Description
multiple questions about immigration. SUGGESTIONS FOR WRITING GOOD ESSAYS: Develop a well-synthesized argument that incorporates evidence and examples from lectures and the readings. You may want to quickly outline your argument, before you begin writing You should state a clear argument or theme in your first paragraph. You should then support your argument using theories and course concepts drawn from the lectures and readingsYour essay should have a conclusion. Avoid superficial and vague statements—They make for weak essays.Refrain from writing a personal memoir. Make sure to link the authors and correct book titles in your essay.
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Make sure to link the authors and correct book/journal article titles that were assigned in
your essay when relevant. Use ASA or MLA format for in-text citations. Include one works
cited page at the end of the exam for all authors you cite. DO NOT incorporate materials
that were not assigned in class as all of the lectures, discussion sections, and assigned
readings link to the exam questions.
Short Answer. Select 2 of the 3 questions and write your answer below – (2.5 points each)
1. The costs and consequences of the militarization of the U.S.-Mexico border as a strategy
of migration control include:
2. How do scholars define social inequality and what are the macrostructural mechanisms
that reinforce inequality?
3. What are the categories under which a person can apply for a visa that provides legal
permanent resident (LPR) status that eventually leads to citizenship? Who is typically
excluded from these categories?
Short paragraph answer: write your answer below– (4 points)
1. What does it mean that immigrant detention is a gendered and racialized removal process
and what are the social and economic costs of detention/deportation?
Essays — (8 points each, 2-3 double-spaced pages maximum for each essay)
1. Name and define the theories that scholars use to explain why people migrate from one
country to another. Be sure to include criticisms of each theory. Then, connect at least
three theories of migration that help to explain at least three different eras of Mexican
migration to the U.S.
2. What is TVPRA and the Flores Settlement Agreement? Why are children leaving their
home countries and moving to the U.S and why should we care about child migrant
workers? Connect at least two theories of migration to your answer.
WEEK ONE
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in sociological literature, 1st generation is immigrants and 2nd generation is children of
immigrants (3rd gen is grandchildren, etc.)
1.5 generation –> foreign born but came to another country at a young age (usually
before age 13)
2/3 of people in LA are immigrants or the children of immigrants
86% of today’s immigrants hail from Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, and the
Middle-Eastern North Africa
80% of the population identified as white in 1980; then 60% in 2020, and by 2050 around
48% projected
the median age for white population is 44%, while other races have a younger median
age
the fastest growing group in the U.S. is people of Asian origin (overtook Latinos about a
decade ago)
66% of latinos are born in the U.S.
nativity – refers to where you are born
THEORIES OF MIGRATION
Why do
people
migrate?
Unit of
Analysis
Push
factor
(focusing
on sending
societies),
pull factor
(on
receiving
societies),
or both?
both
Strengths
Weaknesses
Real-life
examples
Neo-Classical
Theory
Cost-benefit
analysis
individual
Widely applicable
Overlook all
factors
beyond
individual
level; cannot
explain
circular
migration
Individuals
moving to
countries of
higher
wages, etc.
New
Economics
Theory of
Labor
Migration
Family/collecti
ve decision to
send
member(s) to
another
country
Family /
community
Push
See people are
embedded in
families/groups;
Good at
explaining
remittance and
circular migration
Only
applicable for
certain
contexts;
overlook
larger societal
factors
Mexican
migration to
the U.S.
especially
between
1960s and
1980s
World Systems
Theory
Exploitation
between
countries
causes
migration.
Nation
state
both
Explains some
large historical
patterns of
migration.
Only
applicable for
certain
contexts.
Indian
migration to
Britain;
African
migration to
France,
etc.
Labor Market
Segmentation
Theory/Dual
Labor Market
Theory
Rich,
capitalized
countries
need people
to fill their
secondary
labor market.
Nation
state
pull
Focuses on the
consistent need
of low-waged
labor in
capitalized
countries.
A macro-level
theory which
only looks at
the pull
factors in
capitalized
countries.
Mexican
and Central
American
migration to
the U.S..
Political
Economy
Theory
Policies of
nation states
cause
migration.
Nation
state
Both
(depending
on from the
sending or
receiving
nations)
Looks at the
immediate and
long-term
influence of
policies.
Very macro,
often
overlooks
individual,
family level
factors that
are essential
Trump’s
Muslim
ban; The
Immigration
Act of 1924
and 1965,
etc.
Cumulative
Causation of
Migration
Theory (Social
Capital Theory)
Migration is
driven by
people’s
social
networks and
resources in
such
networks.
Individual
and
network
pull
Explains an
important factor,
network, in
helping people
settle in hosting
nations.
Only looks at
the
hosting/receiv
ing nations;
Networks
may not be
the most
important
factor of
migration
People
settle with
friends or
families in
Koreatown,
Chinatown,
etc.
ERAS
Years
Era of
Enganche
1900-1929
What happened in the U.S. and Mexico? Theories
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Era of
Deportation
1924-1941
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Bracero (short
term visa) Era
1942-1964
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Era of
1965-1979
Undocumented
Migration
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mexicans convinced to come to
labor-market
the u.s. to have high labor jobs
segmentation theory,
due to the chinese exclusion act, world systems theory
mexicans were targeted for labor
cross pacific railroads made U.S.
dependent on cheap labor
exploitative relationship between
economies
revolts and revolutions lead to
lack of jobs in mexico and push
people to migrate
deported millions to appease
nativists
the great depression fueled this
nativist sentiment
lack of demand causes country
to push out migrants
political economy
(deportation from
policies), opposite of
labor market
segmentation
labor shortage for agriculture due new economic theory
to wwii
and labor market
land reforms and better economy segmentation theory
but lacked capital in mexico
(temporary immigration for
mexicans)
operation wetback, well
publicized deportation campaign
(1954) (to appease nativist
public; doubled Bracero visas )
growers dependent on cheap
Mexican labor
social organization of U.S. labor
market structured with a built-in
demand for immigrant workers
now mexican workers had to
comply with rigid western
hemispheric quotas from the 965
immigration act
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The Great
Divide
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1986-2000
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de facto guest worker program
undocumented entries offset by
circular migration
border officers paid by number of
apprehensions (multiple people
recosted several times, while the
public sees an immigrant
invasion)
1986 immigration reform and
control act (IRCA)
50% increase in border patrol
budget
employer sanctions
amnesty for undocumented
people
it’s been 40 years since
undocumented immigration law
updates
MAIN CONCEPTS
Today’s New Immigrants
Policy
Detention and Deportation
Unaccompanied Minors
The U.S./Mexico Relationship
Central American Migration to the U.S.
Inequality
Readings / Asynchronous Sources
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