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The first docx is the abstract feedback, try to work the abstract according to the feedback ,and also another pdf is the topic of the project, This report topic is DIAELETRIC WHICH IS TOPIC 5, and this report should include “Dielectric properties, • What is electrical breakdown phenomenon?, Applications of dielectric materials/insulators, Abstract,Format (5%: See syllabus)” that listed in the pdf, thank you so much! There will be a sample paper that how should the report look like, you can take this as a reference.
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UNDERSTANDING DIELECTRIC MATERIALS AND ELECTRICAL INSULATION.
ABSTRACT.
Dielectric materials are vital to electrical engineering because they serve as insulation and
facilitate the energy storage of capacitors. An extensive introduction to dielectric materials and
their application in electrical insulation is the aim of this abstract (Wang et al., 2020).
Dielectric materials are first and foremost defined by their ability to store electrical
energy through polarization without conveying current. Capacitors make use of this phenomenon
by partitioning conductive plates with dielectrics to allow charge to build up. Polymers,
ceramics, and even gases are among the many materials that display dielectric characteristics.
Second, characteristics like permittivity, breakdown strength, and temperature stability
affect the choice of dielectric material. While high breakdown strength materials guard against
electrical breakdown at high voltages, high permittivity materials increase capacitance.
According to Zhou et al. (2022), dielectric materials must also be resistant to environmental
stresses such as temperature fluctuations and moisture incursion to ensure long-term
dependability.
Ferroelectrics and nanocomposites are two examples of new dielectric materials with
customized properties that have been developed as a result of material science breakthroughs.
These materials have possibilities for performance enhancement and downsizing in a range of
applications, including high-frequency electronics and power distribution systems.
To sum up, dielectric materials are essential for electrical insulation because they help
electrical systems and gadgets function well, be dependable, and be smaller. Engineers building
2
and optimizing contemporary electrical systems must have a thorough understanding of their
qualities and uses.
Comments:
1. Citations are very rare in abstract. In the meantime, if the extensive introduction of
dielectric materials is the aim of this abstract, how come there is citation there? Some
details from the cited works fit better in the paper, than in the abstract.
2. The abstract itself should be a summary of the paper that could help us understand
your writing scopes. The current version introduced a bit of dielectric
materials/properties but did not clearly state what you were planning to write.
Meanwhile, ferroelectrics and nanocomposites are two different classifications, based
on properties, and compositions, respectively. There are completely different, but
some nanocomposites can be ferroelectrics. Both are very large materials families,
consisting of a great number of materials, so what about them to be expected in the
paper?
3
Reference.
Wang, H., Liang, X., Wang, J., Jiao, S., & Xue, D. (2020). Multifunctional inorganic
nanomaterials for energy applications. Nanoscale, 12(1), 14-42.
Zhou, Y., Li, L., Han, Z., Li, Q., He, J., & Wang, Q. (2022).
Self-healing polymers for electronics and energy devices. Chemical
Reviews, 123(2), 558-612.
Project Topics 1 & 2 : (1). Light Emitting Diode (LED) & (2).
Organic LED (OLED) – Semiconductor
To Be Addressed (not limited to):
• How LED or OLED works?
• Materials selections for LED or OLED?
• Comparison between LED (or OLED) and other types of light
sources
• Current issues/Challenges in LED or OLED
The project paper should cover following (Grading
template):
• How does LED or OLED work? (40%)
– How to convert electricity to light?
a. What is semiconductor?
b. What is n-type semiconductor and p-type semiconductor, respectively ?
c. What is a p-n junction?
d. How does a p-n junction convert electricity to light?
• Materials selections for LED or OLED? (20%)
a. What semiconductor materials have been used in fabricating LED or OLED?
b. How do materials (composition and structures) affect the colors of LED light?
c. How does materials selection affect other performances of LED light? (Optional)
• Comparison between LED (OLED) and other types of
light sources (15%)
a. Compare LED and OLED; OR
b. Compare LED and other light sources using electricity, such as Incandescent
Bulbs and Fluorescent light.
• Current issues/Challenges in LED or OLED (15%)
a. Discuss at least on existing issue or challenge in current LED or OLED
technology, and possible solutions
• Abstract (5%)
• Format (5%: See syllabus)
Project Topic 3: Superconductors -Magnetism
To Be Addressed (not limited to):
• What is superconducting phenomenon?
• How superconductivity relates to magnetic properties?
• Compare Type I and Type II superconductors
• Applications of superconductors
Superconductor
Rings?
The project paper should cover following (Grading
template):
• What is superconducting phenomenon? (30%)
a. Describe superconducting phenomenon?
b. How to achieve superconductivity?
c. Effects of Temperature and Current Density on superconductivity?
d. BCS theory of superconductivity. (optional)
•How superconductivity relates to magnetic properties?
(30%)
a. What is the origin of magnetic property? Its relationships with electrical current?
b. Classify different magnetisms, and discuss diamagnetism in details.
• Compare Type I and Type II superconductors (20%)
a. Materials selections for both types
b. Temperature dependences of both types
• Applications of Superconductors (10 %)
a. Discuss at least one existing or potential application of superconductors
• Abstract (5%)
• Format (5%: See syllabus)
Project Topic 4: Invisible Cloaks (Metamaterials) –
Dielectric and Magnetic Properties
To Be Addressed (not limited to):
• What are metamaterials?
• Unique dielectric and magnetic properties
in metamaterials
• Applications of metamaterials
The project paper should cover following (Grading
template):
• What are metamaterials? (20%)
Metamaterials do not naturally exist, and they exhibit several unique optical and
electronic properties that are either superior to natural materials, or not existing in
nature
.
a.Describe at least 2 unique optical and/or electronic properties in metamaterials
with brief discussion in comparison with natural materials.
b. What materials can be used to fabricate metamaterials?
c. What kinds of artificial structures are usually created in metamaterials?
• Unique dielectric and magnetic properties in
metamaterials? (50%)
a. Discuss dielectric properties: four dielectric polarization mechanisms
b. Discuss five magnetisms
c.What properties exist in metamaterials? What types of materials have such
properties?
• Applications of Metamaterials (20 %)
a.In terms of the two unique properties addressed earlier, discuss their
potential/existing applications.
• Abstract (5%)
• Format (5%: See syllabus)
Project Topic 5: Dielectric Materials and Electrical Insulation
–Dielectric and Electrical Properties
To Be Addressed (not limited to):
• Dielectric properties
• What is electrical breakdown phenomenon?
• Applications of dielectric materials/electrical
insulators.
The project paper should cover following (Grading
template):
• Dielectric properties (30%)
a. What is dielectric polarization phenomenon?
b. Discuss four different dielectric polarization mechanisms
c. Discuss dielectric constant and dielectric loss.
• What is electrical breakdown phenomenon? (30%)
a. What is electrical breakdown?
b. Potential risks in different applications, and materials typically selected for
electrical insulation
c. Discuss at least three factors responsible for electrical breakdown.
• Applications of dielectric materials/insulators (30 %)
Pick one polymeric and one ceramic dielectric material/insulator, respectively, and
address in detail:
a. Their structures and dielectric properties
b.At least one of their applications for each material, and discuss they are used in
such applications.
• Abstract (5%)
• Format (5%: See syllabus)
Project Topic 6: Your own ideas ?
Examples (discussion with instructor required):
• Nanotechnology in electronic devices
• Flexible Electronics
• Electric Car
• Solar Cell
• Transistor
• Sensor, etc.
What you need to do now:
• Review these topics and email me your top 3 preferences no
later than 01/28.
OR
• Email me your own topic with a brief paper proposal no
later than 01/28.
Due date
Title/Topic
01/28/2024
Email your
title/topic/ideas to:
[email protected]
Abstract
1st draft of paper
Final version of term paper
Presentation slides
02/12/2024
03/18/2024
04/15/2024
04/22/2024
Electronic submission on
Blackboard only
Invisible Cloaks (Metamaterials) – Dielectric and Magnetic Properties
Author: XXXXX
WSU ID: XXXXX
Abstract
Invisible cloaks are a type of metamaterial cloaking that are made using metamaterials.
Metamaterials are artificial man-made structures consisted of functional building blocks that are
packed heavily into a successful crystalline material. These metamaterials that are also
comprised of sub-wavelength unit cells, have captivated great attentions in material science,
physics and engineering within the last couple of decades. Originally, metamaterial was defined
as macroscopic composites with a three-dimensional, synthetic cellular architecture outlined to
construct an optimized mixture of two or more responses to distinct excitation, not obtainable in
nature. They are also composed of periodic or non-periodic formations whose purpose is due to
its chemical composition as well as its cellular architecture. Sometimes, metamaterials are
thought of as left-handed materials (LHM) or negative refractive index materials (NIM). A
metamaterial shell can be referred to as a freespace invisibility cloak. The basis of the theory
underlying cloaking is on numerical topology
optimization or analytical coordinate
transformations. Metamaterial-based cloaks
create objects different from their surroundings
to look just like their surroundings. Invisibility
cloaks are proof that metamaterials have
remarkably enhanced the potential to guide
waves and energy fluxes in acoustics,
electromagnetism, mechanics, thermodynamics
as well as optics. Figure 1 shows how the
invisibility cloaks work. One application of the
metamaterial or invisible cloak is based on the
transformation optics theory in which the
design focuses on microwave and optical
Figure 1-How Invisibility Cloaks Work. The cloak that enables
optical camouflage to work is made from a special material
known as retro-reflective material.
frequencies within two-dimensional limits. The invisible cloak is made up of microwave
frequencies that also contain 3D broadbands such as “the first practical implementation of a fully
3D broadband and low-loss ground-plane cloak at microwave frequencies” [1]. Most radar
systems operate in a microwave portion of a radio-frequency spectrum like stealth technology,
however that is where the invisible cloak differs. A stealth aircraft avoids radar detection by
displaying the slightest profile for reflecting microwave electromagnetic fields. However, the
invisible cloak or cloaking redirects the electromagnetic waves around the object. When this
occurs, the image is entirely eliminated at a particular wavelength.
Unique Optical and Electronic Properties of Metamaterials
Invisible cloaks are made up of metamaterials that are a type of artificial material that is
created of composite materials in lieu of chemical structures in natural materials, also designing
an arrangement of atoms into a desired construction. With this, there has been an eruption of the
meta-concept in the previous two decades, bending the rudimentary rules of light. The
metamaterial lens or superlens is an optical property of metamaterials and leads up to a unique
optical effect. “This consequently realized the full exploitation of dielectric and metallic
properties in the permittivity–permeability plane, leading to unique optical effects, such as
negative optical refractive index and superlenses” [2]. The negative optical refractive index and
super lens provides a unique optical property in metamaterials. These fascinating light-matter
interchange behaviors supply a further expectation of a new practical photonic technology.
Another optical property in metamaterials is a composite where subwavelength features, instead
of the constituent materials, direct the macroscopic electromagnetic properties of the material.
Well-designed metamaterials have gathered a lot of interest because of their atypical interaction
with electromagnetic waves. Considering nature appears to have restrictions on the kind of
materials that exist, newly formulated metamaterials are not bound by such limitations.
Fabrications of Metamaterials
A sample fabrication for metamaterials is a multilayer fishnet “known as the bulk-type
metamaterials with negative refractive index at optical frequencies” [3]. A fishnet metamaterial
was fabricated to test the magnetic hyperbolic dispersion by employing focused ion beam milling
between a pile of 20 varying films of gold and magnesium fluoride. It is then contrived on a 50nm-thin silicon nitride membrane. This fabricated structure is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2-(a) Sketch of the structure. Thicknesses of MgF2 and Au layers are 45 and 30 nm, respectively. Thickness of Si3N4
membrane is 50 nm. Lattice period is 750 × 750 nm. Size of holes is 260 × 530 nm. (b) Experimentally measured transmission
spectrum of the fishnet metamaterial. Inset shows a scanning electron microscopy image of the fabricated structure. (c)
Effective refractive index of the fishnet metamaterial extracted for the normal incidence. The marked lines in b and c represent
the wavelengths in the regions of elliptic dispersion (red), crossover optical topological transition (green) and hyperbolic
dispersion (blue).
Artificial Structures in Metamaterials
Artificial structures that are usually created in metamaterials are composite structures
with exotic material properties. There are fascinating physical properties that don’t occur in
naturally occurring materials, but can be produced by electromagnetic waves. “These artificial
structures function as atoms and molecules in traditional materials; while through regulated
interactions with electromagnetic (EM) waves, they can produce fascinating physical properties
unavailable in naturally occurring or chemically synthesized materials” [4]. Because of this, the
composite structures are called metamaterials, that stands for materials beyond natural ones, to
the letter.
Unique Dielectric and Magnetic Properties in Metamaterials
There are four distinct dielectric polarization mechanisms, three of which that are
associated with the anharmonicity, Raman scattering of the lattice, and the second-order
moment. There is another dielectric mechanism that relates to electronic processes. “The other
mechanism is related to electronic processes of higher frequency than the light, and, therefore, is
essentially flat in the range of the frequencies of optical masers” [5]. The fourth mechanism
could be the dominant one since the scope lies with higher magnitude than the ionic resonances.
Essentially, there are four separations of the polarization mechanisms. They are
interfacial polarization, ionic polarization, dipolar or orientation polarization, and electronic
polarization. These all fall under the dielectric polarization which is when the forming of a dipole
moment occurs in an insulating material on account of an externally administered electric field.
During the administration of an electric field, three feasible polarization mechanisms were
recognized in the weakly polar phase dependent on the frequency and temperature dependence of
the Raman modes as well as the temperature dependence of the P-E response. These could
perhaps be expressed by “(a) polarization extension due to the coexistence of polar and non-polar
phases, (b) the occurrence of electric field-induced transitions from ergodic relaxor to nonergodic order, and (c) the possible enhanced polarizability of the crystal structure due to the
weakening of the Bi-O bond with increasing temperature” [6]. With an increase in temperature,
the sequential polarization electric-field produced process upheld by the emergence of added
current peaks established in the current-electric field loops.
One magnetism in metamaterials is optical magnetism. Controlling artificial optical
magnetism, in the past, has needed complex two- and three-dimensional assemblies, namely
split-ring metamaterials and nanoparticle arrays. The feeble magnetic response in natural
Figure 3-Experimental Demonstration of “Optical Magnetism”
materials has inspired the exploration for systems and structures that could display magnetic
properties emerging from metamaterial design. “Specifically, engineered displacement currents
and conduction currents can act as sources of artificial magnetism when metamaterials are
illuminated with electromagnetic fields” [7]. Figure 3 shows an experimental demonstration of
optical magnetism.
Another type of magnetism is electromagnetic metamaterial, which is also a photonic
metamaterial (PM), or optical metamaterial that interconnects with light, casing infrared (IR),
terahertz (THz), or visible wavelengths. Infrared is called infrared light from time to time, which
is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) accompanied by wavelengths that are longer than visible
light. This is consequently invisible to the human eye.
Classical electromagnetism, also known as classical electrodynamics is an offshoot of
theoretical physics, which studies the interlinkages between electric charges and currents using
an expansion of the classical Newtonian model. There were multiple developments in the field of
optics centuries prior to light being understood to be an electromagnetic wave.
Another type of magnetism is magnetostatics which is the examination of magnetic fields in
systems where currents are stable or not changing with time. When the charges are immobilized,
this is the magnetic analogue of electrostatics. A way that magnetostatic focusing can be attained
is by a permanent magnet or with the passing of a current via a coil of wire whose axis
corresponds with the beam axis or by a permanent magnet.
Applications of Metamaterials
Some examples of exotic optical properties of metamaterials are: cloaking,
chirality/optical activity, superlensing and perfect absorption. Other properties involved include:
light emission control, enhanced nonlinear interaction, as well as optical force manipulation. One
of the main applications of metamaterials is the invisible cloak. Cloaks have been experimented
with in electromagnetism at different kinds of frequencies and in different wavelengths. “Cloaks
have been demonstrated experimentally in electromagnetism at microwave and at optical
frequencies, in airborne and fluid-borne acoustics, for fluid surface waves, for electrical and heat
conduction, as well as for flexural waves in thin (quasi two-dimensional) elastic membranes” [8].
In figure 4, it shows “(a) A rigid hollow cylinder embedded in a homogeneous threedimensional pentamode-metamaterial environment (white) is covered by a compliant
pentamode-metamaterial shell (red). Any
object can be placed inside of the hollow
interior and thereby becomes ‘unfeelable’. For
any given pushing direction, the cylindrical
core-shell geometry exhibits a symmetry
plane normal to the pushing direction and
cutting through the middle of the cylinder.
Thus, it is sufficient to study the half-cylinder
geometry. (b) The magnified view reveals the
details of the pentamode metamaterial the
cloak is composed of. The local bulk
modulus B is tuned via the diameter d of the
double-cone connections with respect to the
fixed lattice constant a. For the surrounding,
we chose d0/a=5.3% (white), for the cloaking
shell we derive d2/a=2.4% (red) for the
choice R2/R1=4/3. The fixed diameter D/a=8%
at the thick ends is also depicted. (c) Optical
micrograph of a fabricated cloaking structure.
Scale bar, 0.5 mm” [8].
Figure 5 shows an ultrathin invisibility
skin cloak for visible light. An example of
how invisibility cloak works is that it hides
the object from sight by guiding the light
around it. “Metamaterial-based optical cloaks
have thus far used volumetric distribution of
the material properties to gradually bend light
Figure 4-Illustration of the elasto-mechancial cloak.
and thereby obscure the cloaked region. Hence, they are bulky and hard to scale up and, more
critically, typical carpet cloaks introduce unnecessary phase shifts in the reflected light, making
the cloaks detectable” [9]. At 730-nanometer wavelength, the skin cloak hides a three-
dimensional indiscriminately
shaped object with absolute
restoration of the phase of the
reflected light.
Summary
The development of the
metamaterial in fact has proven to
be monumental for the
development of the invisible cloak
as well as its current applications.
In order to continue to develop
modern day technological
advancements in engineering as
well as science, metamaterials
must be included as a main
Figure 5-An ultrathin invisibility skin cloak for visible light.
contributor. Metamaterials do not
exist naturally and their unique optical electronic properties were provided in detail. One of the
materials used to fabricate metamaterials was the multilayer fishnet. This fishnet metamaterial
was fabricated to test magnetic hyperbolic dispersion. With different fabrications of
metamaterials comes the unique dielectric and magnetic properties in metamaterials. Four
dielectric polarization mechanisms in metamaterials are interfacial polarization, ionic
polarization, dipolar or orientation polarization, and electronic polarization. Also, associated with
these polarization mechanisms are the magnetisms related to dielectric and magnetic properties
in metamaterials. They include: optical magnetism, electromagnetic metamaterial, classical
electromagnetism and magnetostatics. There are many properties, including applications of
metamaterials that can help continue the advancement in optics. Invisible cloaks/metamaterials
are important to study and continue to be looked at in order to use them in a beneficial way, such
as in the military. This is already being used in the military, but with further research and
development, it could really assist in the future by protecting the military from being seen in any
type of attack. It could also hide weapons and anything needing protection from the enemy. The
advancement with the invisible cloak has already reached extreme heights in the scientific realm.
Especially in the field of engineering and will continue to impress for years to come. In figure 6,
it shows how the optical camouflage or invisible cloak works. It is important to know the
different applications of invisible cloaks and or metamaterials for the understanding of the
properties of magnetism.
Figure 6-A coat using optical camouflage
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
H. F. Ma and T. J. Cui, “Three-dimensional broadband ground-plane cloak made of
metamaterials,” Nature communications, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2010.
S. Zhu and X. Zhang, “Metamaterials: artificial materials beyond nature,” ed: Oxford University
Press, 2018.
S. S. Kruk et al., “Magnetic hyperbolic optical metamaterials,” Nature communications, vol. 7,
no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2016.
Y. Liu and X. Zhang, “Metamaterials: a new frontier of science and technology,” Chemical Society
Reviews, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 2494-2507, 2011.
D. Kleinman, “Nonlinear dielectric polarization in optical media,” Physical Review, vol. 126, no. 6,
p. 1977, 1962.
G. Viola et al., “Dielectric relaxation, lattice dynamics and polarization mechanisms in Bi0. 5Na0.
5TiO3-based lead-free ceramics,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 114, no. 1, p. 014107, 2013.
G. T. Papadakis, D. Fleischman, A. Davoyan, P. Yeh, and H. A. Atwater, “Optical magnetism in
planar metamaterial heterostructures,” Nature communications, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2018.
T. Bückmann, M. Thiel, M. Kadic, R. Schittny, and M. Wegener, “An elasto-mechanical
unfeelability cloak made of pentamode metamaterials,” Nature communications, vol. 5, no. 1,
pp. 1-6, 2014.
X. Ni, Z. J. Wong, M. Mrejen, Y. Wang, and X. Zhang, “An ultrathin invisibility skin cloak for visible
light,” Science, vol. 349, no. 6254, pp. 1310-1314, 2015.
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