Description
The task involves writing a formal report not exceeding 20 pages on an investigation of inductive and capacitive loading in star and delta connected circuits. The report should:Present laboratory data provided in tables which shows measurements taken for different inductor and capacitor values connected in star and delta configurations.Use software and calculations to analyze and confirm the laboratory results. Compare theory to actual results.Identify relationships, trends and factors related to reactive power flow, voltage and power quality. Show some relationships graphically.Comment on capacitive power factor correction and import/export of reactive power.Consider effects of increasing load on voltage.Draw conclusions based on the findings and relate back to the objectives.The report structure should follow a standard technical format with appropriate illustrations and referencing. There are specific marks allocated for presentation quality, demonstrated knowledge, use of reference sources, analysis and conclusions.
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Your report will be a formal document and should record all your workings and include
appropriate artwork (including screen shots, computer-based simulation models etc). Artwork
must be presentable, consistent in style and format, and include numbered captions with brief
descriptive text.
Font: Arial, size 12, line spacing at 1.5
Page numbers should be included in the footer of each page.
The report must not exceed 20 single A4 sides. The report is to include a title page that
includes the following: student name, student personal identifier, module code and date of
submission. Appendices do not count towards the 20 pages and can be included as
appropriate.
Introduction
Throughout the UK and across the global network there are significant kilometres of High
Voltage transmission and distribution media. Most commonly are steel/aluminium catenary
systems arranged as overhead lines and polyethylene/copper underground cables.
Notwithstanding the external loading applied to these systems, they have inherent
characteristics which can appear to metering equipment as if these systems themselves are
acting as a load
1.
Laboratory Based Activity
The objective of this section is to investigate the nature of inductive and capacitive loading
when connected in Star and Delta, and how this affects power quality. Laboratory data is
provided in Section 1f and should be used for the basis for all tasks in this section.
Data set 1a – Star Connected Load
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Within a laboratory environment, resistive and inductive components have been
connected in series to form a balanced Star configuration. A Power Quality Meter
has been included to allow for measurements to be taken. Section 1f, table 1a
shows actual values.
Each resistor has a nominal value of 300Ω. The inductor is initially set to 1.2H.
A value of 200V Phase to Neutral is applied to the circuit.
Appropriate measurements have been recorded for, Voltage, Current,
Apparent Power, Real Power, Reactive Power and Power Factor.
The experiment has been repeated for values of inductance of 1.6H, 2.0H, 2.4H,
2.8H and 3.2H.
Data set 1b – Star Connected Load with Power Factor Correction
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Within a laboratory environment, resistive and inductive components have been
connected in series to form a balanced Star configuration and a capacitor bank
connected in parallel. A Power Quality Meter has been included to allow for
measurements to be taken. Section 1f, table 1b.
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Each resistor has a nominal value of 300Ω. The inductor is set to 1.2H and the
capacitor is initially set to 2uF.
A value of 200V Phase to Neutral is applied to the circuit.
Appropriate measurements have been recorded for, Voltage, Current,
Apparent Power, Real Power, Reactive Power and Power Factor.
The experiment has been repeated for values of capacitance of 4uF and 8uF.
Data set 1c – Delta Connected Load
•
•
•
•
•
Within a laboratory environment, resistive and inductive components have been
connected in series to form a balanced Delta configuration. A Power Quality
Meter has been included to allow for measurements to be taken. Section 1f, table
1c shows actual values.
Each resistor has a nominal value of 300Ω. The inductor is initially set to 1.2H.
A value of 346V Phase to Phase is applied to the circuit.
Appropriate measurements have been recorded for, Voltage, Current,
Apparent Power, Real Power, Reactive Power and Power Factor.
The experiment has been repeated for values of inductance of 1.6H, 2.0H, 2.4H,
2.8H and 3.2H.
Data set 1d – Delta Connected Load with Power Factor Correction
•
•
•
•
Within a laboratory environment, resistive and inductive components have been
connected in series to form a balanced Delta configuration and a capacitor bank
connected in parallel. A Power Quality Meter has been included to allow for
measurements to be taken. Section 1f, table 1d.
Each resistor has a nominal value of 300Ω. The inductor is set to 1.2H and the
capacitor is initially set to 2uF.
A value of 346V Phase to Phase is applied to the circuit.
The experiment has been repeated for values of capacitance of 4uF and 8uF.
Task 1e – Analysis
Using appropriate software packages and manual calculations (excel is fine), confirm or
otherwise the results recorded in Tables 1a to 1d. It is important that the comparison of
these results is analysed within the final report.
Some points to start you off.
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Can you identify any relationships, and can these be shown graphically?
What is the capacitor doing?
Have you commented on examples of reactive power that show ‘import and
export’?
If the load was increased how might this effect the voltage?
What factors are significant when considering power flow?
Are there other significant factors that can be compared to theoretical study?
Page 2
Results tables 1f – Laboratory Data
Table 1a – Star Connected Load
L (H)
1.2
1.6
2
2.4
2.8
3.2
Vp-n (V)
200
200
200
200
200
200
Vp-p (V)
346
346
346
346
346
346
I (A)
0.4
0.33
0.28
0.24
0.21
0.19
S (VA)
81
68
57
49
43
37
P (W)
54
38
28
21
17
14
Q (VAr)
60
55
49
44
38
35
PF
0.66
0.57
0.48
0.44
0.4
0.37
Resistance
322
325.3
328
331.4
334.1
336.6
Frequency
50
50
50
50
50
50
Table 1b – Star Connected Load with Power Factor Correction
Cap (uf)
L (H)
Vp-n (V)
Vp-p (V)
I (A)
S (VA)
P (W)
Q (VAr)
PF
Resistance
Frequency
Type
Lag/Lead
2
1.2
200
346
0.32
63
53
34
0.84
322
50
Inductive
Lag
4
1.2
200
346
0.27
54
53
10
0.97
322
50
Inductive
Lag
8
1.2
200
346
0.34
68
53
36
0.77
322
50
Capacitive
Lead
Q (VAr)
182
169
154
137
123
111
PF
0.67
0.57
0.49
0.44
0.38
0.35
Resistance
322
325
328
331
334.2
336
Table 1c – Delta Connected Load
L (H)
1.2
1.6
2
2.4
2.8
3.2
Vp-n (V)
200
200
200
200
200
200
Vp-p (V)
346
346
346
346
346
346
I (A)
1.24
1.03
0.87
0.75
0.67
0.59
S (VA)
246
207
175
152
133
118
P (W)
165
118
86
66
51
41
Frequency
50
50
50
50
50
50
Table 1d – Delta Connected Load with Power Factor Correction
L (H)
Vp-n (V)
Vp-p (V)
2
1.2
200
4
1.2
200
8
1.2
200
Capacitor (H)
I (A)
S (VA)
P (W)
Q (VAr)
PF
Resistance
Frequency
Type
346
1
199
165
108
0.84
322
50
Inductive
Lag
346
0.86
172
167
35
0.97
322
50
Inductive
Lag
346
1.02
204
167
108
0.81
322
50
Capacitive
Lead
Page 3
Lag/Lead
2. Allocation of Marks
Presentation – 10 Marks
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Report is presented in an appropriate technical format, eg
o title page
o abstract
o contents
o introduction
o method
o results
o analysis
o conclusion.
Quality of presentation, eg
o clarity
o structure
o vocabulary
o grammar
o illustrations
Knowledge – 50 Marks
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Demonstration of subject knowledge, eg
o methods
o software
o use of calculations
o effective research
o comparison of theory to practice
Source Material – 10 Marks
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Use of materials other than course notes
o course text books
o journals
o industry text
o data sheets
Appropriate referencing.
o Harvard
o IEEE transactions
Analysis and Conclusions – 30 Marks
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Effective analysis of results
o techniques used to compare results
o linked to theory
o error
Conclusions
o based on findings and results
o linked to objectives
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3. Advice and Guidance
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You should ensure your work addresses all the requirements above. Check through
this document on a regular basis to ensure you have not missed any important
information.
Do not include spurious or unnecessary content that is not listed above. You will be
marked on material that is related to the deliverables.
Brevity and concise writing is something you should try and achieve in your report.
You should try to present your report to a professional standard and make appropriate
use of headings, diagrams, tables etc.
Make sure any references you use are correctly presented.
Page 5
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