E R A L F O R M AT
o Put the date in parentheses, followed by a period and a space.
(2020).
(2020, February).
(2020, February 3).
(2020, Winter).
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.13–9.17
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
14
Date
N O D AT E
o When a work does not have a date, use “n.d.” (which stands for “no date”).
Camp, S. R. (n.d.).
A P P R O X I M AT E D AT E
o When the date of original publication is approximate (for religious or
classical works), use “ca.” (which stands for “circa”).
(ca. 1886).
NOT YET PUBLISHED
o When a journal article has been accepted for publication but is not yet
published, use “in press.”
Eyenga, F. (in press).
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.13–9.17
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
15
Date
Y E A R O N LY D AT E
o Most references include only the year as the date, including:
 journal articles
 books
 edited book chapters
 reports
 films
o Put the year in parentheses, followed by a period and a space.
Kahneman, D. (2011).
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.13–9.17
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
16
Date
S P E C I F I C D AT E
o Use more specific dates for works published on a regular basis, including:
 newspaper and magazine articles
 blog posts
 YouTube videos
 social media posts
o Include the year first, then a comma and the month, day, and/or season in
parentheses, followed by a period and a space.
Adler, S. E. (2018, November).
o For webpages and websites, provide as specific a date as possible.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, February 4).
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.13–9.17
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
Date
R E T R I E VA L D AT E
17
 Most references do
not need retrieval dates.
o Include a retrieval date only for a work that is designed to change over
time and when you are not citing an archived version of the webpage.
o Works with references that commonly require retrieval dates:
 articles from the UpToDate database
 updated social media profile pages
 online dictionary entries
o The retrieval date, when needed, appears in the source element of the
reference in the format: “Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL”
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Culture. In Merriam-Webster.com online
dictionary. Retrieved March 25, 2019, from https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/culture
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.16
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
18
Title
o WHAT the work is called or a description of it
o There are two broad categories of titles for the following works:
Works that stand alone
 books
• reports
• dissertations and theses
• data sets
• computer software
• mobile apps
• films and YouTube videos
• social media posts
• whole TV series
• webpages and websites
Works that are part of a
greater whole
 journal articles
 magazine articles
 newspaper articles
• blog posts
• edited book chapters
• dictionary and encyclopedia
entries
• songs
• TV or podcast episodes
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.18–9.22
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
19
Title
W O R K S T H AT S TA N D A L O N E
o Write the title in italic sentence case, followed by a period and a space.
 Lowercase most words.
 Capitalize the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns.
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
W O R K S T H AT A R E PA R T O F A G R E AT E R W H O L E
o Write the title in sentence case without italics, followed by a period and
a space.
Wentzel, K. R., Muenks, K., McNeish, D., & Russell, S. (2018). Emotional
support, social goals, and classroom behavior: A multilevel, multisite
study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(5), 611–627.
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.18–9.22
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
20
Title
PA R E N T H E T I C A L I N F O R M AT I O N
o Use to note an edition number, volume number, report number, etc.
o Place in parentheses after the title, without italics
o Place a period after, but not before, the parenthetical information.
United States Environmental Protection Agency & National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences. (2017). NIEHS/EPA children’s
environmental health and disease prevention research centers
impact report: Protecting children’s health where they live, learn,
and play (Publication No. EPA/600/R-17/407).
o Separate multiple pieces of information in the same parentheses with a
comma. If there is an edition and a volume number, place the edition first.
Nursing: A concept-based approach to learning (2nd ed., Vol. 1).
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Section 9.19
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
21
Title
Common examples of
bracketed descriptions:
BRACKETED DESCRIPTIONS
Description
o Use to
 label any work outside the peer-reviewed
academic literature
 identify and distinguish the context of a work
(e.g., dissertation, issue brief)
o Describe the work in square brackets after the title.
o Capitalize the first letter of the description. Do not
italicize it.
o Place a period after, but not before, a bracketed
description.
Giertz, S. (2018, April). Why you should make
useless things [Video]. TED Conferences.
[Computer software]
[Data set]
[Doctoral dissertation]
[Film]
[Lecture notes]
[Master’s thesis]
[Mobile app]
[Photograph]
[PowerPoint slides]
[TV series]
[Song]
[Status update]
[Tweet]
[YouTube video]
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.21
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
22
Source
o WHERE the work can be retrieved
o Works that stand alone: The work’s publisher, database or archive,
social media site, or website, plus any DOI or URL.
o Works that are part of a greater whole: Information about the greater
whole (e.g., journal or book), plus any DOI or URL.
o For works without a source, do one of the following:
 Cite the work as a personal communication in the text only (no list
reference entry).
 Locate and cite another work that your readers can retrieve.
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.23–9.37
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
23
Source
W O R K S T H AT S TA N D A L O N E
o Write the source in standard (nonbold, nonitalic) font and in sentence case.
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
W O R K S T H AT A R E PA R T O F A G R E AT E R W H O L E
o Write the first part of the source in italic title case—for example, italicize
the name of a periodical and its volume number. The rest of the source is
written in standard (nonbold, nonitalic) font.
Wentzel, K. R., Muenks, K., McNeish, D., & Russell, S. (2018). Emotional
support, social goals, and classroom behavior: A multilevel, multisite
study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(5), 611–627.
Mettler, K. (2019, February 25). An iceberg twice the size of New York City
is about to break off of Antarctica. The Washington Post.
https://wapo.st/2tKh9mt
Publication Manual (7th ed.) Sections 9.23–9.37
Copyright 2020 by the American Psychological Association. This material is intended for the educational use of the instructor in their courses.
REFERENCES
24
Source
F O R M AT
o Put a period after the periodical, publisher, database or archive, social
media site, or website name.
o Do not include a physical loc