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CHAPTER 11. Describe two important characteristics of the scientific method.2. Why did early psychologists choose the empirical approach as the favored method for psychological investigations?3. Identify two ways in which the computer was critical to the development of psychology in the 20th century.
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Answer the questions of Chapter 1 and 2.
Make sure to follow the APA format and style (7th edition).
CHAPTER 1
1. Describe two important characteristics of the scientific method.
2. Why did early psychologists choose the empirical approach as the favored method for
psychological investigations?
3. Identify two ways in which the computer was critical to the development of psychology in the 20th
century.
4. Provide an example of (1) how social and cultural factors may influence psychologists’ choice of
research topics and (2) how social-cultural factors may influence society’s acceptance of research
findings.
5.Describe how ethnocentric bias can be a problem in research and suggest one way in which
researchers can prevent this bias.
6.What does it mean that research is conducted in a “moral context”?
7.Describe two ethical dilemmas that psychologists may face when conducting research.
8.Explain why researchers are skeptical about research findings, and explain how their attitude likely
differs from that of the general public.
9. Identify three reasons you would give another person as to why he or she should critically
evaluate the results of the research reported in the media (e.g., self-help books, television,
magazines).
10.What are the three initial steps researchers take as they begin a research project?
11. Identify two reasons it is important to search the psychological research literature when
beginning research.
12.Describe the multimethod approach to research and identify its main advantage.
CHAPTER 2
1-For each of the following characteristics, distinguish between the scientific approach and everyday
approaches to knowledge: general approach and attitude, observation, concepts, reporting,
instruments, measurement, and hypotheses.
2- Differentiate between an independent variable and a dependent variable, and pro- vide an
example of each that could be used in an experiment.
3- What is the major advantage of using operational definitions in psychology? In what two ways has
the use of operational definitions been criticized?
4-Distinguish between the accuracy and the precision of a measuring instrument. What is the
difference between the validity of a measure and the reliability of a measure?
5-Which three types of hypotheses lack the critical characteristic of being testable? Identify the four
goals of the scientific method and briefly describe what each goal is intended to accomplish.
6-Distinguish between the nomothetic approach and the idiographic approach in terms of who is
studied and the nature of the generalizations that are sought.
7-Identify two differences between quantitative and qualitative research.
8-What are researchers able to do when they know that two variables are correlated?
9-Give an example from a research study described in the text that illustrates each of the three
conditions for a causal inference. [You may use the same example for more than one condition.]
10-What is the difference between basic and applied research?
11-What is an intervening variable? Propose a psychological construct that could serve as an
intervening variable between “insult” (present/absent) and “aggressive responses.” Explain how
these variables might be related by proposing a hypothesis that includes your intervening variable.
12-Describe the roles of logical consistency and empirical testing in evaluating a scientific theory.
13-Explain why rigorous tests of a theory that seek to falsify a theory’s propositions can be more
informative than tests that seek to confirm a theory’s propositions.
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