Description
Given the range of alternative sentencing for juveniles, which of the community correctional programs do you think would be most appropriate for nonviolent offenders? If the juvenile has a substance abuse problem, which program or programs do you think would be most effective in deterring the juvenile from committing future delinquent acts? Develop a list of criteria you would use to make a determination of whether a juvenile should be sent to a secure placement facility. Your criteria should examine the following variables: the offense committed, the impact of the offense on the victim,the juvenile’s criminal history, the juvenile’s socio-demographic profile, the juvenile’s psychological profile, and any characteristics you deem relevant. Describe life in a juvenile facility.Is everything being done to help these juveniles turn their lives around and become productive members of society? What changes would you make? Why? What problems do juveniles experience in adapting to institutional life? What problems do juveniles experience when they are released from an institution? sume that you are a judge in juvenile court. Gina, a 14-year-old juvenile, is accused of aggravated robbery in your court. At the adjudication hearing, Gina admits her guilt as she served as the lookout and getaway driver for her boyfriend and another accomplice. At the time of the robbery, Gina was under the influence of narcotics and alcohol. Gina was habitually truant from school, was living at home with her mother who is a single parent with two jobs, and was frequently out past curfew at home. Gina’s mother testifies that she has trouble supervising Gina due to her two jobs and Gina’s association with the wrong crowd. Gina tested relatively poorly on educational and social assessments conducted by the probation department. She has no prior adjudications or detainments by police. She is currently pregnant by her boyfriend, who was found guilty and is serving time in prison for the robbery. Develop a dispositional plan for Gina using alternative sanctions available for juveniles. What special treatment and conditions will you impose on Gina? Be sure to explain why you chose these options.Citations and references from the class book are required. I have attached this week book modules for the answers. Thanks
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Chapter 11
Juveniles in the
Criminal Justice
System
Copyright © 2023 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or
retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Chapter Outline 1
• Introduction and Overview of
Juvenile Corrections.
• History of Juvenile Corrections.
• Juvenile Community
Corrections.
David Clary/San Diego Union-Tribune/Shutterstock
© McGraw Hill
2
Chapter Outline 2
Variations in Juvenile Probation.
• Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP).
• Shock Probation.
• School-Based Probation.
• House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring.
Alternative Sanctions in Juvenile Community Corrections.
• Mediation.
• Restitution.
• Community Service.
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Chapter Outline 3
Community Correctional Alternatives to Incarceration.
• Counseling and Specialized Treatment Programs.
• Day Treatment Programs.
• Foster Care.
• Group Homes.
• Wilderness and Adventure Programs.
• Vocational and Apprenticeship Programs.
Aftercare for Juveniles, Juvenile Parole, and Parolee Services.
Qualities of Effective Juvenile Correctional Programs.
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Introduction and Overview of Juvenile Corrections
Three main governmental agencies
of the juvenile justice system.
• The police.
• Juvenile courts.
• The juvenile correctional
system.
Community correction:
Correctional programs and facilities
located `where the delinquent youth
lives.
Al Schell/Courier-Post/AP Images
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Juvenile Correctional Alternatives 1
• Juvenile detention.
• Counseling and specialized treatment programs.
• Alternative sanctions: restitution and community service.
• Vocational and apprenticeship programs.
• Short-term shelter and placement facilities.
• Foster care.
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Juvenile Correctional Alternatives 2
• Juvenile probation.
• Shock probation.
• Intensive supervision probation.
• Home confinement and house arrest.
• Day treatment and monitoring facilities.
• Wilderness camps, adventure camps, and Outward Bound.
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Juvenile Correctional Alternatives 3
• Boot camps.
• Youth ranches, camps, and farms.
• Group homes, community facilities, and halfway houses.
• Reform, training, and secure schools.
• Juvenile parole and aftercare.
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History of Juvenile Corrections
The juvenile correctional system in
the United States grew in a
bifurcated, or two-pronged, manner.
• State reform and training
schools.
•
The vast array of communitybased and private institutions
and programs.
Matt Houston/AP Images
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Juvenile Community Corrections
Community corrections is a broad term used to capture a variety of
correctional alternatives with one common characteristic.
• They are less restrictive than institutional corrections and are literally
operated in the community.
The majority of juveniles under sanction in the United States are under
some form of community corrections.
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Variables That Influence Disposition
• Circumstances of the offense
committed.
• Prior history with the juvenile
justice system.
• Characteristics of the juvenile.
• The juvenile’s family situation.
© McGraw Hill
• The juvenile’s social situation.
• Availability of community
resources and alternative
placements.
• Availability and workload of staff
and correctional personnel.
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Juvenile Probation
• Probation: A sanction where the court releases a youth to a parent or
other guardian to live in the community under certain rules and
conditions.
• Probation in America began with the work of John Augustus.
• It costs more to incarcerate a juvenile in a facility than it does to put
him on probation.
• Most juvenile offenders on probation never recidivate.
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Deferred Adjudication or Informal Probation
• A situation in which a youth agrees to follow certain probation
conditions without going to court.
• There is generally no direct supervision by the probation department
and the probation is terminated within a short period of time as long as
the juvenile does not commit any new offenses.
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Probation Caseload
• Varies substantially by region as well as by the demographics of who
is on probation.
• A number of variables can affect the caseload of probation
departments and individual officers, including resources, turnover, and
management within the probation department.
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Probation Conditions
• Attend school or work regularly.
• Do not use alcohol and drugs.
• Submit to random drug
screening.
• Check in with probation officer
regularly.
• Attend special counseling or
treatment.
© McGraw Hill
• Do not associate with known
criminals.
• Do not commit any crimes or
possess a weapon.
• Maintain established curfew.
• Pay restitution.
• Perform community service.
• Obey parents or guardian.
15
Issues in Juvenile Probation
Probation departments cannot control or limit their caseloads.
Issues of safety on the job have led many jurisdictions to begin arming
probation officers and requiring them to become certified law
enforcement officers.
The goals of probation.
• New state laws have increased the punitive ability of the court.
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Probation Officer’s Responsibilities
• Making intake decisions.
• Preparing pre-sentence
investigation.
• Functioning as a liaison for the
juvenile court.
• Making decisions about the
progress of juveniles on
probation.
• Overseeing aftercare for
juveniles released from secure
placement.
• Preparing dispositional plans.
• Supervising juveniles on
probation.
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Types of Juvenile Probation 1
• Intensive supervision probation (ISP):
A form of probation characterized by
increased supervision and treatment.
• Shock probation: Involves shocking
juveniles with a brief commitment to an
institutional facility and then releasing
them on probation.
• School-based probation: The probation
officer works and is housed within the
walls of the school.
© McGraw Hill
©A. Ramey/PhotoEdit
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Types of Juvenile Probation 2
• House arrest: Confining
juveniles to their homes when
they are not at school or
undergoing treatment.
• Electronic monitoring:
Restricting a juvenile through
the use of an electronic tracking
device.
StockSolutions/iStock/Getty Images
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Intensive Supervision Probation Programs
• Based on a philosophy of risk control..
• Proper identification of juveniles who need ISP is essential.
• Require a comprehensive effort encompassing highly structured
supervision and a broad array of treatment alternatives.
• Broad base of ongoing community support.
• Financial commitment to ISP in the jurisdiction.
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Figure 11.4: ISP Selection Matrix
Offense or Offense
History
Low Risk of
Recidivision
Moderate Risk of
Recidivision
High Risk of
Recidivision
Major Violent and
Multiple Violent
Offense
Institutional
Placement
Institutional
Placement
Long-Term
Institutional
Placement
Violent Chronic
Offense
ISP or Institutional
Placement
ISP or Institutional
Placement
Institutional
Placement
Violent Chronic
ISP or Institutional
Offense (single violent Placement
episode)
ISP
ISP or Institutional
Placement
Serious Chronic
Offense
Probation
Probation
ISP
Nonserious
Nonchronic Offense
Probation
Probation
Probation
Source: Krisberg, Barry, Deborah Neuenfeldt, Richard Wiebush, Orlando Rodriguez. Juvenile Intensive Supervision: Planning Guide. Washington, DC: National Council on Crime
and Delinquency and Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1994.
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Alternative Sanctions in Juvenile Community
Corrections
• Mediation programs: These programs attempt to bring together
juvenile delinquents and their victims, hoping to mediate the situation
between the parties.
• Restitution: The payment of money or the rendering of restorative
service or work to the victim of a crime, whether a person or a
business.
• Community service: As part of their disposition, youths are required
to work a set number of hours doing community improvement work.
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Community Correctional Alternatives to Incarceration 1
• Day treatment programs: A type of community correctional facility
where juvenile offenders report during the day for school, vocational,
and other treatment programs.
• Foster care: The care and custody of children by families willing to
take them into their homes.
• Group homes: Homes for groups of juveniles who have been
adjudicated delinquent similar to their institutional counterparts.
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Community Correctional Alternatives to Incarceration 2
• Wilderness and adventure programs: Programs that emphasize
physical challenges, survival skills, and mental challenges through
outdoor adventures and nature trips.
• Job training programs and apprenticeship programs: Programs
specifically designed to teach juveniles a skill that is marketable in the
real world.
• Counseling and specialized treatment programs.
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Aftercare for Juveniles, Juvenile Parole, and Parolee
Services
Juvenile aftercare is managed indeterminately and determinately.
• Determinate: Term used when a juvenile delinquent is subject to
aftercare supervision for a fixed period of time.
• Indeterminate: Term used when a juvenile delinquent is placed on
aftercare with either a maximum time allowed or based on treatment
goals and objectives.
© McGraw Hill
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Chapter 12
Institutional
Corrections for
Juveniles
Copyright © 2023 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or
retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Chapter Outline 1
Juvenile Placement.
The Population in Institutional
Corrections.
• Public versus Private Facilities.
Institutional Facilities for Juveniles.
• Detention.
• Short-Term Secure Facilities.
David Clary/San Diego Union-Tribune/Shutterstock
© McGraw Hill
2
Chapter Outline 2
Programming in Institutional Corrections.
• Correctional Treatment.
• Correctional Education.
• Correctional Industry and Vocational Training.
• Specialized Treatment and Programs.
• Programs for Serious and Repeat Juvenile Delinquents.
© McGraw Hill
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Chapter Outline 3
• Institutional Life for Juveniles.
• Suicide in Juvenile Corrections.
• Sexual Abuse in Juvenile Facilities.
• Working in Institutional Corrections.
© McGraw Hill
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Juvenile Placement
• Commitment: An order by a juvenile court judge putting the juvenile
in the custody of a state juvenile correctional authority or another
specific juvenile correctional facility.
• Juvenile justice administrative body: An organization responsible
for the administration and management of juvenile justice placements
within a state.
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The Population in Institutional Corrections
Population of juveniles in secure placements is typically young males
who have committed a serious offense or multiple offenses
Private facilities: Correctional institutions run by private corporations or
private individuals.
• Juveniles in private facilities included youths referred for abuse,
neglect, emotional disturbance, or mental retardation and youths who
were voluntarily admitted.
Most juveniles in public facilities are held there by court order.
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Institutional Facilities for Juveniles
Institutional facilities for juveniles
serve two classifications of youths:
• Detained juveniles awaiting a
detention or adjudication
hearing.
• Committed juveniles placed by a
juvenile court or other juvenile
justice administrative body.
Matt Houston /AP Images
© McGraw Hill
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Detention
Juvenile detention facilities: Secure facilities that house juveniles on a
short-term basis while they await court hearings or adjudications.
Detention facilities typically have minimal programming.
• Focus on secure custody, assessment and evaluation, and assuring
that the juveniles do not harm themselves or others.
Juveniles who are held for adjudication receive limited treatment and
other services.
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Short-Term Secure Facilities 1
Assessment facility.
• Responsible for orienting the juvenile to the expectations of the
correctional system in that particular state.
• Responsible for conducting testing and diagnosis of each juvenile
committed to the juvenile correctional authority.
Transfer or transitional facilities.
• A temporary facility where juveniles are awaiting either transfer to
another facility or release into the community.
© McGraw Hill
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Short-Term Secure Facilities 2
Juvenile boot camp.
• A secure correctional facility that emphasizes military-style discipline,
physical training, and an extremely regimented schedule.
Youth ranches and camps.
• Facilities that operate similarly to state institutions with one exception:
the atmosphere is more like a year-round summer camp than a
maximum-security facility.
• Programs center on a type of farming, ranching, or adventure.
© McGraw Hill
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Short-Term Secure Facilities 3
State institutions and schools.
• Self-contained facilities that provide a variety of services for juveniles.
•
© McGraw Hill
Include rehabilitation, health, education, counseling, recreation,
employment, and training.
11
Virginia’s Carroll R. Minor Reception and Diagnostic
Center
Standard assessment includes:
• Preliminary assessment and cottage assignment.
• Medical evaluation.
• Behavioral observations and management.
• Educational or vocational evaluation.
• Psychological and related evaluations.
• Social or casework evaluation.
• Drug abuse screening and evaluation.
© McGraw Hill
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Four Primary Goals in Corrections
• Rehabilitation: Methods of treatment and counseling used to reform
juvenile offenders so that they will return to society in a constructive
rather than a destructive way.
• Deterrence: Arranging conditions in the law and corrections so that
juveniles are aware of the risks and consequences involved in
committing crimes.
• Incapacitation: Taking a juvenile out of the community so that they
are prevented from committing crimes.
• Retribution: Punishing and paying juveniles back for the harm they
caused society.
© McGraw Hill
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Correctional Education 1
Recommended principles.
• The academic curriculum should include comprehension and complex
problem-solving tasks.
• The curriculum integrates basic skills into more challenging tasks.
• It is the application and combination of discrete skills into more
complex tasks.
• Knowledge sharing is emphasized through cooperative learning, peer
tutoring, and team problem solving.
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Correctional Education 2
• Teachers should implement model cognitive processes.
• Progress is based on mutually defined student goals emphasizing
competence.
• Instruction should be appropriate to each learner’s interests and
needs.
• Reading, writing, and oral expression are interrelated.
© McGraw Hill
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Correctional Industry and Vocational Training
Correctional educators must provide students with the knowledge, skills,
and attitudes needed in entry-level jobs.
Many facilities develop relationships with business partners to train
juveniles for work in the real world.
• Some develop internships, apprenticeships, and mentorships with
these business partners.
© McGraw Hill
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Specialized Treatment and Programs
Special education typically focuses on:
• Assessment of the deficits and learning needs.
• A curriculum that meets each student’s needs.
• Vocational training opportunities.
• Transitional services that link the correctional special education
services to prior educational experiences and to educational and
human services needed after release.
• A comprehensive range of educational and related services.
• Effective staff training.
© McGraw Hill
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Programs for Serious and Repeat Juvenile Delinquents
Serious juvenile offenders: Categorized as juveniles who commit
violent crimes or other crimes that result in a serious impact on society or
a victim.
• First-time offenders are likely to be sentenced to secure placement.
Common characteristics of programs for serious youth.
• Well-defined treatment programs with a strong intuitive appeal.
• Treatment plans demonstrate positive effects on the youth.
• Strong following among judges and correctional administrators that
work with the program.
• Typically very intensive and service a small number of juveniles.
© McGraw Hill
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Institutional Life for Juveniles
Institutions provide the following:
• Structured programming.
• Regular individual counseling sessions and group counseling
sessions.
• Educational, recreational, and vocational treatment.
Juvenile interaction with other inmates is limited.
Effective aftercare in juvenile corrections is required to help juveniles
cope with life after their release.
© McGraw Hill
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Institutional Life for Juveniles: Suicide in Juvenile
Corrections
From October 1, 2003, through September 30, 2004, there were 16
deaths attributed to suicide in U.S. juvenile facilities.
Correlates of juvenile suicide in correctional facilities.
• The victims had a history of mental illness, substance abuse, and
suicidal behavior.
• The victims were incarcerated in correctional facilities for 75 days.
• The average age of the victims was 15.7.
• Majority of the victims were confined for nonviolent offenses.
• Nearly all deaths were by hanging.
•
© McGraw Hill
Data shows an increase in the proportion of juvenile African-American
males who committed suicide.
20
Institutional Life for Juveniles: Sexual Abuse in Juvenile
Facilities
Dallas Morning News investigation of sexual abuse in Texas juvenile
facilities exposed horrific patterns of abuse.
•
There is a systematic tolerance of those offenses by facilities, state
agencies, and even federal oversight mechanisms.
• High-level facility staff accused of engaging in repeated sexual
activities.
• Texas legislature ordered a complete overhaul of the organization.
• Such offenses have been found in the facilities of other states as well.
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Working in Institutional Corrections 1
Correctional facilities have personnel working a variety of jobs.
• Administration and management.
• Psychological treatment and testing.
• Educational teaching and assessment.
• Correctional case management and counseling.
• Security monitoring.
© McGraw Hill
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Working in Institutional Corrections 2
• Recreational and physical education.
• Medical treatment.
• Food services.
• Vocational training and industrial services.
• Maintenance and operations.
© McGraw Hill
23
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Chapter 15
Future Directions
in Juvenile Justice
Copyright © 2023 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or
retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Chapter Outline 1
The Juvenile Court Will Change.
Current Directions in Juvenile Justice.
• Abolish the Juvenile Justice System?
Balanced and Restorative Justice (BARJ) Model.
© McGraw Hill
2
Chapter Outline 2
Future Directions in Juvenile Justice.
• Decentralization of State Juvenile Justice Systems.
• Specialty Courts.
• Intervention Strategies.
• Curfew and Truancy Programs.
• Parental Liability.
Final Thoughts.
© McGraw Hill
3
The Juvenile Court Will Change
• Juvenile justice system in the United States has changed dramatically
since it was first established.
• Some scholars and legal analysts have called for an abolition of the
separate system of juvenile justice.
• Others advocate new theories and philosophies for the juvenile justice
system.
• The debate over the form and function of the current juvenile justice
system continues.
© McGraw Hill
4
Current Directions in Juvenile Justice
• Punitive Model of Juvenile Justice: Model of juvenile justice that
holds that juveniles are just as responsible as adults for their criminal
behavior
• Balanced and Restorative Justice Model (B A R J): A new
philosophy of juvenile justice that advocates accountability, community
safety, and youth development in combination with restorative justice
between offenders, victims, and communities
© McGraw Hill
5
Abandonment of Parens Patriae
• The courts and society no longer practice the ideals of parens patriae,
or the state as parent.
• The Supreme Court decisions in Kent versus United States, In re
Gault, and In re Winship afforded juveniles the basic due process
rights adult offenders enjoy in the criminal system.
© McGraw Hill
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Balance and Restorative Justice Model (BARJ)
The principle behind B A R J is that justice is best served when victims,
offenders, and communities receive equitable attention in the justice
process.
It articulates three goals for juvenile justice:
• Accountability.
• Competency development.
• Community safety.
© McGraw Hill
7
Figure 15.2: The Balance Approach 1
Source: Adapted from Malloney, D., D. Romig, and T. Armstrong. Juvenile Procedure: The Balanced Approach. Reno,
NV: National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, 1998.
Access the text alternative for slide images.
© McGraw Hill
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Figure 15.2: The Balance Approach 2
Client or
Customer
Goals
Values
Victims
Accountability
Offender incurs an obligation to individual victims
and the community
Youth
Competency
development
Offenders in the justice system should be more
capable when they leave than when they entered
Community
Community
safety
Juvenile justice has a responsibility to protect the
public from juveniles in the system
Source: Adapted from Malloney, D., D. Romig, and T. Armstrong. Juvenile Procedure: The Balanced Approach. Reno, NV: National Council of Juvenile and Family
Court Judges, 1998.
© McGraw Hill
9
Decentralization of State Juvenile Justice Systems
• Juveniles should be dealt with on a community level.
• Police and courts will be forced to examine options that minimize
incarceration for nonviolent offenders.
• Early intervention policies that address the quality-of-life issues
attempt to impact the social and living environment of the child.
© McGraw Hill
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Specialty Courts
These courts target specific groups of offenders who have unique needs
that can best be addressed by the agencies and organizations that have
staff and treatment programs to serve the identified population.
They include the following:
• Teen courts.
• Drug courts.
• Gun courts.
© McGraw Hill
11
Intervention Strategies
Programs designed to target specific youth offenders, attempting to
prevent youths from engaging in delinquency or deter youths who have
already been involved in some law-violating behavior.
Intervention programs.
• Collaborative Intensive Community Treatment Program (CICTP).
• Project CRAFT (Community Restitution and Apprenticeship Focused
Training Program).
• Family empowerment.
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy.
© McGraw Hill
12
Curfew and Truancy Programs
Use of minor and status offenses to attempt to control juveniles in the
community, particularly aggressive law enforcement of curfew and
truancy.
• Effective in reducing some juvenile crimes and juvenile victimization in
particular.
© McGraw Hill
13
Parental Liability
The idea that parents should be held responsible to varying degrees for
their children’s behavior.
• Parents are held civilly or criminally liable for their children’s actions.
The goal is to involve the parents in the child’s treatment.
© McGraw Hill
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Final Thoughts
• Programs and practices of juvenile justice continue to be much more
innovative and successful when compared to the adult system.
• Range of programs and options available in juvenile justice far
exceeds any available in the adult system.
© McGraw Hill
15
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system, without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill, including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
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