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Please complete the attached lab 1 handout and all questions in their entirety. Please use the attached SPSS data set. Thank you!
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Winter 2024
Lab Exercise 1
Correlation and Simple Linear Regression
Racism and discrimination against the black community in the U.S. has deep
historical roots that continue to exert influence across various aspects of their lives, with
major physical and mental health consequences. As a stressor, discrimination is a social
determinant of health, getting “under the skin,” or embodied through the direct
physiologic impact of stress. Prior research on black Americans highlights a robust
association between direct interpersonal experiences of race-based discrimination and
depression. In a cross-sectional design, Prof. Alemi and his colleagues recruited a nonrandom sample of black American men of various ethnicities (African Americans,
Hispanics, Afro-Caribbeans) from New York City and southern California in order to
examine the discrimination-depression linkage in this population.
He used the following validated scales to measure depressive symptoms and perceived
discrimination:
Measures:
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Depression. The Centers for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale
(CES-D) is a prominent self-report scale aimed at measuring symptoms of
depression. Scores are based on an equally weighted sum of 16 items
presented on a 4-point scale ranging from 1 = “never” to 4 = “most of the
time”. Scores range from 16-64 with higher scores indicative of higher
depressive symptom severity.
Perceived Discrimination. Perceived discrimination was measured by
employing the short (5-item) version of the Everyday Discrimination
scale. This scale was specifically developed to measure subtle instances of
mistreatment in everyday interpersonal interactions. Participants were
asked to indicate the frequency of experiencing different types of
mistreatments over a span of one year (e.g. being treated with less
courtesy, being threatened or harassed). Scores range from 5 to 25, which
are based on an equally weighted summation of five items ranging from 1
(“never”) to 5 (“every day”). Higher scores indicate higher perceptions of
perceived discrimination.
1. Name the IV and the DV (5 points).
2. State the research and null hypothesis (5 points).
3. Produce a histogram along with skewness and kurtosis coefficients for each
variable using the explore function in SPSS. Based on your graphical and
statistical assessments, are the distributions normal or close to normal? Or are
they skewed? (10 points) (Analyze→Descriptive Statistics→Explore)
4. Create scattergram for the DV and IV. Describe what you observe, i.e. whether
the relationship is positive or negative (10 points). (Graphs→Legacy
Dialogues→Scatter/Dot→Simple Scatter)
5. Produce a Pearson correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r) for the relationship
between the IV and DV. What is the correlation between the DV and the IV? Is it
positive or negative? Is it a weak, moderate, or a strong relationship (see slide #19
from module 1) (10 points)? (Analyze→Correlate→Bivariate)
6. Is the relationship statistically significant? If so, how do you know this (5 points)?
7. Provide a brief write-up of your results in APA format (see slide 22 from module
1) (10 points).
8. Now run a linear regression in SPSS using the IV to predict the DV and provide
your output (10 points). (Analyze→Regression→Linear)
9. What can you say about the R value and the Rsquared values (5 points)?
10. Is the model statistically significant? If so, how do you know this (5 points)?
11. Complete the following with respect to the regression equation: Y = b(X) + a (5
points)
12. Complete the following sentence: “For every one-unit increase in __________,
we observe a _________ unit __________ in _________ (5 points).
13. Is the IV a significant predictor of the DV (5 points)?
14. Examine the standardized beta weight from the regression table and interpret its
effect on the DV. Is it positive or negative, is it weak, moderate, or strong (5
points)?
15. Provide APA style write-up of your regression results (see slide 19 from module
2) (10 points).
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