Description
Fill in the master paper. See the instructions paper PDF. I attached two answer sheets, 1 and 2. Please rewrite the answers and make it your own. Don’t use the “construction example” answer. I also attached two other sheets for references and or assistance.
Unformatted Attachment Preview
Critical Assignment Preparation (CAP) 1: Anatomy Review #1
INSTRUCTIONS
A major part of this course is the Critical Assignment: Human Biomechanics
and Movement Analysis. Each week you will have a critical assignment
preparation (CAP) that will guide the development of your critical
assignment by the time you reach the end of the course. You will be analyzing
anatomical and biomechanical aspects of fundamental human movements including
gait, jumping, throwing, lifting, and striking. Analysis will include identification of joint
actions, bony and muscular involvement in movement, and application of biomechanical
principles towards movement, among others.
Please use the attached documents to submit your work for CAP 1.
Please remember, APA formatting should guide all of your written work – you are
required to have a proper:
•
Page numbers
•
Title page
•
References page
•
Double-spaced writing with 1″ margins on all paragraph style writing
•
In-text citations to show any time you use information that is not your own.
You will be expected to include each of the items above for the remainder of the
course.
Insert APA-formatted title page here
Part 1: Movement Worldview
Genesis 1:26: Then God said, “Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness, so
that they may rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky, over the livestock
and all the wild animals, and over all the creatures that move along the ground.”
Psalm 8:3-8: When I consider your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon and
stars which you have set in place, what is mankind that you are mindful of them, human
beings that you care for them? You have made them a little lower than the angels and
crowned them with glory and honor. You made them rulers over the works of your
hands, you put everything under their feet: all flocks and herds, and animals of the wild,
the birds in the sky and the fish in the sea, all that swims the paths of the seas.
One of the primary objectives of this course is to analyze human movement from an
anatomical and biomechanical perspective. While there are many aspects of humanity
that distinguish us from other animals, our anatomy (form) and resultant movement
capabilities (functions) have played a key role in allowing us to hold a position at the top
of the food chain. With the above in mind, please answer the following prompts in 100250 words, using your textbook and at least one outside resource for support:
1. Identify what you believe to be fundamental human movements – movements that our
unique anatomy was designed to perform.
•
You are encouraged to think about this question not only in light of the skeletal
and muscular structure of the body, but also in light of what ancestral humans
would have likely had to do to survive and thrive – hunting/gathering food,
developing agricultural practices, and even fighting.
2. How many of the fundamental movements that you identified do you see being
practiced in the average Western lifestyle in the amounts and intensities that would
likely have been required by our ancestors? How many do you practice regularly? What
do your answers to these questions tell you about our movement needs as a species in
order to mitigate chronic disease, and even more importantly, to honor our Creator?
Part 2: Real World Application
Learning and using anatomical reference and terminology is an important skill for the
kinesiologist and allows us all to speak the same language when describing motion.
However, it is equally, if not more important to realize that when analyzing movement of
any kind, a view towards 3-dimensional application is crucial. We often have a
tendency to view movement in 2-dimensions, such as a fixed plane, when in reality,
movement in life and sport is dominated by fluid motion that is not restricted to any one
plane.
Take gait, for example. This movement is commonly thought of strictly as a sagittal
plane movement. While the prime movers do act in the sagittal plane, key components
that ensure anatomical efficiency take place in all three planes. View the following
video, paying close attention to the feet and ankle joints of the three movers, and then
answer the questions below in paragraph form (double check APA guidelines):
1. There is a noticeable similarity at the ankle joint between all three movers that
includes movement in multiple planes. Describe the joint actions that are taking
place at the ankle in both the sagittal and frontal planes. Use precise and
thorough anatomical terminology as if you were explaining what you see to a
kinesiologist who was not able to view the video.
For example, to describe the knee joint, one might say “the knee joint is flexing
and extending in the sagittal plane while the athlete runs.”
2. Examine the anatomy of the arch of the foot in your textbook together with the
following image of a hyper-pronated or collapsed arch, and the articles attached
to this week’s CAP. Using both articles to support your writing, answer the
following in paragraph form:
a. What effect does excessive ankle pronation tend to have on the knee joint
and what potential injury might this predispose someone to?
b. What effect can the height of the foot arch have on running speed?
References
Part 1: Movement Worldview
Genesis 1:26: Then God said, “Let us make mankind in our image, in
our likeness, so that they may rule over the sh in the sea and the birds
in the sky, over the livestock and all the wild animals, and over all the
creatures that move along the ground.”
Psalm 8:3-8: When I consider your heavens, the work of your ngers,
the moon and stars which you have set in place, what is mankind that
you are mindful of them, human beings that you care for them? You have
made them a little lower than the angels and crowned them with glory
and honor. You made them rulers over the works of your hands, you put
everything under their feet: all ocks and herds, and animals of the wild,
the birds in the sky and the sh in the sea, all that swims the paths of the
seas.
One of the primary objectives of this course is to analyze human
movement from an anatomical and biomechanical perspective. While
there are many aspects of humanity that distinguish us from other
animals, our anatomy (form) and resultant movement capabilities
(functions) have played a key role in allowing us to hold a position at the
top of the food chain. With the above in mind, please answer the
following prompts in 100- 250 words, using your textbook and at least
one outside resource for support:
1. Identify what you believe to be fundamental human movements movements that our unique anatomy was designed to perform.
fi
fi
fl
You are encouraged to think about this question not only in light of the
skeletal and muscular structure of the body, but also in light of what
ancestral humans would have likely had to do to survive and thrive hunting/gathering food, developing agricultural practices, and even
ghting.
fi
fi
ANSWER 1
– Through the span of time through gathering new abilities to move in
unique ways there have been numerous examples that shine through the
signi cance of human movement development compared to the
movement development of other species. A very evident example of
human movement that stands out compared to the movement of other
species is the fact that they are bipedal. This meaning they primarily
walk around on two limbs, rather than four. According to the internet
article “Origina of Bipedalism” by Kwang Hyun Ko, the main reasons
that people walk on two legs is because of the need to be able to walk
around and carry tools at the same time, along with being able to hunt
and gather food in a much easier manner (Ko, 2015). This goes hand and
hand with the verse Psalm 8:3-8, when it speaks about humans being the
rulers over the other creations of God, such as the wildlife that may
roam the earth in front of them. This lands back to the fact why humans
are bipedal because it gives them a superiority in a way or an advantage
over the other animals in the food chain.
2. How many of the fundamental movements that you identi ed do you
see being practiced in the average Western lifestyle in the amounts and
intensities that would likely have been required by our ancestors? How
many do you practice regularly? What do your answers to these
questions tell you about our movement needs as a species in order to
mitigate chronic disease, and even more importantly, to honor our
Creator?
fi
fi
rst portion is
practiced on an everyday basis for the lives of many people. This
amount is nowhere near the amount of movement practice likely seen in
the lives of our ancestors. This is because of the incorporation of
Western Civilization, while our ancestors were required to hunt and
gather by foot on the dialy basis, people in our world now still must
walk to gather food in the grocery store, but this is nowhere even
remotely close to the scale our ancestors were faced with. I practice this
fi
– The fundamental movement that I mentioned in the
fundamental movement of bipedalism daily when I walk to dance every
morning at school, along with walking to my classes and walking to
weekly chapel. My answers to these questions make me realize that
movement is essential to a population for avoiding chronic diseases, for
instance diabetes. Individuals who incorporate daily exercise and
walking into their lives are less likely to develop chronic disease. Most
importantly people should incorporate more walking into their lives
because it allows for them to realize how truly blessed, they are to have
the capability to walk upright and move around, along with being able to
move around and take in the beauty of all of God’s creations.
Part 2: Real World Application
Learning and using anatomical reference and terminology is an
important skill for the kinesiologist and allows us all to speak the same
language when describing motion. However, it is equally, if not more
important to realize that when analyzing movement of any kind, a view
towards 3-dimensional application is crucial. We often have a tendency
to view movement in 2-dimensions, such as a xed plane, when in
reality, movement in life and sport is dominated by uid motion that is
not restricted to any one plane.
Take gait, for example. This movement is commonly thought of strictly
as a sagittal plane movement. While the prime movers do act in the
sagittal plane, key components that ensure anatomical ef ciency take
place in all three planes. View the following video, paying close
attention to the feet and ankle joints of the three movers, and then
answer the questions below in paragraph form (double check APA
guidelines):
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?
fi
fl
fi
v=DQpF7OvT2B8&feature=youtu.be
For example, to describe the knee joint, one might say “the knee joint is
exing and extending in the sagittal plane while the athlete runs.”
– Through the length of the video there were a couple examples of either
an animals or humans making a movement in the walking form. At the
ankle joint for the sagittal plane, there are two primary actions being
dorsi exion and plantar exion. While in dorsi exion the angle that sits
between the foot and leg decreases causes what is known as
“dorsi exion” in anatomical terminology. The athlete running is
performing this action while the heel touches the ground before th toes
land allowing for what would look like a heel stretch type movement.
Plantar exion takes place in the ankle joint as shown in the lion when
transferring the weight between feet the toes point downward towards
the back of the heel causing plantar exion to take place in the sagittal
plane. In the frontal planes the movement of phases that takes place are
inversion and eversion. The football player while running shows a great
example of inversion because the way the foot is in plantar exion
causing it to land inwards. Due to factors on the external forces is what
causes the inversion/eversion sprains the to take place here. The ankle
joint is made of three primary movers including Peroneus Longus,
Gastrocnemius/Soleus, and Tibialis Anterior. These movers are the keys
to determining the abilities to move the ankles within the frontal and
sagittal planes.
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
fl
2. Examine the anatomy of the arch of the foot in your text book
together with the following image of a hyper-pronated or collapsed arch,
fl
fl
1. There is a noticeable similarity at the ankle joint between all three
movers that includes movement in multiple planes. Describe the joint
actions that are taking place at the ankle in both the sagittal and frontal
planes. Use precise and thorough anatomical terminology as if you were
explaining what you see to a kinesiologist who was not able to view the
video.
and the articles attached to this week’s CAP. Using both articles to
support your writing, answer the following in paragraph form:
A. What effect does excessive ankle pronation tend to have on the knee
joint and what potential injury might this predispose someone to?-
– Results from studies have proven to show that when an athlete
experiences excessive pronation causes the greater risk factor of
experiencing ACL injuries. A repetitive pronation motion of the ankle
causes stress on the knee, especially the ACL, through the kinetic
chain of the body. In the article it makes it evident about the theory
that many doctors have and feel the same way about in discussing that
repetitive interior rotation of the ankle joint is believed to have a
strong correlation to the tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament
(Woodford et al., 1994). This showing that excessive ankle pronation
tends to cause critical damage to the knee joint.
– B. What effect can the height of the foot arch have on running speed?
fl
Through the numerous heights when determining foot arches can play a
factor when running no matter having it be high or low. However, when
having a higher arch as well as a normal height arch tend to have a faster
time coming in contact with the forefoot on the ground then those
athletes having a running speed with a lower arch. When an individual
has a higher arch, they tend to which spend less time on the heel portion
of the foot and instead practice more time on the forefront of the foot.
While studies have shown that being atfooted decrease the ability to
run faster there are other factors as well (Sudhakar et al., 2018). The
ability of balance, or even how the natural born person for example
could have an overpronated foot can determine the running speed along
with the height as well.
References
Ko, K. H.. (2015). Origins of Bipedalism. Brazilian Archives of Biology
and Technology, 58(6),
929-934. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132015060399
Sudhakar, S., Kirthika, S. V., Padmanabhan, K., Kumar, G. M., Nathan,
C. V. S., Gopika, R., & Samuel, A. J. (2018). Impact of various foot
arches on dynamic balance and speed performance in collegiate short
distance runners: A cross-sectional comparative
study. Journal of orthopaedics, 15(1), 114–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.jor.2018.01.050
Woodford-Rogers, B., Cyphert, L., & Denegar, C. R. (1994). Risk
factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury in high school and college
athletes. Journal of athletic training, 29(4), 343–346.
–
ANSWER 2
Part 1: Movement Worldview
Genesis 1:26: Then God said, “Let us make mankind in our image, in
our likeness, so that they may rule over the sh in the sea and the birds
in the sky, over the livestock and all the wild animals, and over all the
creatures that move along the ground.”
Psalm 8:3-8: When I consider your heavens, the work of your ngers,
the moon and stars which you have set in place, what is mankind that
you are mindful of them, human beings that you care for them? You have
made them a little lower than the angels and crowned them with glory
and honor. You made them rulers over the works of your hands, you put
everything under their feet: all ocks and herds, and animals of the wild,
the birds in the sky and the sh in the sea, all that swims the paths of the
seas.
One of the primary objectives of this course is to analyze human
movement from an anatomical and biomechanical perspective. While
there are many aspects of humanity that distinguish us from other
animals, our anatomy (form) and resultant movement capabilities
(functions) have played a key role in allowing us to hold a position at the
top of the food chain. With the above in mind, please answer the
following prompts in 100- 250 words, using your textbook and at least
one outside resource for support:
1. Identify what you believe to be fundamental human movements movements that our unique anatomy was designed to perform.
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
fl
fi
– I believe the Gait, squat, hinge, push, pull, lunge, and rotation are the
fundamental movements that we were speci cally designed to perform due to
our musculature features and muscle ber builds. these movements are
essential and bring added strength to our bodies due to the muscle recruitment
and strength needed when performing them. (Nguyen, 2016)“When we rst
begin to learn a new motor skill, our movements usually are awkward,
uncoordinated, and inef cient. With practice, we learn to re ne the movement
until it becomes relatively permanent and pro cient” (whiting,2018) with the
fact that these movements can be learned and our bodies can get stronger as we
practice the movements gives us a great edge over other species.
2. How many of the fundamental movements that you identi ed do you
see being practiced in the average Western lifestyle in the amounts and
intensities that would likely have been required by our ancestors? How
many do you practice regularly? What do your answers to these
questions tell you about our movement’s needs as a species in order to
mitigate chronic disease, and even more importantly, to honor our
Creator?
I see these movements performed every day. Working in construction right now
all these movements are vital in making everyday work happen now in terms of
other people outside blue-collar workers I would say these movements are not
as intensely used as to match our ancestors. I practice all these movements
except for gait mostly because the practice has already been done in the past
through my athletics. These movements help prevent chronic diseases because
the more physical activity we do the more likely we are to not get a chronic
disease or limit it from getting worse. (Bremer, Cairney, 2016) In terms of
honoring our creator it just comes to show intellectual knowledge through
God’s other creations he learned what was needed for humans to be the best
species on our planet and gift us with abilities and mechanisms that separate us
from animals.
Part 2: Real World Application
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
Learning and using anatomical reference and terminology is an
important skill for the kinesiologist and allows us all to speak the same
language when describing motion. However, it is equally, if not more
important to realize that when analyzing movement of any kind, a view
towards 3-dimensional application is crucial. We often have a tendency
to view movement in 2-dimensions, such as a xed plane, when in
Take gait, for example. This movement is commonly thought of strictly
as a sagittal plane movement. While the prime movers do act in the
sagittal plane, key components that ensure anatomical ef ciency take
place in all three planes. View the following video, paying close
attention to the feet and ankle joints of the three movers, and then
answer the questions below in paragraph form (double check APA
guidelines):
1. There is a noticeable similarity at the ankle joint between all three
movers that includes movement in multiple planes. Describe the joint
actions that are taking place at the ankle in both the sagittal and frontal
planes. Use precise and thorough anatomical terminology as if you were
explaining what you see to a kinesiologist who was not able to view the
video.
For example, to describe the knee joint, one might say “the knee joint is
exing and extending in the sagittal plane while the athlete runs.”
– While running and walking all three movers are showing ankle
movement they are showing dorsi exion as they initially strike the
ground and plantar exion as the weight is transferred through each
stride eventually leading into plantar exion as the foot is lifted towards
the next stride to restart the process in the sagittal plane. Eversion of the
foot in the frontal plane as they go to plant each stride.
fi
fl
fl
fl
2. Examine the anatomy of the arch of the foot in your text book
together with the following image of a hyper-pronated or collapsed arch,
and the articles attached to this week’s CAP. Using both articles to
support your writing, answer the following in paragraph form:
fl
fl
reality, movement in life and sport is dominated by uid motion that is
not restricted to any one plane.
a. What effect does excessive ankle pronation tend to have on the knee
joint and what potential injury might this predispose someone to?
– Pronation of the foot causes very excessive force and medial rotation
through the upper leg causing an increased risk for ACL tears in athletes
(Woodford, et. al.,1994) but can also cause other conditions like shin
splints and plantar fasciitis.
b. What effect can the height of the foot arch have on running speed?
– foot arch height helps with explosive capabilities while jumping and running
along with better balance than individuals with lower or neutral arches. “a high
arch foot and normal arch foot type has a faster forefoot contact than that of a
low arch foot type. It is also clear that the high arch foot type spends less time
on the rear foot than a low arch foot type with rarely any rear-foot contact”
(Sudhakar, et. al.,2018). Less time on the ground and the back of the foot the
better times and explosive capabilities you can have.
References
Bremer, E., & Cairney, J. (2016, April 3). Fundamental movement skills
and health-related outcomes: A narrative review of longitudinal and
Intervention Studies targeting typically developing children. American
journal of lifestyle medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC6124990/
Nguyen, W. by J. (2016). Julian Nguyen, personal trainer. Student
Recreation and Wellness Center. https://www.asirecreation.org/recreport/
ask-trainer/63-ask-a-trainer-archive/302- the-fundamental-humanmovements#:~:text=There%20are%20seven%20basic %20movements,
%2C%20Hinge%2C%20Rotation%20and%20Gait.
Sudhakar, S., Kirthika, S. V., Padmanabhan, K., Kumar, G. M., Nathan,
C. V. S., Gopika, R., & Samuel, A. J. (2018). Impact of various foot
arches on dynamic balance and speed performance in collegiate short
distance runners: A cross-sectional comparative study. Journal of
Orthopaedics, 15(1), 114–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jor.2018.01.050
Whiting, W. C. (2018). Dynamic Human Anatomy (2nd ed.). Human
Kinetics Publishers. https://online.vitalsource.com/books/
9781492588689
Woodford-Rogers, B., Cyphert, L., & Denegar, C. R. (1994, December).
Risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury in high school and
college athletes. Journal of athletic training. https://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1317810/
-RXUQDORI2UWKRSDHGLFV ²
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Journal of Orthopaedics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jor
Original Article
Impact of various foot arches on dynamic balance and speed performance in
collegiate short distance runners: A cross-sectional comparative study
7
⁎
Selvaraj Sudhakara, , S. Veena Kirthikaa, K. Padmanabhana, G. Mohan Kumara,
⁎
C.V. Senthil Nathana, R. Gopikaa, Asir John Samuelb,
a
Faculty of physiotherapy, Dr. M. G. R. Educational and Research Institute University, Maduravoyal, Chennai, 600095, Tamil Nadu India
Department of Pediatric and Neonatal Physiotherapy, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Maharishi Markandeshwar University,
Mullana-133207, Ambala, Haryana, India
b
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Keywords:
Exercise
Foot
Foot exercises
Foot muscles
Middle distance runners
Objective: To compare the impact of foot arches on dynamic balance and speed performance.
Materials and methods: 30 collegiate male short distance runners were divided into three groups based on foot
arches, high, neutral and low. Balance and speed performance were estimated based on scores of star excursion
balance test (SEBT), 40 yard dash test and vertical jump test (VJT).
Results: Significant improved scores (p < 0.001) were noted in SEBT, 40 yard dash test and VJT.
Conclusion: Short distance runners with high arch foot have improved dynamic balance and speed when compared to low and neutral arch foot.
1. Introduction
Newton's Law of Reaction says that, every action has an equal and
opposite reaction. The force for the run is provided through the upward
and forward ground reaction force in response to the downward,
backward drive of the foot. Small vertical component of force has
greater horizontal or driving component. In the most efficient run,
vertical movements of the centre of gravity are reduced to a minimum.
There should be no bounce in running.
In an efficient run, the foot should strike the ground as close as
possible to the line of gravity. If the foot should strike ahead of the line
of gravity, the reaction force to this forward and downward thrust will
be a backward and upward force, acting to delay forward motion.1 The
more completely the horizontal force is directed straight backward, the
greater its contribution to the forward motion of the body. Lateral
motions are inefficient and detract from forward propulsion. But In
Short Distance Running consist the series of ballistic strides in which
the body is repeatedly launched forward as a projectile. These forces
greatly absorbed by the arches of foot.2
The arches of the foot are maintained by a combination for bony
structure, aponeuroses, ligaments and tendons.3 In some individuals
these arches will not develops either in one foot or both. There is a
strong relationship between the type of arch and injury risk. Moreover,
it has been reported that individuals with flat feet feel fatigue in their
feet more readily. In a strong foot, muscle activity is involved for
⁎
balance, adjusting the foot when encountering uneven surfaces, during
locomotion. The foot posture can vary among healthy individuals, as
well as runners.4 The foot is classified into three following category
depending on arch height. They are pes planus (PP), normal, and pes
cavus (PC) foot types. The PP also known as flat foot, here the excessive
pronation, due to this ankle fail to stabilize the body, which decrease
the ability to absorb shock properly but speed of running is not affected.5
In PC the arch is higher than normal and causes clawing of the toes.
There are lateral variation and rotation of the hallux, together with
hypertrophy of the medial part of metatarsal head and an overlying
bursa which together form a prominent biunion on the medial side.
Lateral variation of the hallux may lead to overcrowding and occasionally overriding of the lateral toes results in uneven distribution of
force causes shock traveling up the legs.5
Since running is a linear motion of the entire body, dynamic balance, horizontal component of the momentum is much more important
for speed performance than the vertical component. After preparing for
ground contact, the emphasis is moved to a vertical pushing motion for
maximal velocity sprinting.6 Although sprinting is a combination of
pushing and pulling, the emphasis on vertical pushes will ensure that
the athlete actively accelerates the thigh down towards the ground
during the flight phase and will increase leg stiffness once ground
contact time is made. This in turn will reduce ground contact time,
recovery mechanics and increase stride frequency and length.4,7
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (S. Sudhakar), [email protected] (A.J. Samuel).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jor.2018.01.050
Received 13 August 2017; Accepted 14 January 2018
$YDLODEOHRQOLQH)HEUXDU
;3URI3.6XUHQGUDQ0HPRULDO(GXFDWLRQ)RXQGDWLRQ3XEOLVKHGE(OVHYLHUDGLYLVLRQRI5(/;,QGLD3YW/WG$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG
-RXUQDORI2UWKRSDHGLFV ²
S. Sudhakar et al.
having the subject stand with the side of his dominant hand next to the
wall, and heels together on the floor. With chalked finger- tips the
subject reaches upward as high as possible and marks the wall. The
subjects then assumes a position next to the wall with both feet on the
floor. From this position the subject gather himself in a semi-squat
position and jumps, making a chalk mark on the wall at the peak of the
jump. Subjects were not allowed to hop, go off of one foot, or walk into
the jump. The height jumped is measured distance between the
standing reach height and the jumping height. Measurements were
recorded in centimeters. Each subject received 3 trails jumps in succession, with approximately 15 to 30 s recovery between jumps and the
best of the 3 jumps was used to calculate the subject score.8,9
Table 1
Demographic characteristics among short distance runners with various arches recruited.
Demographic
characteristic
Group A (Low
arch foot)
Group B
(Neutral arch
foot)
Group C (High
arch foot)
P-value
Age (Years)
Height (cm)
Weight (kg)
BMI (kg/m2)
22.1 ± 3.9
166.5 ± 3.7
64.5 ± 6.1
22.2 ± 2.8
22.9 ± 3.1
168.1 ± 4.1
66.9 ± 7.2
21.9 ± 3.6
22.8 ± 3.3
170.5 ± 8.1
67.5 ± 3.2
23.6 ± 1.5
0.8
0.7
0.5
0.9
Abbreviations: cm—centimeter; kg—kilogram; BMI—Body mass index.
However the relationship between types of foot arches and balance
components among healthy sprinters has not at established and thus it
becomes the need for present study.
2.3. Measurement of 40 yard dash
40 yard dash test consists of a five yard running start to the starting
line. The reason for a running start was to eliminate the skill factor of
different subjects in starting performance. The subject began on whistle
sound, five yards from the starting line and ended at 40 yard line consist
of an end thread. Timing was measured manually using stopwatch
which has operated in a 0.001 s mode. Each subject was given 3 trails of
the 40 yard sprint, with rest recovery in between. The fastest of the
three scores was used to report sprinting speed.10,11
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Recruitment and allocation
The study protocol was approved by the university research and
ethics committee (ACS/2016/25) and the study was done strictly in
accordance with the guidelines of Helsinki declaration, revised 2013. A
total of 30 collegiate male short distance runners (CMSDR) were recruited by the simple random sampling (lottery method) to participate
in this cross-sectional comparative study. They were recruited based on
navicular drop test and talocalcaneal angle measurement which classified the foot under three category, pronated foot, normal foot and
supinated foot. After the demographics, recruited subjects were divided
into three groups based on their foot arches, group A (low arch foot/
pronated foot), group B (neutral arch foot/normal foot) and group C
(high arch foot/supinated foot). Signed informed consent was obtained
from all the recruited collegiate short distance runners
The recruited subjects in comfortable dress performed vertical jump
test, 40 yard dash test and star excursion balance test on consecutive
days. Before beginning the session, the subjects followed standardized
warm-up protocol for 8 min, which includes 5 min of static stretching
(lower limb group muscle) and 3 min of jogging.
2.4. Measurement of star excursion balance test (SEBT)
SEBT is used to analysis the dynamic balance of the subject. The test
was explained to each subject verbally, allowing the subject to ask any
questions regarding the test. The test was performed with the subject
maintaining a single-leg stance while reaching with the contra lateral
leg i.e. the reach leg. The aim is to reach as far along the 8 directions as
possible to touch the furthest point on the line as lightly as possible so
as to avoid using the reach leg for support. The subject then returned to
the centre of the grid on both feet whilst maintaining balance. Each
subject performed 3 circuits of the SEBT. Each circuit consisted of 3
reaches (trials) in each of the 8 directions. Subjects were given a 5 s rest
between each reach.12,13
All the three sessions were performed in following order, VJP,
40 yard dash test and SEBT with 24-h rest between the sessions. They
were compared and analysed.
2.2. Measurement of vertical ju
