Description
Develop an expanded outline that outlines the key sections and content of your final project. Your expanded outline should include the following components:
1: Title: Provide a working title for your final project.
2: Project Overview
Research question/ puzzle
3: Main Sections:
Outline the main sections
Provide a brief summary of the content in each section.
Include any subtopics or key points you plan to cover.
4: Data Analysis/ Evidence:
Explain how you will analyze your data or evidence.
Describe the tools or techniques you will use.
Discuss how the analysis relates to your research question.
5: Analysis: Start developing your critical analysis and theoretical framework to reflect on urban practices you are studying.
Length of expanded outline: about 1500 words. Include a TITLE.
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How the Second Avenue Subway Impacts New York City’s Urban Ecosystems:
Annotated Bibliography
1: Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Random House.
In her book “The Death and Life of Great American Cities,” Jane Jacobs provides a
critique of planning policies during the twentieth century. These policies often favored
large scale projects that destroyed neighborhoods. Jacobs emphasizes the
significance of cities as living entities, highlighting the importance of diversity, mixed
use areas, and the dynamic interactions that occur on city streets. She argues
against the “slum clearance” projects of her time, which frequently displaced
established communities in favor of high rise buildings and expressways.
When considering how this relates to the Second Avenue Subway project, it
becomes apparent that such a significant infrastructure development can have
effects. While the subway has the potential to improve connectivity and accessibility,
it may also lead to increased property values, possibly resulting in prolonged for time
residents being forced out and altering neighborhood characteristics. Jacobs would
be interested in hearing from residents and businesses along Second Avenue
regarding their opinions. She would have questioned whether or not the subway
project was respected. Preserves the existing “sidewalk ballet” – referring to the
interactions between residents, vendors, and pedestrians that she believed were
vital for maintaining urban vitality.
2: Caro, R. A. (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. Vintage
Books.
In “The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York,” Robert A. Caro
meticulously chronicles the life and influence of Robert Moses. He created numerous
bridges, highways, and parks throughout the city. His methods were controversial.
Moses often bypassed traditional democratic processes, using his vast power to
push through projects he deemed necessary. This often led to the razing of entire
neighborhoods, displacing thousands of residents, particularly those from
marginalized communities. His focus on car-centric infrastructure often sidelined
public transportation projects, like the Second Avenue Subway.
Similar to the construction of the Second Avenue Subway. Moses’s approach to
planning and the eventual completion of the subway system reflected the challenges
faced by New York City in terms of its urban development. While Moses primarily
focused on projects prioritizing transportation, the introduction of the Second Avenue
Subway marked a shift towards improving transportation and reducing reliance on
cars. However, just like Moses’ projects impacted the community, so did the subway
system, influencing property values, business dynamics, and overall community
cohesion. Integrating the metro system into the urban fabric could be seen as a
move towards some of Moses’ more car-centric attitudes. These decisions are
intended to create a transportation ecosystem that meets the needs of New York
City’s dense population.
3: Plotch, P. M. (2020). Last Subway: The Long Wait for the Next Train in New York. Cornell
University Press.
Philip Mark Plotch’s book, titled “Last Subway,” explores New York City’s subway
system with a focus on the unique challenges encountered during the development
of the Second Avenue Subway. The book delves into the obstacles, financial
difficulties, and urban planning choices that influenced the growth of this subway
network. As the Second Avenue Subway emerges as an addition to New Yorks’s
transportation infrastructure, its impact goes beyond mere commuting. Plotch
highlights how such ambitious projects can transform environments, influencing
property values, opening up business prospects, and altering neighborhood
dynamics. Ultimately this book demonstrates how transportation intertwines with a
city’s economic fabric in ways.This has led to a lot of suggestions for the impact on
the Second Avenue Subway.
4: Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for People. Island Press.
“Cities, for People” by Jan Gehl is a piece of work that emphasizes the importance of
designing cities with a focus on needs. Gehl argues that urban spaces should
prioritize pedestrians, promoting environments that encourage walking, social
connections, and vibrant street life. Gehls’ ideas highlight the significance of
integrating the subway infrastructure into the surrounding environment when
considering the Second Avenue Subway. This involves creating station entrances,
establishing public spaces near subway exits to foster community interactions, and
ensuring that the presence of the subway contributes positively to the existing urban
ecosystem. By understanding Gehl’s insights, we can better grasp how major transit
projects, like the Second Avenue Subway, can be thoughtfully incorporated into a
city’s fabric.
5: Speck, J. (2012). Walkable City: How Downtown Can Save America, One Step at a Time.
Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Jeff Specks’s book, “City; How Downtown Can Save America One Step at a Time,”
explores the aspects of design that contribute to the success of cities. He highlights
the role of walkability and its impact on areas’ liveliness, sustainability, and economic
prosperity. Speck outlines ten steps to achieve walkability, including factors like
mixed use zoning and well thought out spaces. These principles underscore the
importance of prioritizing designs that cater to needs rather than solely focusing on
automobiles.
When we consider the impact of the Second Avenue Subway project on these ideas,
it becomes clear that introducing a transit line goes beyond providing an alternative
to cars; it transforms the very fabric of urban areas. Streets near subway stations
become locations for businesses, resulting in bustling corridors. Consequently, these
areas attract pedestrians to street life and community interactions. The presence of a
subway can initiate a shift from car dominated streets to pedestrian boulevards
adorned with tree lined sidewalks, outdoor cafes, and captivating public art
installations. Moreover, as subway usage increases and car traffic decreases,
opportunities arise for creating pedestrian plazas and parks. These spaces serve as
areas and green lungs within cities that contribute to environmental sustainability.
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