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please add the article bellow to the table and paperhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36622567/#:~:text=Conclusions%3A%20Chinese%20and%20Korean%20immigrants,sleep%20apnea%20among%20Asian%20Americans.
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Key to using the Literature Review Template: Read the Article Carefully
APA 7th
edition
Citation
(In-Text AND
Reference
List)
Abbasi et al.
(2021)
Jehan et al.
(2017) – Sleep
medicine and
disorders:
international
journal
Results & Summary of
key points/Significance
to dental hygiene
practice
Limitations, Strengths
& Quality
Possible publication bias
and meta-analysis
limitations are two such
restrictions. The breadth
of coverage of the
correlation between OSA
and obesity is a key
strength.
Study
type/design
Background &
Aim/Purpose
Sampling
Method & Size
Methodology &
Mode of Data
Collection
Systematic
Review and
MetaAnalysis
The purpose of
this study is to
evaluate
obstructive sleep
apnea (OSA) in
depth by looking
at how common it
is, what causes it,
and what can be
done about it.
It doesn’t apply
since it’s a
compilation of
findings from
several primary
research
presented in a
unified review
format.
Synthesizing and
analyzing data
gathered by a
systematic
search of
electronic
databases
(including
PubMed,
Scopus, and
Embase).
Obesity is associated
with OSA in a
substantial way.
Overweight persons may
get relief from their sleep
apnea symptoms by
adopting a healthier
lifestyle or having
bariatric surgery.
Narrative
Review
The goal of this
article is to
examine the
multifaceted
connection
between obesity
and OSA and to
talk about the
public health
consequences of
this finding.
Not relevant;
rather, it is a
narrative
synthesis of both
qualitative and
quantitative
studies that has
already been
conducted.
Information
gleaned through
an exhaustive
search of
relevant
academic papers,
both qualitative
and quantitative.
lacks a central emphasis
on the results of weightreduction programs. The
The public health
ability to draw together
repercussions of the
disparate data sets is
obesity-sleep apnea cycle
crucial to this paper’s
are discussed.
success in explaining the
public health significance
of this correlation.
Adapted from: Giblin-Scanlon L. MCPHS University, Forsyth School of Dental Hygiene: DHY420 Lit Review Table Template Summer 2021.
Lahaye et al.
(2023) European
Journal of Pain
Exploratory
Study
The purpose of
this study is to
examine the
relationship
between OSA
and increased
pain sensitivity in
obese people.
Obese
individuals
diagnosed with
OSAS are
included in the
sample; however,
the size of the
sample is not
specified.
Quantitative and
qualitative
information on
pain sensitivity
before and after
therapy for sleep
apnea.
Increased pain sensitivity
in obese people with
sleep apnea partly
resolves after therapy.
Indicative of a
connection between
sleep apnea and
increased sensitivity to
pain in obese people.
The exploratory character
of the research and the
short sample size are two
limitations. The study’s
greatest strength is that it
offers early insights into
the possible
consequences of treating
sleep apnea on pain
sensitivity in obese
people.
Student Name:
Research Question (RQ)/Topic: “Is there a relationship between sleep apnea and overweight men?”
Database(s) Used: Goole scholar
Search Terms Used: sleep apnea syndrome, OSAS, obese individuals, Sleep Apnea and Pain Sensitivity, Sleep Apnea Treatment, and Pain Perception
in Obesity
Adapted from: Giblin-Scanlon L. MCPHS University, Forsyth School of Dental Hygiene: DHY420 Lit Review Table Template Summer 2021.
1
Outline
Is There A Relationship Between Sleep Apnea And Overweight Men?
Abstract
Sleep apnea is a common sleep problem that may have serious health consequences,
particularly in overweight people.
These findings, which have important clinical implications, highlight the importance of dental
hygienists in fostering comprehensive patient care that addresses both oral and systemic health
through systematic screening, patient education, collaboration with healthcare providers, therapy
recommendations and assistance, treatment progress monitoring, and nutritional counseling.
Introduction
Sleep apnea, a chronic sleep disease characterized by frequent breathing pauses while sleeping,
is a serious health risk, especially if an individual is overweight.
Furthermore, a substantial body of research has linked obesity to OSA, demonstrating that being
overweight is a major risk factor for the development and progression of sleep apnea, especially
in men
Literature Review
2
This review of the literature seeks to critically analyze four remarkable sources that contribute to
a better knowledge of the association between male apnea and obesity, with an emphasis on the
influence of weight reduction approaches on apnea symptoms.
Study 1
•
Type of Study and Study Design:
•
Study Aim:
•
Sampling Method and Size:
•
Mode of Data Collection:
•
Results:
•
Study Limitations/Strengths and Weaknesses:
Study 2
•
Type of Study and Study Design:
•
Study Aim:
•
Sampling Method and Size:
•
Mode of Data Collection:
•
Results:
•
Study Limitations/Strengths and Weaknesses:
Study 3
•
Type of Study and Study Design:
•
Study Aim:
3
•
Sampling Method and Size:
•
Mode of Data Collection:
•
Results:
•
Study Limitations/Strengths and Weaknesses:
Study 4
•
Type of Study and Study Design:
•
Study Aim:
•
Sampling Method and Size:
•
Mode of Data Collection:
•
Results:
•
Study Limitations/Strengths and Weaknesses:
Conclusion
Finally, this literature review delves into the complex association between male sleep apnea and
obesity, with a special emphasis on the possible influence of weight reduction therapies.
In conclusion, the literature review emphasizes the need of treating obesity in overweight men
with sleep apnea.
Clinical Implications
The findings of this literature review have important implications for oral hygiene practices,
especially for individuals who are obese and suffer from sleep apnea.
Dental hygienists are also important in connecting patients with other medical professionals.
1
Is There A Relationship Between Sleep Apnea And Overweight Men?
Name
school
Date of Final Submission
Date and Writing Center person
2
Table of Contents
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
Literature Review………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
Study 1 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Study 2 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6
Study 3 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
Study 4 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
Clinical Implications ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
References ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
3
Abstract
Sleep apnea is a common sleep problem that may have serious health consequences,
particularly in overweight people. Dental hygienists are important members of the healthcare
team who assist in identifying and treating sleep apnea patients. This review tries to shed light on
the complicated association between sleep apnea and overweight males by critically evaluating
four landmark studies: a comprehensive review by Abbasi et al. (2021), a narrative review by
Jehan et al. (2017), and an exploratory research by Lahaye et al. (2023). Taken together, the
evaluated studies provide validity to the long-established relationship between obesity and sleep
apnea, especially in males. While Abbasi et al. (2021) highlight the potential advantages of
weight reduction treatment; Lahaye et al. (2023) discuss increased pain sensitivity in obese
patients with sleep apnea. Obesity and sleep apnea are linked in both directions, according to
Jehan et al. (2017). These findings, which have important clinical implications, highlight the
importance of dental hygienists in fostering comprehensive patient care that addresses both oral
and systemic health through systematic screening, patient education, collaboration with
healthcare providers, therapy recommendations and assistance, treatment progress monitoring,
and nutritional counseling.
4
Introduction
Sleep apnea, a chronic sleep disease characterized by frequent breathing pauses while
sleeping, is a serious health risk, especially if you are overweight. Because they are highly
valued members of the healthcare team, dental hygienists are in a unique position to diagnose
and treat sleep apnea in their patient populations. This review critically analyses a few key
research to investigate the complex association between overweight men and sleep apnea.
Exploratory research by Lahaye et al. (2023), a narrative review by Jehan et al. (2017), and a
complete review by Abbasi et al. (2021) are among these investigations. The main goal is to
investigate the possible impact of weight reduction treatment on the severity of sleep apnea
symptoms in this group. As dental hygienists provide increasingly comprehensive care to
patients, they must grasp this connection and its ramifications.
Furthermore, a substantial body of research has linked obesity to OSA, demonstrating
that being overweight is a major risk factor for the development and progression of sleep apnea,
especially in men (Jehan et al., 2017). The oral hygiene community must grasp the relationship
between male obesity and sleep apnea. To improve patients’ quality of life, oral health specialists
are critical in recognizing and treating sleep apnea symptoms such as bruxism, dry mouth, and
tooth erosion. More information about obesity, treatment options, and sleep apnea will allow
dental hygienists to provide patients with care that goes beyond their teeth.
Literature Review
This review of the literature seeks to critically analyze four remarkable sources that
contribute to a better knowledge of the association between male apnea and obesity, with an
5
emphasis on the influence of weight reduction approaches on apnea symptoms. The important
results and their significance for the research question have established the thematic organization
of these investigations.
Study 1
Type of Study and Study Design: This research, like Abbasi et al. (2021), is at the top of the
evidence pyramid, with extremely high reliability and robustness since it did a systematic review
and meta-analysis. Data from a number of primary research were collected and assembled using
a quantitative method to give a full picture of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
Study Aim: The purpose of Abbasi et al.’s 2021 systematic review was to give a detailed and indepth evaluation of the present state of knowledge on OSA. Their study looked at a wide range
of aspects concerning this complex ailment, such as its prevalence, causes, and most efficient
treatments.
Sampling Method and Size: Unlike typical empirical research, Abbasi et al.’s 2021 study did
not use a sampling method in the usual sense. It is crucial to note that no specific population was
employed to gather data for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Rather, the data for this
study was acquired by examining primary papers that studied every element of OSA, including
those that included overweight guys with sleep apnea.
Mode of Data Collection: Abbasi et al. (2021) adopted a rigorous and precise data-gathering
technique in their investigation. To find relevant primary studies, the researchers meticulously
examined renowned databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. Tools and processes
6
developed for systematic reviews were employed throughout the data extraction stage to
guarantee uniformity and standardization.
Results: Abbasi et al.’s meta-analysis published in 2021 indicated a significant link between
obesity and OSA, especially in males. These findings offer insight into the possible advantages
of weight reduction techniques in the management of OSA and highlight the need to adapt
treatment to each patient’s specific demands.
Study Limitations/Strengths and Weaknesses: A critical caution is the danger of publication
bias, in which good study findings are more likely to be transmitted to the public than negative
ones. Because systematic reviews and meta-analyses must incorporate data from several studies,
each of which may have somewhat different methods, participants, or results, their capacity to
offer a thorough evaluation is limited.
Study 2
Type of Study and Study Design: Jehan et al. (2017), the researchers who conducted the
relevant study, are in the middle of the range according to their narrative review. This narrative
review provided a link between empirical study and thorough synthesis by integrating qualitative
and quantitative studies.
Study Aim: The narrative review by Jehan et al. (2017) has two goals: first, to elucidate the
complicated link between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea, and second, to estimate the
relevance of this relationship for public health. Because the research used a narrative approach, it
was feasible to examine the subtle links between obesity and OSA, as well as the processes
behind those relationships, in more depth.
7
Sampling Method and Size: The narrative review conducted by Jehan et al. (2017) did not
involve the random selection of studies or the collection of data from study participants. The
research team instead conducted a comprehensive literature search. They gathered material for
their narrative synthesis by reading a broad variety of research publications, both qualitative and
quantitative.
Mode of Data Collection: A comprehensive and systematic search of the relevant literature
yielded the data for this narrative review. This allowed for a thorough review of the literature on
the association between obesity and OSA. There were both qualitative and quantitative research
studies included.
Results: The narrative review by Jehan et al. (2017) elucidated the complicated links between
obesity and obstructive sleep apnea. This study focused on males and revealed the higher
incidence of sleep apnea in overweight people.
Study Limitations/Strengths and Weaknesses: Jehan et al.’s (2017) narrative review clarified
the complex link between obesity and sleep apnea, albeit it did not examine the efficacy of
weight reduction interventions on their own. However, its greatest value comes from the way it
synthesizes data from various sources to create a more complete picture of how the obesity-sleep
apnea association impacts public health.
Study 3
Type of Study and Study Design: Lahaye et al.’s (2023) study was an exploratory study, which
is the lowest level of research on the evidence pyramid. The goal of this quantitative study was to
8
look into the fascinating subject of pain sensitivity and its potential therapeutic implications in
obese individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSAS).
Study Aim: The primary purpose of Lahaye et al.’s (2023) study was to shed light on the
perplexing relationship between hyperalgesia and OSA in the obese population. The goal of this
innovative research was to see whether sleep apnea affects how fat people feel pain. The study
also intended to establish if sleep apnea therapies would have any detectable effect on patients’
ability to sense pain.
Sampling Method and Size: The Lahaye et al. (2023) research sample comprised patients with
OSAS and obesity. Even though the sample size was not provided in the article, it is acceptable
to assume that the participants were selected because they satisfied the study’s eligibility
standards.
Mode of Data Collection: Lahaye et al.’s (2023) inquiry employed a variety of data collection
strategies. The subjects’ reactions to painful stimuli were quantified using a pain sensitivity
evaluation. A qualitative component was also included in the study by employing questionnaires
to collect more comprehensive information from people about their pain experiences.
Results: According to Lahaye et al. (2023), increased pain sensitivity in obese people is
connected with sleep apnea. Significantly, the study revealed that people with sleep apnea and
obesity had higher pain sensitivity when compared to the control group. An intriguing finding
was that therapy for sleep apnea might partly erase this increased sensitivity to pain.
Study Limitations/Strengths and Weaknesses: While Lahaye et al.’s 2023 research provides
interesting early insights, there are several critical caveats to be aware of. The tiny sample size
9
limits the study’s capacity to establish generalizations. The exploratory character of the study
demands more research to confirm and broaden its findings.
Study 4
Type of Study and Study Design: According to Jehan et al. (2017), the narrative review serves
as an important mediator between empirical research and meta-analyses. This narrative review,
which meticulously incorporated a range of earlier qualitative and quantitative studies, addressed
the complicated association between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the wideranging consequences for public health.
Study Aim: The primary aims of Jehan et al. (2017)’s narrative review were to elucidate the
complicated relationship between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea, as well as the wideranging public health implications that arise. The research used a narrative method to analyze the
complicated web of links between obesity and OSA, explaining the underlying processes at
work.
Sampling Method and Size: A narrative review, such as the one conducted by Jehan et al.
(2017), distinguishes itself from other forms of research by emphasizing storytelling. As a result,
it is free from the sample selection and data-gathering methods that are necessary for both
quantitative and qualitative research. Rather, data from several previous study articles were
thoroughly evaluated and merged.
Mode of Data Collection: Jehan et al. (2017) did a thorough and systematic search of the
relevant literature to acquire information for their narrative review. The large collection of
10
qualitative and quantitative research papers allowed for a full evaluation of the complex
association between obesity and sleep apnea.
Results: The narrative review by Jehan et al. (2017) revealed a significant two-way relationship
between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea. Overweight people, particularly males, had a
greater prevalence of sleep apnea, according to the study. It looked at the complicated links
between obesity and sleep apnea, such as adipose tissue distribution and upper airway
morphology.
Study Limitations/Strengths and Weaknesses: The narrative review by Jehan et al. (2017)
shed light on the intricate association between obesity and sleep apnea despite the fact that the
study’s primary goal was not to examine the efficacy of weight reduction interventions.
Conclusion
Finally, this literature review delves into the complex association between male sleep
apnea and obesity, with a special emphasis on the possible influence of weight reduction
therapies. Overall, the literature review offers a plethora of information on this complicated
relationship. Further empirical investigations, such as randomized controlled trials, are required
to overcome these limitations and prove the effectiveness of weight reduction treatment in this
group. To maintain good oral health, it is critical to understand the relationship between obesity
and sleep apnea.
In conclusion, the literature review emphasizes the need of treating obesity in overweight
men with sleep apnea. This identification has created a potential route for improving the health
and well-being of those suffering from this ailment. More study on the efficacy of weight loss
11
programs is needed to pave the way for more tailored and successful sleep apnea treatment
options for this particular demographic.
Title of the Article
Results, Frequencies, Outcome(s)
Obesity is strongly linked to OSA (obstructive sleep
Abbasi et al. (2021) – “A
apnea) and stresses the importance of weight reduction
Comprehensive Review of
therapies in improving sleep apnea symptoms in the obese
Obstructive Sleep Apnea”
population.
The two-way causality between obesity and OSA was
emphasized. Processes connecting the two states were
Jehan et al. (2017) – “Obstructive
investigated, including the relationship between upper
Sleep Apnea and Obesity:
airway structure and adipose tissue distribution.
Implications for Public Health”
Concerned with the wider public health effects of this
correlation.
Obese persons with sleep apnea have been shown to be
Lahaye et al. (2023) – “Enhanced
more sensitive to pain. Treatment for sleep apnea has been
Pain Sensitivity in Obese Patients
associated with a reduction in the patient’s heightened
with Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
pain sensitivity and shown that sleep apnea could increase
Syndrome is Partially Reverted by
the experience of discomfort for those who are
Treatment: An Exploratory Study”
overweight.
12
Clinical Implications
The findings of this literature review have important implications for oral hygiene
practices, especially for individuals who are obese and suffer from sleep apnea. When dental
hygienists understand the relationship between systemic and oral health, they are better equipped
to treat patients and give more educated advice. They may begin by assessing patients on a
regular basis for sleep apnea risk factors, especially in overweight guys, and giving weight
control measures. Patients may benefit greatly from dental health counseling that emphasizes the
hazards of untreated sleep apnea and the advantages of weight reduction programs. Dental
hygienists are also important in connecting patients with other medical professionals. Their
ability to recognize sleep apnea symptoms and risk factors, as well as to work closely with
doctors and other professionals to guarantee prompt diagnosis and intervention, are critical
components of their holistic patient care, which involves both oral health and systemic wellbeing.
13
References
Abbasi, A., Gupta, S. S., Sabharwal, N., Meghrajani, V., Sharma, S., Kamholz, S., & Kupfer, Y.
(2021). A comprehensive review of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Science, 14(2), 142.
Jehan, S., Zizi, F., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., Wall, S., Auguste, E., Myers, A. K., … & McFarlane, S.
I. (2017). Obstructive sleep apnea and obesity: implications for public health. Sleep
medicine and disorders: international journal, 1(4).
Lahaye, C., Miolanne, M., Farigon, N., Pereira, B., Dubray, C., Beudin, P., … & Boirie, Y.
(2023). Enhanced pain sensitivity in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea
syndrome is partially reverted by treatment: An exploratory study. European Journal of
Pain, 27(5), 624-635.
Literature Review Final Paper
Definition: A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic or research problem.
It provides a critical overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories,
methods, and gaps in existing research. The document should follow APA 7th edition paper format
guidelines.
I. Title Page (APA 7th edition format): Title of Research Question or Problem, Student Name,
MCPHS University, Date of Final Submission, Date and Writing Center person met with (at least two
appointments).
II. Table of Contents: Include a table of contents page that includes: Abstract, Introduction,
Literature Review, Conclusion, Implications for Clinical Practice, and Reference pages.
III. Abstract: No more than 150 words and should include: research question or PICO, research
methods (databases used for the search, types of articles chosen), study results and conclusions,
recommendations and implications, critical points of a literature review, keywords.
IV. Introduction (maximum of 1 page)
The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review, defining your
topic and setting the stage for why the topic is important in dental hygiene. If there’s anything you
aren’t planning to include in your analysis, mention it here.
Example: Struggles with body image and appearance have been widely associated with media
consumption, particularly in young women (include additional background information supported
with
resources)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… While this
topic has been widely studied, extant research has not quite caught up with emerging technologies,
such as TikTok, and has mainly focused on mass media effects. This paper will examine the effects
of newer technology, specifically in regards to instant sharing of images, and its effect on mental
health of adolescents.
V. Body of the Literature Review (maximum 4 pages)
The body should contain a summary and critical evaluation of each high-quality resource from your
literature review table (minimum of 4, but no more than 6). You can structure your body in different
ways: the format of your literature review can be in chronological order, thematice, methodological,
or theoretical.
Chronological: traces the development of your topic over time
Thematic: organizes discussion of your topic around central themes
Methodological: analyzes the different takes various methodological approaches have had on your
topic
Resource: McCombes, S. (2023, January 2). How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/
Theoretical: discusses how different theoretical perspectives come together in support of or against
your research
This is not a research report in an essay format. Each article should include the following information
from each article. Do not include the title or publication of the research in this section. Cite the
primary resource of your resource using in-text citations in APA format and then include all resources
in your bibliography. Much of this information will come from your literature review table but be
avoid using direct quotes from the article but instead “paraphrase” all statements.
•Type of Study and Study Design: Identify the type of study using the evidence pyramid. Determine
if it was qualitative, quantitative, or a mixed method design.
•Study Aim: what was the aim or purpose of the research?
•Sampling Method and Size: who was the study population and how many participated?
•Mode of Data Collection: how was the data collected and organized? What type of
“tool/survey/interview” was utilized? Describe what the participants experienced.
•Results: what were the major outcomes and/or findings from the research?
•Study Limitations/Strengths and Weaknesses: what were the limitations noted in the study? What
were the limitations based on your analysis of the research? List any strengths and weaknesses in the
research.
Example of how to interpret and summarize a research article: Garland & Newell (2009) used a
randomized experimental (quantitative) design to evaluate a convenience sample (nonprobability) of
dental hygiene faculty (n=12) training for calculus detection on typodonts would affect the interrater
reliability levels for simulated calculus
detection…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
The study was conducted…………..The participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental
or control group. The testing and training of the examiniers were completed on six typodonts with soft
rubber gingiva and variable amounts of simulated
calculus……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Interrater and
reliability were established………………………………………The experimental group explored the
typodonts several times before and after the training, the control group did not receive any training but
did provide pre and post-scoring of calculus deposits. Data was collected
using………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….The
results………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………The outcome found no statistically significant difference between pre-and
post-training (interrater reliability p=0.64; interrater reliability p=0.20) reliability.
Limitation included that was that the models were not a realistic replication of calculus and not
adequate for exploring calculus. Additionally
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
NOTE: the summary may be longer based on the complexity of the study
VI. Conclusion (no more than 150 words)
In your conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and
emphasize their significance to your topic, along with your overarching conclusions and avenues for
future research. Be sure to clearly restate your topic and scope so it’s clear to your reader why the
literature you reviewed is relevant to your research.
Resource: McCombes, S. (2023, January 2). How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/
Example: Extant research has mainly focused on mass media consumption in its analysis of the
effects of the relationship between media consumption and body image issues. While it has shown
that a relationship certainly exists, it has not robustly shown how the advent of instant-sharing
technologies like Instagram Stories and TikTok have affected the
situation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
•
In addition to the narrative, include a table (two columns and rows equal to the number
of articles reviewed) with the title of each article and the most significant outcome from
each article.
Title of the Article
Results, frequencies, outcome(s)
VII. Clinical Implications (no more than 150 words)
Discuss the main conclusions and implications for dental hygiene practice based on the research
results. How will the answer to the research question be applied to dental hygiene clinical practice?
You will be asked to post the clinical implications to the discussion board for your last week. What
did you learn that you want to share with your peers?
VIII. Reference list
The reference list contains a correct, full citation for each source that has been mentioned in the text.
Writing the Literature Review: Overview of Example Structure and Sentences
Aspect
Example
Topic sentence
Expresses the topic and central point of
your paragraph
Many studies have focused on the relationship between
media consumption and body image issues.
Pivotal study
Influential study that influences the
traditional research landscape for your
topic
The relationship between media depictions and body
image concerns is well-established. Analysis by Grabe,
Ward and Hyde (2008)
