Description
Competency
Analyze the impact of ethical principles applied to the allocation of health resources.
Scenario
The scarcity of health resources continues to affect communities across the country negatively. Deciding how to allocate scarce resources creates significant ethical challenges for local policymakers and other stakeholders within the community.
You represent a local non-profit community health organization in Chicago. Your organization is compiling data to conduct a needs assessment to determine the feasibility of a new community-based mobile health clinic. You have been asked to review the most recent strategic plan for the city of Chicago.
The mobile clinic would offer free preventive care, urgent care, and chronic disease management services to vulnerable citizens of Chicago, who may not otherwise have the financial resources to access quality healthcare services. Your executive summary will be used to develop a needs assessment for the project.
Your targeted population is an urban, low-income community disenfranchised by current health reform policies, high unemployment, a shortage of primary care physicians, and divisive partisan attitudes regarding entitlement programs. The goal of the community-based clinic is to work collaboratively with local health facilities to reduce costs, improve access, and enhance the quality of care for underserved communities.
Instructions
Review the community health needs assessment attached below that the Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County conducted:
Pages 37 – 49 of the report highlight the city’s challenges concerning costs, access, and quality of care. Write an executive summary addressing the following questions:
What are some of the socio-economic factors that affect access to care based on the findings in the report?
What are the critical focus areas identified in the report?
Based on the report’s content, how might using a mobile health clinic address the critical focus areas?
What are some potential barriers to success for a mobile health clinic?
Grading Criterion
– Identifies the socio-economic factors that affect access to care based on the findings in the report, which specific examples and fully developed reasoning,
– Provides a thorough, detailed assessment of the critical focus areas identified in the report.
– Synthesizes how the mobile health clinic will address the critical focus area with strong supporting evidence from the report.
– Identifies and explains the potential barriers to success for a mobile health clinic with specific examples and thorough and detailed reasoning.
– All elements of a property-structured executive summary are present. Professional in tone.
Unformatted Attachment Preview
Health Impact Collaborative
of Cook County
Community Health Needs Assessment
South Region
June 2016
Participating hospitals and health departments:
»» Advocate Children’s Hospital
»» Mercy Hospital and Medical Center
»» Advocate Christ Medical Center
»» Provident Hospital – Cook County Health and
Hospital System
»» Advocate South Suburban Hospital
»» Advocate Trinity Hospital
»» Chicago Department of Public Health
»» Cook County Department of Public Health
»» Illinois Public Health Institute
healthimpactcc.org/reports2016
» Roseland Community Hospital
» Park Forest Health Department
» South Shore Hospital
» Stickney Public Health District
Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Executive Summary – South Region ………………………………………………………………………………… 4
Community description for the South region of the Health Impact Collaborative of ………….. 5
Collaborative structure …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
Stakeholder engagement ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
Mission, vision, and values …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Assessment framework and methodology …………………………………………………………………………… 7
Significant health needs ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
Key assessment findings ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Collaborative Infrastructure for Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA) in Chicago
and Cook County……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
Community and stakeholder engagement ……………………………………………………………………….. 15
Formation of the South Stakeholder Advisory Team …………………………………………………………… 17
South Leadership Team ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
Steering Committee ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
Mission, vision, and values …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
Collaborative CHNA – Assessment Model and Process ………………………………………………… 20
Community Description for the South Region ……………………………………………………………….. 21
Overview of Collaborative Assessment Methodology ………………………………………………….. 25
Methods – Forces of Change Assessment (FOCA) and Local Public Health System
Assessment (LPHSA) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
Methods – Community Health Status Assessment ………………………………………………………………. 26
Methods – Community Themes and Strengths Assessment ………………………………………………… 28
Community Survey – methods and description of respondents in South region ……………… 29
Focus Groups – methods and description of participants in South region ………………………. 30
Prioritization process, significant health needs, and Collaborative focus areas …………… 32
Health Equity and Social, Economic, and Structural Determinants of Health ………………. 37
Health inequities …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 37
Economic inequities ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
Education inequities ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
Inequities in the built environment………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
Inequities in community safety and violence……………………………………………………………………… 39
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Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County
Structural racism …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
The importance of upstream approaches …………………………………………………………………………. 40
Key Findings: Social, Economic, and Structural Determinants of Health ………………………. 41
Social Vulnerability Index and Child Opportunity Index ……………………………………………………… 41
Social Vulnerability Index…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
Childhood Opportunity Index………………………………………………………………………………………….. 42
Poverty, Economic, and Education Inequity ………………………………………………………………………. 43
Poverty ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..43
Unemployment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
Education …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………49
Built environment: Housing, infrastructure, transportation, safety, and food access—Social,
economic, and structural determinants of health ……………………………………………………………… 52
Housing and Transportation …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
Food access and food security……………………………………………………………………………………….. 53
Environmental concerns ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 53
Safety and Violence—Social, economic, and structural determinants of health ………………. 56
Structural racism and systems-level policy change—Social, economic, and structural
determinants of health ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
Health Impacts—Social, economic, and structural determinants of health ………………………. 58
Key Findings: Mental Health and Substance Use ………………………………………………………….. 61
Overview ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..61
Scope of the issue – Mental health and substance use ……………………………………………………… 63
Mental health ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
Substance use …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 66
Youth substance use ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 67
Community input on mental health and substance use…………………………………………………. 72
Key Findings: Chronic Disease……………………………………………………………………………………….. 73
Overview ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..73
Mortality related to chronic disease …………………………………………………………………………………… 75
Obesity and diabetes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 77
Asthma ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..78
Health behaviors…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 79
Persons living with HIV/AIDS ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 80
Community input on chronic disease prevention ………………………………………………………………. 81
Key Findings: Access to Care and Community Resources ……………………………………………. 82
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Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County
Overview ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..82
Insurance coverage …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 84
Self-reported use of preventative care ………………………………………………………………………………. 84
Provider availability …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 85
Prenatal care ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 87
Cultural competency and cultural humility ………………………………………………………………………… 87
Conclusion – Reflections on Collaborative CHNA ………………………………………………………… 88
*Appendices are included as a separate document
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Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County
Executive Summary – South Region
The Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County
is a partnership of hospitals, health departments,
and community organizations working to assess
community health needs and assets, and to
implement a shared plan to maximize health
equity and wellness in Chicago and Cook County.
The Health Impact Collaborative was developed
so that participating organizations can efficiently
share resources and work together on Community
Health
Needs
Assessment
(CHNA)
and
implementation planning to address community
health needs – activities that every nonprofit
hospital is now required to conduct under the
Affordable Care Act (ACA). Currently, 26 hospitals,
seven health departments, and nearly 100
community organizations across Chicago and
Cook County are partners in the Health Impact
Collaborative. The Illinois Public Health Institute
(IPHI) is serving as the process facilitator and
backbone organization for the collaborative
CHNA and implementation planning processes.
A CHNA summarizes the health needs and issues facing the communities that hospitals,
health departments, and community organizations serve. Implementation plans and
strategies serve as a roadmap for how the community health issues identified in the CHNA
are addressed. Given the large geography and population of Cook County, the
Collaborative partners decided to conduct three regional CHNAs. Each of the three regions,
North, Central, and South, include both Chicago community areas and suburban
municipalities.
IPHI and the Collaborative partners are working together to design a shared leadership
model and collaborative infrastructure to support community-engaged planning,
partnerships, and strategic alignment of implementation, which will facilitate more effective
and sustainable community health improvement in the future.
South Region CHNA
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Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County
Community description for the South region of the Health Impact
Collaborative of Cook County
This CHNA report is for the South region of the Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County.
As of the 2010 census, the South region had 2,081,036 residents which represents a 5%
decrease in total population from the year 2000. Non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic
blacks experienced the largest population decreases. Between 2000 and 2010 the nonHispanic white population decreased by 163,693 residents and the non-Hispanic black
population decreased by 65,704 residents. Despite an overall population decrease in the
South region from 2000 to 2010, the
Priority populations identified during the
Hispanic/Latino and Asian populations
assessment process include:
increased by 86,747 and 15,846 residents,
• Children and youth
• Diverse racial and ethnic communities
respectively, during the same time period.
• Homeless individuals and families
Children and adolescents represent more
• Incarcerated and formerly incarcerated
than a quarter (26%) of the population in
• Immigrants and refugees, particularly
the South region. The majority of the
undocumented immigrants
•
Individuals living with mental health
population is between ages 18 and 64 and
conditions
approximately 12% of the population is
• LGBQIA and transgender individuals
older adults aged 65 and over. Overall, the
• Older adults and caregivers
South region is extremely diverse and
• People living with disabilities
• Unemployed
several priority groups were identified
• Uninsured and underinsured
during the assessment process.
•
Veterans and former military
Collaborative structure
Six nonprofit hospitals, one public hospital, four health departments, and approximately 30
stakeholders partnered on the CHNA for the South region. The participating hospitals are
Advocate Christ Medical Center and Children’s Hospital, Advocate South Suburban Hospital,
Advocate Trinity Hospital, Mercy Hospital and Medical Center, Provident Hospital of Cook
County, and Roseland Community Hospital. Health departments are key partners in leading
the Health Impact Collaborative and conducting the CHNA. The participating health
departments in the South region are Chicago Department of Public Health, Cook County
Department of Public Health, Park Forest Health Department, and Stickney Health
Department.
The leadership structure of the Health Impact Collaborative includes a Steering Committee,
Regional Leadership Teams, and Stakeholder Advisory Teams. Collectively, the hospitals and
health departments serve as the Regional Leadership Team.
Stakeholder engagement
The Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County is focused on community-engaged
assessment, planning, and implementation. Stakeholders and community partners have
been involved in multiple ways throughout this assessment process, both in terms of
community input data and as decision-making partners. To ensure meaningful ongoing
South Region CHNA
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Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County
involvement, each region’s Stakeholder Advisory Team has met monthly during the
assessment phase to provide input at every stage and to engage in consensus-based
decision making. Additional opportunities for stakeholder engagement during assessment
have included participation in hospitals’ community advisory groups, community input
through surveys and focus groups, and there will be many additional opportunities for
engagement as action planning begins in the summer of 2016. The Stakeholder Advisory
Team members bring diverse perspectives and expertise, and represent populations
affected by health inequities including diverse racial and ethnic groups, immigrants and
refugees, older adults, youth, homeless individuals, unemployed, uninsured, and veterans.
Mission, vision, and values
IPHI facilitated a three-month process that involved the participating hospitals, health
departments, and diverse community stakeholders to develop a collaborative-wide mission,
vision, and values to guide the CHNA and implementation work. The mission, vision, and
values have been at the forefront of all discussion and decision making for assessment and
will continue to guide action planning and implementation.
Mission:
The Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County will work collaboratively with
communities to assess community health needs and assets and implement a shared plan
to maximize health equity and wellness.
Vision:
Improved health equity, wellness, and quality of life across Chicago and Cook County
Values:
1) We believe the highest level of health for all people can only be achieved through the
pursuit of social justice and elimination of health disparities and inequities.
2) We value having a shared vision and goals with alignment of strategies to achieve
greater collective impact while addressing the unique needs of our individual
communities.
3) Honoring the diversity of our communities, we value and will strive to include all voices
through meaningful community engagement and participatory action.
4) We are committed to emphasizing assets and strengths and ensuring a process that
identifies and builds on existing community capacity and resources.
5) We are committed to data-driven decision making through implementation of
evidence-based practices, measurement and evaluation, and using findings to inform
resource allocation and quality improvement.
6) We are committed to building trust and transparency through fostering an atmosphere
of open dialogue, compromise, and decision making.
7) We are committed to high quality work to achieve the greatest impact possible.
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Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County
Assessment framework and methodology
The Collaborative used the MAPP Assessment framework. The MAPP framework promotes a
system focus, emphasizing the importance of community engagement, partnership
development, shared resources, shared values, and the dynamic interplay of factors and
forces within the public health system. The four MAPP assessments are:
•
Community Health Status Assessment (CHSA)
•
Community Themes and Strengths Assessment (CTSA)
•
Forces of Change Assessment (FOCA)
•
Local Public Health System Assessment (LPHSA)
The Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County chose this community-driven assessment
model to ensure that the assessment and identification of priority health issues was informed
by the direct participation of stakeholders and community residents.
The four MAPP assessments were conducted in partnership with Collaborative members and
the results were analyzed and discussed in monthly Stakeholder Advisory Team meetings.
Community Health Status Assessment (CHSA). IPHI worked with the Chicago Department of
Public Health and Cook County Department of Public Health to develop the Community
Health Status Assessment. This Health Impact Collaborative CHNA process provided an
opportunity to look at data across Chicago and suburban jurisdictions and to share data
across health departments in new ways. The Collaborative partners selected approximately
60 indicators across seven major categories for the Community Health Status Assessment. 1 In
keeping with the mission, vision, and values of the Collaborative, equity was a focus of the
Community Health Status Assessment.
Community Themes and Strengths Assessment (CTSA). The Community Themes and Strengths
Assessment included both focus groups and community resident surveys. Approximately
5,200 surveys were collected from community residents through targeted outreach to
communities affected by health disparities across the city and county between October
2015 and January 2016. About 2,250 of the surveys were collected from residents in the South
region. The survey was disseminated in four languages and was available in paper and
online formats. Between October 2015 and March 2016, IPHI conducted eight focus groups
in the South region. Focus group participants were recruited from populations that are
typically underrepresented in community health assessments including diverse racial and
ethno-cultural groups; immigrants; limited English speakers; families with children; older adults;
lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, intersex, and asexual (LGBQIA) individuals; transgender
individuals; formerly incarcerated adults; individuals living with mental illness; and veterans
and former military.
1 The seven data indicator categories—demographics, socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, physical
environment, healthcare and clinical care, mental health, and health outcomes—were adapted from the
County Health Rankings model.
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Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County
Forces of Change Assessment (FOCA) and Local Public Health System Assessment (LPHSA).
The Chicago and Cook County Departments of Public Health each conducted a Forces of
Change Assessment and a Local Public Health System Assessment in 2015, so the
Collaborative was able to leverage and build off of that data. IPHI facilitated interactive
discussions at the August and October 2015 Stakeholder Advisory Team meetings to reflect
on the findings, gather input on new or additional information, and prioritize key findings
impacting the region.
Significant health needs
Stakeholder Advisory Teams in collaboration with hospitals and health departments prioritized
the strategic issues that arose during the CHNA. The guiding principles and criteria for the
selection of priority issues were rooted in data-driven decision making and based on the
Collaborative’s mission, vision, and values. In addition, partners were encouraged to prioritize
issues that will require a collaborative approach in order to make an impact. Very similar
priority issues rose to the top through consensus decision making in the South, Central, and
North regions of Chicago and Cook County.
Through collaborative prioritization processes involving hospitals, health departments,
and Stakeholder Advisory Teams, the Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County
identified four focus areas as significant health needs:
•
Improving social, economic, and structural determinants of health while
reducing social and economic inequities. *
•
Improving mental health and decreasing substance abuse.
•
Preventing and reducing chronic disease, with a focus on risk factors –
nutrition, physical activity, and tobacco.
•
Increasing access to care and community resources.
* All hospitals within the Collaborative will include the first focus area – Improving social,
economic, and structural determinants of health – as a priority in their CHNA and
implementation plan. Each hospital will also select at least one of the other focus areas as a
priority.
Based on community stakeholder and resident input throughout the assessment process, the
Collaborative’s Steering Committee made the decision to establish Social, Economic and
Structural Determinants of Health as a collaborative-wide priority. Regional and
collaborative-wide planning will start in summer 2016 based on alignment of hospital-specific
priorities.
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Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County
Key assessment findings
1. Improving social, economic, and structural determinants of health while reducing
social and economic inequities.
The social and structural determinants of health such as poverty, unequal access to
healthcare, lack of education, structural racism, and environmental conditions, are
underlying root causes of health inequities.2 Additionally, social determinants of health often
vary by geography, gender, sexual orientation, age, race, disability, and ethnicity. 2 The
strong connections between social, economic, and environmental factors and health are
apparent in Chicago and suburban Cook County, with health inequities being even more
pronounced than most of the national trends.
Figure 1.1. Summary of key assessment findings related to the social, economic, and
structural determinants of health
Social, Economic, and Structural Determinants of Health
Poverty and economic equity.
African Americans, Hispanic/Latinos, and Asians have higher rates of poverty than non-Hispanic whites
and lower annual household incomes. More than half (54%) of children and adolescents in the South
region live at or below the 200% Federal Poverty Level. In Chicago and suburban Cook County,
residents in communities with high economic hardship have life spans that are five years shorter on
average compared to other areas of the county.
Unemployment.
The unemployment rate in the South region from 2009 to 2013 was 17% compared to 9.2% overall in the
U.S. African American/blacks in Chicago and suburban Cook County have an unemployment rate that
is three times higher (22.5%) than the rate for whites (7.5%) and Asians (7.1%).
Education.
The rate of poverty is higher among those without a high school education, and those without a high
school education are more likely to develop chronic illnesses. The overall high school graduation rates
in the South region (83%) are only slightly lower than the state and national averages of 85% and 84%,
respectively. However, the high school graduation rates for the South region (83%) are substantially
lower than those in neighboring DuPage (94%) and Will (91%) counties.
Housing and transportation.
Many residents indicated poor housing conditions in the South region and a lack of quality affordable
housing that leads to cost-burdened households, crowded housing, and homelessness. There are
inequities in access to public transportation options and transportation services for multiple communities
in the city and suburbs of the South region.
Environmental concerns.
Climate change, poor air quality, changes in water quality, radon, and lead exposure are
environmental factors that were identified as having the potential to affect the health of residents in the
South region. The South region is particularly vulnerable to natural and manmade disasters and disease
outbreaks due to its areas of high economic hardship and low economic opportunity. In addition,
vacant or foreclosed housing has contributed to the long-term economic decline and divestment in the
South region and has caused a noticeable increase in crime.
Safety and Violence.
Firearm-related and homicide mortality are highest among Hispanic/Latinos and African
American/blacks in the South region. Police violence, gang activity, drug use/drug trafficking, intimate
partner violence, child abuse, and robbery were some of the safety concerns identified by residents in
the South region. The South and Central regions of the collaborative are disproportionately affected by
trauma, safety issues, and community violence.
2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). CDC Health Disparities and Inequalities Report. Morbidity and
Mortality Weekly Report, 62(3)
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Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County
Disparities related to socioeconomic status, built environment, safety and violence, policies,
and structural racism were identified in the South region as being key drivers of community
health and individual health outcomes.
2. Improving mental health and decreasing substance abuse.
Mental health and substance use arose as key issues in each of the four assessment
processes in the South region. Community mental health issues are exacerbated by longstanding inadequate funding as well as recent cuts to social services, healthcare, and public
health. The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes the need for a network of
community-based mental health services. 3 The WHO has found that the closure of mental
health hospitals and facilities is often not accompanied by the development of communitybased services and this leads to a service vacuum.3 In addition, research indicates that
better integration of behavioral health services, including substance use treatment into the
healthcare continuum, can have a positive impact on overall health outcomes. 4
Figure 1.2. Summary of key assessment findings related to mental health and substance use
Mental Health and Substance Use
Community-based mental health care and funding.
Community mental health issues are being exacerbated by long-standing inadequacies in funding as
well as recent cuts to social services, healthcare, and public health. Socioeconomic inequities, disparities
in healthcare access, housing issues, racism, discrimination, stigma, mass incarceration of individuals with
mental illness, community safety issues, violence, and trauma are all negatively impacting the mental
health of residents in the South region.
There are several communities that have high Emergency Department visit rates for mental health,
intentional injury/suicide, substance use, and heavy drinking in the South region. Focus group
participants and survey respondents in the South region reported stigma, cost or lack of insurance, lack
of knowledge about where to get services, and wait times for treatment as barriers to accessing needed
mental health treatment. Community survey respondents from the South region indicated that financial
strain and debt were the biggest factors contributing to feelings of stress in their daily lives.
Substance use.
The lack of effective substance use prevention, easy access to alcohol and other drugs, the use of
substances to self-medicate in lieu of access to mental health services and the criminalization of
addiction are factors and trends affecting community health and the local public health system in the
South region. There are several barriers to accessing mental health and substance use treatment and
services including social stigma, continued funding cuts, and mental health/substance use provider
shortages. The need for policy changes that decriminalize substance use and connect individuals with
treatment and services were identified as needs in the South region.
3. Preventing and reducing chronic disease, with a focus on risk factors – nutrition,
physical activity, and tobacco.
Chronic disease prevention was another strategic issue that arose in all the assessments. The
number of individuals in the U.S. who are living with a chronic disease is projected to
3 World Health Organization. (2007). http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/notes/2007/np25/en/
4 American Hospital Association. (2012). Bringing behavioral health into the care continuum: opportunities to
improve quality, costs, and outcomes. http://www.aha.org/research/reports/tw/12jan-tw-behavhealth.pdf
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Health Impact Collaborative of Cook County
continue increasing well into the future. 5 In addition, chronic diseases accounted for
approximately 64% of deaths in Chicago in 2014.6 As a result, it will be increasingly important
for the healthcare system to focus on prevention of chronic disease and the provision of
ongoing care management.5
Figure 1.3. Summary of key assessment findings related to chronic disease
Chronic Disease
Policy, systems, and environment
Findings from community focus groups, the Forces of Change Assessment (FOCA), and the Local Public
Health System Assessment (LPHSA) emphasized the important role of health environments and policies
supporting healthy eating and active living. Nearly half (47%) of community survey respondents in the
South region indicated challenges in availability of healthy foods in their community. Nearly a third (30%)
of survey respondents reported few parks and recreation facilities in their communities, and 47% of
survey respondents rated the quality and convenience of bike lanes in their community to be “fair,”
“poor”, or “very poor.”
Health Behaviors.
The majority of adults in suburban Cook County (84.9%) and Chicago (70.8%) self-report eating less than
five daily servings of fruits and vegetables a day. In addition, more than a quarter of adults in suburban
Cook County (28%) and Chicago (29%) report not engaging in physical activity during leisure times.
Approximately 14% of youth in suburban Cook County and 22% of youth in Chicago report not engaging
in physical activity during leisure time. Poor diet and a lack of physical activity are two
