Literature Review on Teen Pregnancy

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Topic: I need a literature review on Teen Pregnancy. There needs to be 5 different public health articles in it and cited. I have attached a couple examples of what a Literature Review should look like. I am copying and pasting my professors instructions for this assignment below:Each student will conduct a summary literature review of 5 public health articles. Resources for the literature review may include PubMed, bibliographies from key papers, etc. You may want to investigate individual, social and environmental factors related to your topic, or you may choose to focus on specific interventions for your topic. This is 1/3 of my grade so no plagarism or anything please!!

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Running head: EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION
The Effects of Communication Styles on Marital Satisfaction
Hannah Yager
University of West Florida
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EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION
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Abstract
The differences in communication styles between men and women have been a
topic of interest in the research world for many years. These differences may lead to
miscommunication, conflict, and even dissatisfaction between couples. This study
analyzes the communication styles among genders, more specifically among married
couples. It questions how differences in communication styles between married couples
married five years or less affect marital satisfaction. The study will be conducted
through the use of an interaction analysis. Its goal is to increase the amount of
knowledge regarding effective communication and how it relates to marital satisfaction
in order to ultimately aid in the rise of marital satisfaction and the decrease of the
divorce rate in the United States.
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION
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Today, divorce has become a very common part of life, and it is likely that
ineffective communication plays a crucial role in the failure of many marriages.
Communication may lead to the success of a marriage or to its detriment, depending on
its level of effectiveness. This effectiveness of communication is likely connected to the
overall satisfaction of married couples and is worthy to be studied in order to increase
marital satisfaction.
Learning more about the differences in communication styles between men and
women will aid in the more successful sending and receiving of messages, both verbal
and nonverbal. For example, a woman may communicate in a way that has meaning to
her. However, the man receiving the message may interpret it differently than she
intended due to their differences in communication style. This can cause conflict and
lead to further problems in the relationship. However, if the man decoding the message
were familiar with his wife’s style of communication, he may have interpreted it properly
therefore avoiding a conflict situation. The reverse, when men are communicating to
women, is also true. Husbands and wives are interdependent, and their level of
commitment and desire to maintain a healthy relationship often depends on the other
person (Weigel & Ballard-Reisch, 2008).
Conventional wisdom says that there is no such thing as lack of communication.
A person always communicates something, whether intentional or not. Becoming more
aware of how one’s own self communicates will also aid in more healthy communication
between spouses.
This literature review will discuss nonverbal communication styles, including
flirtation, and conflict communication, including communicated perspective-taking.
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION
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This study will further advance communication research by helping people
discover more about their personal communication styles as men and women and by
helping them communicate more effectively with their partners. In a culture where
marriage is considered a risk, it is crucial to conduct studies that will help further the
knowledge on how to have a successful marriage.
Review of Literature
Nonverbal Communication
To many, nonverbal communication may take a back seat to verbal
communication. It is often overlooked and may be deemed unimportant. However, this
aspect of communication speaks volumes. Nonverbal communication may consist of
looking, smiling, frowning, touching, or expressions of surprise as seen in Weisfeld and
Stack’s research study (2002). Women have been found to exhibit these forms of
communication more often than men. Weisfeld and Stack studied nonverbal behaviors
related to the closeness of a couple and found that women looked at their partners for a
significantly longer amount of time as compared to men. The average length of a wife’s
look was 7.5 seconds while the husband’s was 4.5 seconds. However, while men
express less emotion and nonverbal communication, this may not necessarily mean that
they are not listening when their wives speak to them. For instance, Weisfeld and Stack
theorized that men may show less emotion because they have been taught to dampen
emotions such as anger. When a husband and wife have a disagreement, the situation
can escalate quickly if the husband fully expresses his emotions by becoming violent.
Therefore, it was suggested that many men fail to show emotion in general because
they have trained themselves to be “emotionless” in these conflict situations. Sabatelli,
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION
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Buck, and Dyer (1982) also suggested that this is true. In their study focusing on
nonverbal communication and its relationship to marital complaints, they found that
wives who had husbands who were good communicators tended to have more
complaints about their husbands. Their hypothesis was that because men are expected
to tone down their emotions, having good nonverbal communication skills may be seen
as socially unacceptable to their wives.
It is important to consider who the more effective communicator is so that we can
learn from each other on how to communicate better. Noller (1980) found that there is a
connection between a couple’s marital adjustment and their skill at communication. She
had each participant first take the Marital Adjustment Test (Locke & Wallace, 1959) to
determine their overall marital satisfaction. Then, after the couples’ communication was
studied, the results showed that those with low marital adjustment demonstrated
considerably fewer good nonverbal communications than those with high marital
adjustment. However, the question must be raised: Do couples have a higher marital
adjustment because they have good communication, or do couples have good
communication because they are happy within their marriage?
Women were found to be better nonverbal communicators across several studies
(Noller, 1980; Sabatelli et al., 1982). However, being an effective communicator
involves both encoding and decoding messages. Women have a natural tendency to be
more expressive. Therefore, men were found to make more errors than women when
encoding messages (Noller, 1980). However, it was also found that women were not
better decoders, or receivers of messages, than men. Though it is quite possible that
this was due to the husbands’ poor ability to encode messages effectively. The same
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION
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was found in other studies (Sabatelli et al., 1982; Koerner & Fitzpatrick, 2002).
Additional findings by Sabatelli et al. and Koerner and Fitzpatrick also suggest that
familiarity plays a role in how effective nonverbal communication is. In both of their
studies, participants encoded and decoded messages to their partners. The interaction
was recorded and evaluated by judges who attempted to decode the same interactions.
Both studies revealed that the spouses were significantly more skilled at decoding their
partners’ messages, implying that couples may become more successful at interpreting
their spouses’ nonverbal communication over time.
Communication Styles When Flirting. Flirting is often associated with the start
of a couple’s relationship. It is employed when one shows interest in another person or
when one wishes to demonstrate sexual attraction. As demonstrated in Horan and
Booth-Butterfield’s (2010) study, receiving affection is directly related to relational
satisfaction. While giving affection is connected to commitment in a relationship.
However, many may wonder if the act of flirting continues in committed relationships
such as marriage. Is there a reason to flirt within marriage, and if so, how do women
and men differ in their flirtation styles? In Frisby and Booth-Butterfield’s (2012) study on
the purpose of flirtation, they found that a major reason for flirtation within a marriage
was to create a private world between the couple and to motivate sex. They also found
that women were more likely than men to use attentive flirting, in which the woman
shows a great amount of concern for her husband. However in a separate study on
flirtation motivation, men were also found to utilize attentive flirting in order to make their
wives feel beautiful (Frisby, 2009). In concordance with previous research, Frisby found
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION
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that men typically flirt to encourage sex, and women often flirt to focus on attention, fun,
and interest in their spouses.
Another difference in flirtation style may occur due to the differences in the
amount of expressiveness between men and women. Weisfeld and Stack (2002)
conducted a study on nonverbal communication related to the closeness of married
couples. Their research shows that on average, women smile and laugh significantly
more than men. According to the same study, 78% of the spontaneous touches that
occurred during the experiment were initiated by women, demonstrating that women’s
flirtation style is much more animated.
Conflict Communication Styles
One inevitable aspect of any marriage is conflict. We as humans will always have
disagreements that must be resolved, and as men and women, we have many
differences in communication styles. It is possible that these differences are the cause
of conflict situations within marriage. Hanzal and Segrin (2009) found this to be true in
their study of negative affectivity, a personality trait that tends to cause distressing
reactions to negative situations. They found that spouses’ use of harmful
communication styles during conflict was directly related to not only their own marital
satisfaction but also their partners’.
During conflict, husbands and wives may demonstrate positive problem solving,
positive verbal communication, compliance, defensiveness, stubbornness, conflict
engagement, withdrawal from interaction, contempt, anger, fear, sadness, and whining,
as revealed by Gottman and Krokoff (1989). In their study on what makes a marriage
satisfying, they found that the use of these types of communication by certain spouses
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION
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may lead to dissatisfaction in a marriage. For example, defensiveness, stubbornness,
and withdrawal were found to produce marital discontent over time, especially when
exhibited by the husband. Based on this research study, it is evident that marital
satisfaction is more related to negative communication than positive. It was revealed
that, in particular, the wives’ sadness and the husbands’ whining, examples of negative
communication, were both connected to overall marital dissatisfaction. Interestingly, it
was also discovered that spouses were more content in their marriages when the wives
expressed anger during conflict and less content when they expressed fear and
sadness. One explanation for this could be that men respond better when their wives
communicate in similar way as they do such as being direct when expressing
frustration.
Another aspect of conflict communication is partner appraisal, or a spouse’s
perceptions of the other (Sanford, 2006). In Sanford’s study, three types of appraisal
were studied: expectancies for partner understanding, expectancies for partner negative
communication, and negative attributions for partner behavior. He maintained that
based on a spouse’s appraisal of the other, his/her behavior will change. For example, if
the wife expects her husband to be harsh and negative when a conflict arises, she will
begin the argument already in a defensive mode. On the contrary, if she expects her
husband to be accepting and kind, she will act in the same manner. Sanford’s study
found that wives’ expectancies produced within-person behavior change more so than
men’s, implying that women are more susceptible to the effects of their appraisal.
Communicated Perspective-Taking. One way to resolve marital conflict
effectively is for both spouses to see things through the other’s point of view. Kellas and
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION
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colleagues (2013) referred to it as perspective-taking. It demonstrates that a person
cares for his/her spouse and is making a conscious effort to resolve any issues. The
research team found that the main way spouses sensed perspective-taking from their
partners was through agreement behaviors such as confirmation, supportiveness, and
taking ownership of faults. However, there were significant differences in how husbands
and wives perceived perspective-taking individually. When husbands observed negative
or unsupportive behaviors from their wives more often, they were less likely to rate them
as understanding their perspectives. When husbands observed attentiveness from their
wives, they were more likely to see them as taking their perspectives. Conversely,
negative behaviors, such as inattentiveness and disagreement, were the only factors
that related to wives’ perceptions about their husbands’ perspective-taking, verifying the
differences in communication preferences between men and women. Overall, this study
demonstrates the great effects of negative communication on the perceptions of
perspective-taking between spouses.
Communication among couples is a topic that has been thoroughly studied.
However, further study of the differences in communication styles between men and
women will lead to better understanding. Specifically, communication among newlywed
couples should be studied in order to learn what may be causing strife early in a
marriage and ultimately lead to better understanding of how to maintain a successful
marriage. Therefore, the following research question is raised.
RQ: How do differences in communication styles between married couples
married five years or less affect marital satisfaction?
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION
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Method
To answer the proposed research question, I would utilize interaction analysis.
The sampling frame would consist of any person who has obtained a marriage license
in Florida within the last five years, which would produce a diverse group of newlywed
people who have varying incomes, careers, and education. To choose the sample,
systematic sampling would be employed. The twenty third name on the list would be
selected and every twentieth name from that point on would be chosen. Forty couples
would be selected.
To begin the study, participants would first be asked to take the Marital
Adjustment Test (Locke and Wallace, 1959) individually and in private to determine their
satisfaction in marriage. In the next part of the research process, three types of
communication would be examined: nonverbal, conflict, and flirtation. To assess
nonverbal communication, couples would be placed in a room that contained a kitchen
and everything they may need to cook a meal. Recipes would be provided and couples
would be asked to make a three course meal with their spouses. The interaction would
be videotaped and transcribed. A coding scheme would be developed based on the
different types of nonverbal cues that occurred. To evaluate conflict communication,
participants would be prompted to tell a story about a time when they experienced a
stressful or tense time in their marriage. Again, the interaction would be videotaped and
transcribed, and the coding scheme would be developed based on the different types of
positive and negative conflict communication that occurred. Flirtation among spouses
would be assessed throughout the entire research process including cooking the meal
and discussing a stressful time in marriage. The data produced would be compared to
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION
participants’ scores on the Marital Adjustment Test to determine how their
communication style relates to their marital satisfaction.
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EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION
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References
Frisby, B.B. & Booth-Butterfield, M. (2012). The “how” and “why” of flirtatious
communication between marital partners. Communication Quarterly, 60(4), 465480.
Frisby, B.N. (2009). “Without flirting, it wouldn’t be a marriage”: Flirtatious
communication between relational partners. Qualitative Research Reports in
Communicatio, 10(1), 55-60. doi: 10.1080/17459430902839066
Gottman, J.M. & Krokoff, L.J. (1989). Marital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal
view. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(1), 47-52.
Hanzal, A. & Segrin, C. (2009). The Role of Conflict Resolution Styles in Mediating the
Relationship Between Enduring Vulnerabilities and Marital Quality. Journal of
Familty Communication, 9(3), 150-169. doi: 10.1080/15267430902945612
Horan, S.M. & Booth-Butterfield, M. (2010). Investing in affection: An investigation of
affection exchange theory and relational qualities. Communication Quarterly,
58(4), 394-413. doi: 10.1080/01463373.2010.524876
Kellas, J.K., Willer, E.K., & Trees, A.R. (2013). Communicated perspective-taking during
stories of marital stress: spouses’ perceptions of one another’s perspectivetaking behaviors. The Southern Communication Journal, 78, 326-351. dio:
10.1080/1041794X.2013.815264
Koerner, A. & Fitzpatrick, M.A. (2002). Nonverbal communication and marital
adjustment and satisfaction: The role of decoding relationship relevant
relationship irrelevant affect. Communication Monographs, 69(1), 33-51. doi:
10.1080/03637750216537
EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION ON MARITAL SATISFACTION
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Locke, H.J. & Wallace, K.M. (1959). Short marital-adjustment and prediction tests: Their
reliability and validity. Marriage and Family Living, 21(3), 251-255.
Noller, P. (1980). Misunderstandings in marital communication: A study of couples’
nonverbal communication. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 39(6),
1135-1148.
Sabatelli, R.M., Buck, R. & Dreyer, A. (1982). Nonverbal communication accuracy in
married couples: Relationship with marital complaints. Journal of Personality &
Social Psychology, 43(5), 1088-1097.
Sanford, K. (2006). Communication during marital conflict: When couples alter their
appraisal, they change their behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(2), 256265. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.20.2.256
Weigel, D.J. & Ballard-Reisch, D.S. (2008). Relational maintenance, satisfaction, and
commitment in marriages: An actor-partner analysis. Journal of Family
Communication, 8(3), 212-229. doi: 10.1080/15267430802182522
Weisfeld, C.C. & Stack, M. A. (2002). When I look into your eyes. Psychology, Evolution
& Gender, 4(2), 125-147. doi: 10.1080/1461666031000063656
Running Head: Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying:
How Physical Intimidation Influences the Way People are Bullied
Tyler Maxwell
University of West Florida
Cyberbullying
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore some of the different variables that influence
people to become cyber bullies. The study seeks to answer the research question, How
does the lack of the physical intimidation affect people’s inclination to cyber bully?
The goal is to analyze the demographics of cyber bullies and determine whether or not
there is a physical influence on this growing trend.
Cyberbullying
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Since the beginning of time people have always had to deal with bullies. Just like
anything else, however, things tend to evolve with technology. With the evolution of
social media and technology some adolescence as well as adults are simply unable to
escape harassment from their peers in school and in the workplace. This social
phenomenon is what has come to be known as cyberbullying. According to Willard
(2004) there are eight different forms of cyberbullying, which include Flaming (online
fights), Harassment (sending vulgar messages), Denigration (posting gossip),
impersonation, outing (sharing peoples secrets), trickery (tricking someone into sharing
secrets), exclusion, and cyberstalking.
The platforms for this to occur have become countless, from well-known social
media sites like Facebook, Twitter and Tumblr, to smaller sites that allow you remain
anonymous such as Yik Yak and ask.com. The days are gone of having to be the biggest
meanest kid in the schoolyard to hurt others. Now it doesn’t matter your size, age,
gender, or social standing if you want to bully someone. People can now create their own
anonymous personas or simply continue to bully others online after they have left school
or work.
There have been several instances in the news over the last few years of people
who have taken their own lives due to the constant ridicule from their peers. Because of
this researchers have started to take notice of this new social issue and have performed
numerous studies analyzing different aspects of cyberbullying such as the types of people
who bully, the prevalence of cyberbullying, and the effects on the victims, but one thing
that hasn’t been studied is whether or not the lack of physical intimidation effects people
likelihood to become cyberbullies.
Cyberbullying
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This study is going to include extensive research into the motivations to
cyberbully as well as its influence on the aggressors and victims and the relationships
between the two. We will also examine the different techniques cyberbullies employ as
well as the techniques that victims use in order to cope with the harassment.
Review of Literature
Prevelance of Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying is something that is has become a new social phenomenon in
today’s society. It can often times leave students unable to escape their bullies and leave
them feeling alone and helpless. Faucher, Jackson, and Cassidy(2014) performed a study
on 1925 students across four Canadian universities that found 24.1 percent of students
had been the victims of cyberbullying over the last twelve months. These shocking
numbers show that nearly one in every four people have been the victims of this
phenomenon. This statistic is interesting however because when compared to studies that
were done amongst younger age students you see that the numbers are drastically
different. Wegge, Vandebosch, and Eggermont(2014) found that among 1,458 13-14 year
old students that considerably less students reported being cyberbullied. This is very
similar to what Vanderbosch and Van Cleemput (2009) found among 2052 students in
the 12-18 ranges which concluded that 11.1 percent of students had been victims of
cyberbullying. This research concludes that cyberbullying appears to be more prevelant
in students as they get older. Wegge et al. (2014) also noted that 30.8 percent had been
victims of traditional bullying.
This raises the question as to why it seems to be less prevalent among younger
students. Is it possible that they simply don’t have as much access to the tools of
Cyberbullying
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cyberbullying that students at the university level have, or they possibly aren’t as
technologically advances as their older peers? It continues to raise questions about the
issue of cyberbullying as well as what classifies the perpetrators as well as what are their
reasons for harming others.
The types of people who bully. An important factor when analyzing
cyberbullying is trying to understand the types of people who are the aggressors. The first
thing that needs to be discussed when analyzing this is the simple matter of gender when
it comes to who is generally the aggressor. Slonje and Smith (2008) found that when it
comes to cyberbullying males are more often than not the aggressors with males being
reported as the cyberbully far more often than females. Slonje et al (2008) also found that
36.2 percent of students were unaware of the gender of their aggressors. This is intriguing
because for one its is the same percentage as the number of males who bullied, but most
importantly because it shows that over 1 in 3 students don’t actually know who is
bullying them, which adds to the fear and stigma that is related to cyberbullying and not
being able to escape the perpetrators.
The types of people who are victims. Researchers have also conducted various
studies on the types of people who are cyberbullied, or what is often referred to as
“cybervictomology”. Abeele and Cock (2013) conducted a study, which concluded that
the gender of victims varied greatly depending on the form of cyberbullying. Abeele et al.
(2013) found that males are more likely to be on the receiving end of direct cyberbullying
while females are more likely to be the victims of indirect cyberbullying such as online
gossip among peers. These findings appear to remain true to social social norms where
males are viewed as more confrontational and females are often stereotyped as gossipers.
Cyberbullying
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While not many studies look at the gender of the victims many studies do research
things such as the characteristics of the victims. Faucher et al. (2014) found that there
were numerous reasons that people felt they were the victims of cyberbullying such as
their personal appearance, interpersonal problems, as well as simply having discrepancies
about their views. Davis, Randall, Ambrose, and Orand (2015) also conducted a study
about victims and their demographics, which looked at the reasons people, were
cyberbullied. Some of the results in the Davis et al. (2015) study addressed other reasons
for being bullied in which they found that 14 percent of victims had been bullied because
of factors such as their sexual orientation.
These are all very important because it fits the profile of the traditional bully that
many people envision but it shows that it transfers over into the cyber world as well. This
leads on further questions about the relationship between the two and how the
cyberbullying is influencing where and how the harassment is continuing.
The relationship between bully and victim. The relationship between aggressor
and victim is also something that has been heavily research among professionals. Beran
and Li (2007) conducted a study that involved 432 middle school students and concluded
that just under half of the studnets had been victims of cyberbullying as well as
traditional bullying. This is true across multiple studies. Wegge et al. (2014) also
concluded that people who were bullied in traditional manners had a much higher
likelihood to become victims of cyberbullying. Another interesting relationship between
bully and victim is that studies have also shown that people who are victims are likely to
become aggressors in the online world. Beran et al. (2007) confirms this by stating,
“students who are bullied through technology are likely to us technology to bully others”.
Cyberbullying
Faucher et al. (2014) also found similar results claiming that male and female students
decided to bully people online because they were bullied first.
Research has also been done that looks at how the bullies find their victims.
Wegge et al. (2014) studied the perpetrators preferences in victims and found that 27
percent were in the same grade, 14.2 percent were in different grades and a staggering
49.6 percent were not schoolmates of the bullies. This evidence somewhat contradicts
that of the other studies that state victims are generally bullied at school and at home
because it shows that nearly half of the bullies prefer to bully people they don’t go to
school with and possibly have do not know at all. This continues to build and add to the
idea of cyberbullying in that it allows bullies to create their own personas and images in
order to try and intimidate and influence others without actually providing a physical
intimidation factor.
Effects of Cyberbullying
The first part of this literature review focused on the demographics of the bullies
and their victims, but now we will focus on the lasting effects and the trauma it brings to
the victims as well as the different forms of cyberbullying. While the platforms used are
different the lasting effects that the bullying has on the victims are very similar. Faucher
et al. (2014) concluded that one of the main effects that cyberbullies had on university
students was that they were unable to accomplish some of their school assignments.
While many people think of effects of bullying to be simply depression or low self
esteem this study brought light to a much different more unexpected issues. Beran et al.
(2007) also found similar responses from victims of cyberbullying claiming that they
often didn’t achieve the same marks in school and had lower concentration. These
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Cyberbullying
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findings indicate that the lasting impact that a cyberbully has on their victims is often
more harmful than what most people can see on the surface.
Pieschl, Porsch, Kahl, and Klockenbusch (2013) found that cybervictims
generally were less distressed during the second confrontation with a cyberbully. This
interesting finding indicates that victims of cyberbullies may actually become
desensitized to the aggression over time lessening the effects of the bullying.
Victims coping techniques. When being faced by a bully it is important that
victims learn to cope and move on from their experiences in order to prevent them from
suffering in their personal and professional life like some of the victims in previous
studies. Davis et al. (2014) conducted a study on victim coping techniques where they
broke the techniques into two distinct categories, which were behavioral and cognitive
strategies. Davis et al. (2014) found that 74 percent of participants preferred behavioral
strategies and of those 74 percent, 69 percent of those people found the strategies to be
effective. These behavioral strategies included seeking social support, making a creative
outlet, or ignoring and blocking the bully. Because of the growing trend of cyberbullying
there have been people who have developed different programs to help raise awareness
for cyberbullying as well as offer help to the victims. One of these programs is known as
Cyberprogram 2.0. Garaigordobil and Martinez-Valderrey (2015) conducted a study
testing the effectiveness of this program and found that it was effective in decreasing the
amount of traditional as well as cyberbullying, but also and more importantly it raised
empathy among classmates towards the victims of these actions. This is a big step in
combatting bullying because peers are constantly influencing each other. If the general
consensus among the class is that bullying is not funny and not right because they
Cyberbullying
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empathize with the victims than it can go a long way in changing the social norm. If the
attention is not longer given to the bully by classmates and victims it could potentially cut
back on the frequency of this act.
With that being said it raises the question instead of trying to cope, why not just
remove yourself from the situation all together and not give the bully what they desire?
Arntfield (2005) discussed the risk associated with using social media and concluded that
“intrinsic rewards that were not tied directly to winning as much as they were to fantasies
of power, celebrity, sexuality, and elevated social status that came with participating, win
or lose.”. This conclusion is one that is very accurate and relevant to the way adolescence
as well as university level students think in today’s society. The fact of the matter is in
order to fit in and be considered “cool” amongst your peers you need to be on social
media to understand many of the things that are talked about amongst students. Whether
it be trending hashtags, viral videos, or popular memes these are all things that are
commonly shared and talked about between peers. While students may run the risk of
being bullied on these sites, they also run the risk of being bullied for not knowing the
newest updates in our culture, it is truly a viscous cycle.
Forms of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying gives the bully a much larger spectrum
to choose from when it comes to how exactly they want to intimidate their victims which
may be why it is often easier for them to carry out the act. Of all the different ways to
cyberbully Faucher et al. (2014) found the most common platforms for cyberbullying to
be social media, text messaging, and email which were used to bully students about half
of the time followed up by blogs forums and chat rooms which were 25 percent. This is
no surprise that social media is the most common platform for cyberbullying because it
Cyberbullying
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can allow for the bully to remain completely anonymous to your average victim. This
allows people who may not fit the mold of your average bully to create a fake account
and build their own persona in order to bully others. Multiple studies also address a
critical factor of using social media or the Internet to bully others, which is that; the
photos or hurtful comments, can remain in cyberspace virt