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Exercise ContentDear Student, This is the Fourth-Week assignment.APA style 7th edition and Originality SafeAssign submission are required.
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Chapter Seven
Operational Definitions
• Health information is data related to medical
history.
• Health information records include history, lab
results, diagnostic information, and notes.
• It creates data sets that are used for individuals and
populations.
Operational Definitions
• Health information management (H IM) includes
obtaining, using, and protecting both digital and
traditional patient information.
• Professionals in each IM manage patient records.
• They also are part of quality measurement
including accreditation.
Operational Definitions
• Health information technology (HIT) assists the
exchange of health information through electronic
systems.
• HIT is used extensively in health care.
• Privacy and security are important. HIT issues.
Operational Definitions
• WHO defines the functions of HIT as data
generation, compilation, analysis, synthesis, and
communication.
Introduction
• Health care is making progress in addressing DV.
• Guidelines for treatment now exist.
• Initiatives include awareness, guidelines, and
strategies for response.
• The ACA requires screening and counseling.
Introduction
• Practitioners need to increase their awareness of
diagnoses concerning DV.
• They also must confront their own feelings and
beliefs about domestic violence and its victims.
Ethical Dilemmas
• Protection of privacy is a major ethical dilemma in
HIM.
• Access to medical records must balance privacy and
equity.
• Violation of privacy personal gain is a serious
concern for health care.
Ethical Dilemmas
• Conspiracy to commit PHI fraud for personal gain is
both a legal and ethical issue.
• These crimes harm individuals, organizations, and
taxpayers.
Ethical Dilemmas
• Failures to communicate about computers and
their appropriate, use exists across generations.
• Computers enable people to assume a different
personality.
• Computers also let people disregard their ethics
foundations.
Ethical Dilemmas
• Ethics professional societies encourage the
development and use of codes of ethics.
• However, those without a moral compass forget
about ethics in their eat actions.
• Individuals make decisions about their conduct in
the cyber community.
Ethical Dilemmas
• Examples of theft can also relate to the ethics and
the Internet.
• Ransomware is a type of computer software
(malware) that infects computers, servers, and
systems.
• Ransomware makes files unreadable.
Ethical Dilemmas
• Cyber attackers use extortion to receive a ransom
for returning access to information.
• Computer should not be in an environment for
criminal attack.
• Protection of information systems requires action
including making it difficult for hackers to have
access.
Smart Phone Networks
• Smart phones collect and store large amounts of
personal data.
• From an ethics view, users agreed to this collection
of data through apps.
• The U.S. government does not vet health
applications.
• Many issues exist for the protection of privacy and
health apps.
Ethics Decision-Making Models
• The “3 rules of thumb” model is a foundation for
decision-making.
• Weber suggests that individual rights should be a
priority.
• The next consideration should be the good of the
community and its interests.
Ethics Decision-Making Models
• The Weber model than considers the good of the
organization and its interests.
• Lastly, individual good, and interests should be
considered.
• The Weber model helps to establish priorities in
ethics decision-making.
Ethics Decision-Making Models
• The “grandmother test” is also useful as a guide.
Can you tell your grandmother about your
decision?
• Would she approve of this decision?
• Decision-making models need to be part of
education and healthcare organization ethics
resources.
In Summary…
Chapter Eight
Technological
Advances in Health
Care: Blessing or
Ethics Nightmare?
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Medical and Health Information
Technology
• Medical technology involves products, equipment,
and processes that help to make diagnoses.
• Health information technology (HIT) includes
computer hardware, software, and databases that
assist the providers in giving quality care.
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Medical and Health Information
Technology
• HIT can include the electronic medical record
(EHR).
• It can also include support systems like physician
order entry (CPOE) and clinical decision-support
systems (CDSS).
4
Ethics Obligations
• The healthcare field is becoming more
dependent on technology.
• Innovation in technology requires due diligence.
• Patient safety and effectiveness are being
considered.
• Attention needs to be paid to overall benefits.
5
Ethical Issues in Research
• Technology research allows for a disassociation
between the researcher and the research.
• The lack of focus on the bigger picture can cause
ethics violations that have major impact.
• History demonstrates this issue.
6
Unethical Medical Research
• Evaluation of research studies needs to consider
the right to autonomy.
• Autonomy is demonstrated by informed consent.
• Informed consent includes competence,
voluntariness, disclosure, and authorization.
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Research Studies and Ethics
• Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1972)
• This study failed to meet the criteria for true
informed consent.
• There was manipulation of subjects by researchers.
• The researchers took advantage of a disadvantaged
population, but they thought they were being
ethical.
8
Research Studies and Ethics
• The Willowbrook Study (1963-1966)
• This study used children who had various mental
disabilities for testing the progression of hepatitis
virus.
• The researchers assumed that these subjects were
competent.
• Researchers in this study took advantage of a
vulnerable population.
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Research Studies and Ethics
• Researchers can become so absorbed in the study
that they fail to see the ethical implications.
• Susan Reverby uncovered another example of this
issue in the USPHS funded syphilis study in
Guatemala.
• Findings like this call for an ethics review and a
third-party evaluation of research studies.
10
Recent Innovations
• There are many innovations that involve technology
that pose ethics concerns.
• One example is synthetic biology.
• Researchers can create non-genetic raw materials
to substitute for genetic material.
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Recent Innovations
• Synthetic biology shows both promise and concern.
• Ethics questions include concerns about usage and
controls.
• The Presidential Commission for the Study of
Bioethical Issues was formed to study ethics
principles as they relate to this field.
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Ethics Principles
• Public beneficence looks at gains or losses for the
public populations affected by the new research.
• Responsible stewardship asks researchers to
consider those who cannot represent themselves
in future studies and in the use of products of the
studies.
13
Ethics Principles
• Freedom of intellectual efforts balances total
freedom for study with stopping research. It asks
for ongoing accountability.
• Justice and fairness asks researchers to not subject
individual, groups, or communities to risks in an
unfair manner.
14
Computer –Assisted Robotic
Surgery
• This area combines the use of computer imagery
and robotic equipment to assist in surgical
interventions.
• It includes stereotatic radiosurgery, computer-aided
maxillofacial surgery, and robotic-assisted visceral
surgery.
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Computer –Assisted Robotic
Surgery
• Ethics issues include the lack of resources for all
facilities to have this level of technology, thereby
affecting population beneficence.
• In addition, the costs of the investment must be
recovered and that cost is passed on to the patient.
• Only patients with funds can benefit.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• MRI now have increased field strength (signals).
• MRI strengths may reach 7-9.4T; resulting in
enhanced image quality.
• Ethical issues arise with the increase in costs versus
the overall increased patient benefit.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Marketing makes an investment in higher “T” for
MRI machines.
• Deontology is often used as an argument for
purchasing the higher “T” machines.
• However, the higher “T” machine can also generate
lower “T” images.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Consideration is being given for reimbursement for
MRIs by signal strength.
• This action can increase ethics temptation to
upcode.
• There is also a temptation to order more 1.5T
images on 3T machines.
19
IBM Watson an Cognitive Health
Care
• IBM Watson is a supercomputer that can change
healthcare decision making.
• There are ethics concerns including the
replacement of physicians.
• Autonomy issues need to be considered.
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HIT and Medical Group Practice
• HIT is expanding rapidly and there is a rush toward
implementation.
• The HITECH is an attempt to ensure adoption of the
EHR.
• Meaningful use is required including proof of
application and certification.
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HIT and Medical Group Practice
• An ethical concern about beneficence can be found
when looking at the need for speedy
implementation of the EHR.
• The quality of care for patients should be of
concern regardless of the form of documentation.
There is a moral obligation to act in their benefit.
22
HIT and Medical Group Practice
• Providers may choose to opt-out of the incentive
program for EHR adoption.
• This decision may be based on excessive capital
expense, costs of training, and other concerns.
• Patient quality concerns are issues with this
decision (nonmaleficence).
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IT and Privacy
• The benefits of the EHR can also be liabilities.
• Patients are concerned that their medical records
are not confidential.
• HIPPA violations have occurred.
• Security continues to be an issue in protecting
patient information.
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IT and Privacy
• Ethics issues include the protection of
confidentiality.
• In addition, training needs to be ongoing.
• Organizations have a fiduciary obligation to protect
security.
25
Keeping Up with Regulations
• Medical group practices also have increasing and
changing funding issues and regulations.
• There is a need to stay current with MACRA and
other reimbursement changes.
• Autonomy of medical providers and
nonmaleficience are ethics issues.
26
In Summary…
27
Florida National University
PHI1635 Biomedical Ethics: Assignment Week 4
Discussion Exercise: Chapter 7 and 8
Objective: The students will complete a Virtual Classroom Discussion Exercise that will Extend your
knowledge beyond the core required materials for this class, Engage in collaborative learning with other
students to improve the quality of the learning experience for all students and Apply the higher cognitive
skills associated with critical thinking to your academic and professional work.
ASSIGNMENT GUIDELINES (10%):
Students will judgmentally amount the readings from Chapter assign on your textbook. This
assignment is prearranged to help you to learning in all disciplines because it helps student’s
process information rather than simply receive it.
You need to read the PowerPoint Presentation assigned for week 4 and develop a 2-3 page paper
replicating your appreciative and competence to apply the readings to your ethics knowledge.
Each paper must be typewritten with 12-point font and double-spaced with standard margins.
Follow APA style 7th edition format when referring to the selected articles and include a
reference page.
EACH PAPER SHOULD INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
1. Introduction (25%) Provide a brief synopsis of the meaning (not a description) of each
Chapter and articles you read, in your own words that will apply to the case study presented.
2. Discussion Challenge (65%)
Health care in the 21st century is governed by a confusing array of rules, regulations, laws and
ethical standards. Issues that involve confidentiality, informed consent and patient relationships
can appear out of nowhere, even when health care workers have the best of intentions. What’s
legal today might not be considered ethical, and there is the ever-present threat of being sued for
negligence and malpractice. There are unresolved issues around doctor assisted dying that have
yet to be worked out, while medical procedures considered ethical for adults might not be seen as
ethical for minors.
Here are the top five ethical issues that health care managers of today and tomorrow will be
facing in the course of delivering responsible and compassionate patient care.
a. Patient Confidentiality
b. Patient Relationships
c. Malpractice and Negligence
d. Informed Consent
e. Issues Related To Physician Assisted Suicide (PAD).
STUDENT CHALLENGE:
1. Describe, mention and define the five ethical issues that health care managers of today
and explain your point of view relate with the ethical implication.
2. Designate and discussion how this five issues where affected by the COVID-19
pandemic?
ASSIGNMENT DUE DATE:
The assignment is to be electronically posted in the Assignments Link on Blackboard no later
than noon on Sunday, November 21, 2021.
ASSIGNMENT RUBRICS
Assignments Guidelines
1 Points
10%
Introduction
2.5 Points
25%
Your Discussion Challenge
6.5 Points
65%
Total
10 points
100%
ASSIGNMENT GRADING SYSTEM
A
90% – 100%
B+
85% – 89%
B
80% – 84%
C+
75% – 79%
C
70% – 74%
D
60% – 69%
F
50% – 59% Or less.
Dr. Gisela Llamas
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