ENGL112L END OF TERM

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QUESTION 1: Reflection

Looking over the Student Learning Outcomes in the syllabus and at the end of this document, name and explain with examples two aspects of the outcomes you feel you have gained over the arc of this course. Minimum of two paragraphs, maximum four paragraphs.

NOTE: Choose different Learning Outcomes and Goals subtopics than you chose for your fiction reflection. I’ve added “translations” for you in green next to the subheadings that I think might be a bit unclear for students. They are at the end of this assignment.

QUESTION 2:

Pick one drama or poem . To what extent did it challenge your thinking or help you consider alternate perspectives? Or, in what way did it express an idea or feeling you already held in a new way? Two paragraphs.

QUESTION 3:

How might you apply the ideas, perspectives, or ways of expression you’ve learned in this course in the future of your personal, professionally or civic life? How will the connection you made to other lives through reading expand your own singular life? Two paragraphs minimum, three maximum.

Learning Outcomes and Goals of the Course:

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Trifles
By Susan Glaspell
Antigone
By Sophocles
CC
CLASSICAL GREEK TRAGEDY
Sophocles
ANTIGONE
SOPHOCLES (496?-406 B.C.)
Antigone
An English Version by Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald
Person Represented
ANTIGONE
ISMENE
EURYDICE
CREON
HAIMON
TEIRESIAS
A SENTRY
A MESSENGER
CHORUS
SCENE: Before the Palace of Creon, King of Thebes. A central double door, and two
lateral doors. A platform extends the length of the façade, and from this platform
three steps lead down into the “orchestra”, or chorus-ground. TIME: Dawn of the
day after the repulse of the Argive army from the assault on Thebes.
PROLOGUE
[ANTIGONE and ISMENE enter from the central door of the Palace.]
ANTIGONE:
Ismene, dear sister,
You would think that we had already suffered enough
For the curse on Oedipus:1
I cannot imagine any grief
That you and I have not gone through. And now ––
Have they told you of the new decree of our King Creon?
ISMENE:
I have heard nothing: I know
That two sisters lost two brothers, a double death
In a single hour; and I know that the Argive army
Fled in the night; but beyond this, nothing.
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ANTIGONE:
I thought so. And that is why I wanted you
To come out here with me. There is something we must do.
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Oedipus, once King of Thebes, was the father of Antigone and Ismene, and of their brothers Polyneices and Eteocles. Oedipus
unwittingly killed his father, Laios, and married his own mother, Iocaste. When he learned what he had done, he blinded
himself and left Thebes. Eteocles and Polyneices quarreled, Polyneices was driven out but returned to assault Thebes. In the
battle each brother killed the other; Creon became king and ordered that Polyneices be left to rot unburied on the battlefield as a
traitor. [Editors’ note]
ISMENE:
Why do you speak so strangely?
ANTIGONE:
Listen, Ismenê:
Creon buried our brother Eteoclês
With military honors, gave him a soldier’s funeral,
And it was right that he should; but Polyneicês,
They fought as bravely and died as miserably,-They say that Creon has sworn
No one shall burry him, no one mourn for him,
But this body must lie in the fields, a sweet treasure
For carrion birds to find as they search for food.
That is what they say, and our good Creon is coming here
To announce it publicly; and the penalty ––
Stoning to death I the public squarel
There it is,
And now you can prove what you are:
A true sister, or a traitor to your family.
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ISMENE:
Antigone, you are mad! What could I possibly do?
ANTIGONE:
You must decide whether you will help me or not.
ISMENE:
I do not understand you. Help you in what?
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ANTIGONE:
Ismene, I am going to bury him. Will you come?
ISMENE:
Bury him! You have just said the new law forbids it.
ANTIGONE:
He is my brother. And he is your brother, too.
ISMENE:
But think of the danger! Think what Creon will do!
ANTIGONE:
Creon is not enough to stand in my way.
ISMENE:
Ah sister!
Oedipus died, everyone hating him
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For what his own search brought to light, his eyes
Ripped out by his own hand; and Iocaste died,
His mother and wife at once: she twisted the cords
That strangled her life; and our two brothers died,
Each killed by the other’s sword. And we are left:
But oh, Antigone,
Think how much more terrible than these
Our own death would be if we should go against Creon
And do what he has forbidden! We are only women,
We cannot fight with men, Antigone!
The law is strong, we must give in to the law
In this thing, and in worse. I beg the Dead
To forgive me, but I am helpless: I must yield
To those in authority. And I think it is dangerous business
To be always meddling.
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ANTIGONE:
If that is what you think,
I should not want you, even if you asked to come.
You have made your choice, you can be what you want to be.
But I will bury him; and if I must die,
I say that this crime is holy: I shall lie down
With him in death, and I shall be as dear
To him as he to me.
It is the dead
Not the living, who make the longest demands:
We die for ever…
You may do as you like
Since apparently the laws of the god mean nothing to you.
ISMENE:
They mean a great deal to me, but I have no strength
To break laws that were made for the public good.
ANTIGONE:
That must be your excuse, I suppose. But as for me,
I will bury the brother I love.
ISMENE:
Antigone,
I am so afraid for you!
ANTIGONE:
You need not be:
You have yourself to consider, after all.
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ISMENE:
But no one must hear of this, you must tell no one!
I will keep it a secret, I promise!
ANTIGONE:
Oh tell it! Tell everyone
Think how they’ll hate you when it all comes out
If they learn that you knew about it all the time!
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ISMENE:
So fiery! You should be cold with fear.
ANTIGONE:
Perhaps. But I am doing only what I must.
ISMENE:
But can you do it? I say that you cannot.
ANTIGONE
Very well: when my strength gives out, I shall do no more.
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ISMENE:
Impossible things should not be tried at all.
ANTIGONE:
Go away, Ismene:
I shall be hating you soon, and the dead will too,
For your words are hateful. Leave me my foolish plan:
I am not afraid of the danger; if it means death,
It will not be the worst of deaths ––death without honor.
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ISMENE:
Go then, if you feel that you must.
You are unwise,
But a loyal friend indeed to those who love you.
[Exit into the Palace. ANTIGONE goes off, L. Enter the CHORUS.]
PARODOS
CHORUS:
Now the long blade of the sun, lying
[Strophe 1]
Level east to west, touches with glory
Thebes of the Seven Gates. Open, unlidded
Eye of golden day! O marching light
Across the eddy and rush of Dirce’s stream, 2
Striking the white shields of the enemy
Thrown headlong backward from the blaze of morning!
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Dirce: a stream west of Thebes. [Editor’s note]
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CHORAGOS: 3
Polyneices their commander
Roused them with windy phrases,
He the wild eagle screaming
Insults above our land,
His wings their shields of snow,
His crest their marshaled helms.
CHORUS:
[Antistrophe 1]
Against our seven gates in a yawning ring
The famished spears came onward in the night;
But before his jaws were sated with our blood,
Or pine fire took the garland of our towers,
He was thrown back; and as he turned, great Thebes––
No tender victim for his noisy power––
Rose like a dragon behind him, shouting war.
CHORAGOS:
For God hates utterly
The bray of bragging tongues;
And when he beheld their smiling,
Their swagger of golden helms,
The frown of his thunder blasted
Their first man from our walls
CHORUS:
[Strophe 2]
We heard his shout of triumph high in the air
Turn to a scream; far out in a flaming are
He fell with his windy torch, and the earth struck him.
And others storming in fury no less than his
Found shock of death in the dusty joy of battle
CHORAGOS:
Seven captains at seven gates
Yielded their clanging arms to the god
That bends the battle-line and breaks it.
These two only, brothers in blood,
Face to face in matchless rage,
Mirroring each the other’s death,
Clashed in long combat.
CHORUS:
[Antistrophe 2]
But now in the beautiful morning of victory
Let Thebes of the many chariots sing for joy!
With hearts for dancing we’ll take leave of war:
Our temples shall be sweet with hymns of praise,
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Leader of the Chorus. [Editors’ note]
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And the long night shall echo with our chorus.
SCENE I
CHORAGUS:
But now at last our new King is coming:
Creon of Thebes, Menoikeus’ son.
In this auspicious dawn of his reign
What are the new complexities
That shifting Fate has woven for him?
What is his counsel? Why has he summoned
The old men to hear him?
[Enter CREON from the Palace, C. He addresses the CHORUS
from the top step.]
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CREON:
Gentlemen: I have the honor to inform you that our Ship of
State, which recent storms have threatened to destroy, has come
safely to harbor at last, guided by the merciful wisdom of Heaven. I
have summoned you here this morning because I know that I can
depend upon you: your devotion to King Laios was absolute; you
never hesitated in your duty to our late ruler Oedipus; and when
Oedipus died, your loyalty was transferred to his children.
Unfortunately, as you know, his two sons, the princes Eteocles and
Polyneices, have killed each other in battle, and I, as the next in
blood, have succeeded to the full power of the throne.
I am aware, of course, that no Ruler can expect complete
loyalty from his subjects until he has been tested in office.
Nevertheless, I say to you at the very outset that I have nothing but
contempt for the kind of Governor who is afraid, for whatever reason,
to follow the course that he knows is best for the State; and as for the
man who sets private friendship above the public welfare, ––I have
no use for him, either. I call God to witness that if I saw my country
headed for ruin, I should not be afraid to speak out plainly; and I need
hardly remind you that I would never have any dealings with an
enemy of the people. No one values friendship more highly than I;
but we must remember that friends made at the risk of wrecking our
Ship are not real friends at all.
These are my principles, at any rate, and that is why I have
made the following decision concerning the sons of Oedipus:
Eteocles, who died as a man should die, fighting for his country, is to
be buried with full military honors, with all the ceremony that is usual
when the greatest heroes die; but his brother Polyneices, who broke
his exile to come back with fire and sword against his native city and
the shrines of his fathers’ gods, whose one idea was to spill the blood
of his blood and sell his own people into slavery–– Polyneices, I say,
is to have no burial: no man is to touch him or say the least prayer for
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him; he shall lie on the plain, unburied; and the birds and the
scavenging dogs can do with him whatever they like.
This is my command, and you can see the wisdom behind it. As
long as I am King, no traitor is going to be honored with the loyal
man. But whoever shows by word and deed that he is on the side of
the State,––he shall have my respect while he is living and my
reverence when he is dead.
CHORAGOS:
If that is your will, Creon son of Menoikeus,
You have the right to enforce it: we are yours.
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CREON:
That is my will. Take care that you do your part.
CHORAGOS:
We are old men: let the younger ones carry it out.
CREON:
I do not mean that: the sentries have been appointed.
CHORAGOS:
Then what is t that you would have us do?
CREON:
You will give no support to whoever breaks this law.
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CHORAGOS:
Only a crazy man is in love with death!
CREON:
And death it is; yet money talks, and the wisest
Have sometimes been known to count a few coins too many.
[Enter SENTRY from L.]
SENTRY:
I’ll not say that I’m out of breath from running, King, because every
time I stopped to think about what I have to tell you, I felt like going
back. And all the time a voice kept saying, “You fool, don’t you
know you’re walking straight into trouble?”; and then another voice:
“Yes, but if you let somebody else get the news to Creon first, it will
be even worse than that for you!” But good sense won out, at least I
hope it was good sense, and here I am with a story that makes no
sense at all; but I’ll tell it anyhow, because, as they say, what’s going
to happen’s going to happen, and––
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CREON:
Come to the point. What have you to say?
SENTRY:
I did not it. I did not see who did it. You must not punish me for what someone
else has done.
CREON:
A comprehensive defense! More effective, perhaps,
If I knew its purpose. Come: what is it?
SENTRY:
A dreadful thing… I don’t know how to put it––
CREON:
Out with it!
SENTRY:
Well, then;
The dead man–––
Polyneices––
[Pause. The SENTRY is overcome, fumbles for words. CREON
waits impassively.]
out there––
someone, ––
new dust on the slimy flesh!
[Pause. No sign from CREON.]
Someone has given it burial that way, and
Gone …
[Long pause. CREON finally speaks with deadly control.]
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CREON:
And the man who dared do this?
SENTRY:
I swear I
Do not know! You must believe me!
Listen:
The ground was dry, not a sign of digging, no,
Not a wheel track in the dust, no trace of anyone.
It was when they relieved us this morning: and one of them,
The corporal, pointed to it.
There it was,
The strangest––
Look:
The body, just mounded over with light dust: you see?
Not buried really, but as if they’d covered it
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Just enough for the ghost’s peace. And no sign
Of dogs or any wild animal that had been there.
And then what a scene there was! Every man of us
Accusing the other: we all proved the other man did it,
We all had proof that we could not have done it.
We were ready to take hot iron in our hands,
Walk through fire, swear by all the gods,
It was not I!
I do not know who it was, but it was not I!
[CREON’s rage has been mounting steadily, but the SENTRY
is too intent upon his story to notice it.]
And then, when this came to nothing, someone said
A thing that silenced us and made us stare
Down at the ground: you had to be told the news,
And one of us had to do it! We threw the dice,
And the bad luck fell to me. So here I am,
No happier to be here than you are to have me:
Nobody likes the man who brings bad news.
CHORAGOS:
I have been wondering, King: can it be that the gods have done this?
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CREON:
[Furiously.]
Stop!
Must you doddering wrecks
Go out of your heads entirely? “The gods!”
Intolerable!
The gods favor this corpse? Why? How had he served them?
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Tried to loot their temples, burn their images,
Yes, and the whole State, and its laws with it!
Is it your senile opinion that the gods love to honor bad men?
A pious thought! ––
No, from the every beginning
There have been those who have whispered together,
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Stiff-necked anarchists, putting their heads together,
Scheming against me in alleys. These are the men,
And they have bribed my own guard to do this thing.
Money!
[Sententiously.]
There’s nothing in the world so demoralizing as money.
Find that man, bring him here to me, or your death
Will be the least of your problems: I’ll string you up
Alive, and there will be certain ways to make you
Discover your employer before you die;
And the process may teach you e lesson you seem to have missed
The dearest profit is sometimes all too dear:
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That depends on the source. Do you understand me?
A fortune won is often misfortune.
SENTRY:
King, may I speak?
CREON:
Your very voice distresses me.
SENTRY:
Are you sure that it is my voice, and not your conscience?
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CREON:
By God, he wants to analyze me now!
SENTRY:
It is not what I say, but what has been done, that hurts you.
CREON:
You talk too much.
SENTRY:
Maybe; but I’ve done nothing.
CREON:
Sold your soul for some silver: that’s all you’ve done.
SENTRY:
How dreadful it is when the right judge judges wrong!
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CREON:
Your figures of speech
May entertain you now; but unless you bring me the man,
You will get little profit from them in the end.
[Enter CREON into the Palace.]
SENTRY:
“Bring me the man” ––!
I’d like nothing better than bringing him the man!
But bring him or not, you have seen the last of me here.
At any rate, I am safe!
[Exit SENTRY.]
ODE I
CHORUS:
Numberless are the world’s wonders, but none
More wonderful than man; the stormgray sea
Yields to his prows, the huge crests bear him high;
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[Strophe 1]
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Earth, holy and inexhaustible, is graven
With shining furrows where his plows have gone
Year after year, the timeless labor of stallions.
[Antistrope 1]
The lightboned birds and beasts that cling to cover,
The lithe fish lighting their reaches of dim water,
All are taken, tamed in the net of his mind;
The lion on the hill, the wild horse windy-maned,
Resign to him; and his blunt yoke has broken
The sultry shoulders of the mountain bull.
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[Strophe 2]
Words also, ant thought as rapid as air,
He fashions to his good use; statecraft is his,
And his the skill that deflect the arrows of snow,
The spears of winter rain: from every wind
He has made himself secure––from all but one:
In the late wind of death he cannot stand.
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[Antistrophe 2]
O clear intelligence, force beyond all measure!
O fate of man, working both good and evil!
When the laws are kept, how proudly his city stands!
When the laws are broken, what of his city then?
Never may the anarchic man find rest at my hearth,
Never be it said that my thoughts are his thoughts.
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SCENE II
[Re-enter SENTRY leading ANTIGONE.]
CHORAGOS:
What does this mean? Surely this captive woman
Is the Princess, Antigone. Why should she be taken?
SENTRY:
Here is the one who did it! We caught her
In the very act of burying him. ––Where is Creon?
CHORAGOS:
Just coming from the house.
[Enter CREON, C.]
CREON:
What has happened?
Why have you come back so soon?
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SENTRY:
O King,
A man should never be too sure of anything:
I would have sworn
That you’d not see me here again: your anger
Frightened me so, and the things you threatened me with;
But how could I tell then
That I’d be able to solve the case so soon?
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No dice-throwing this time: I was only too glad to come!
Here is this woman. She is the guilty one:
We found her trying to bury him.
Take her, then; question her; judge her as you will.
I am through with the whole thing now, and glad of it.
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CREON:
But this is Antigone! Why have you brought her here?
SENTRY:
She was burying him, I tell you!
CREON:
[Severely.]
Is this the truth?
SENTRY:
I saw her with my own eyes. Can I say more?
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CREON:
The details: come, tell me quickly!
SENTRY:
It was like this:
After those terrible threats of yours King.
We went back and brushed the dust away from the body.
The flesh was soft by now, and stinking,
So we sat on a hill to windward and kept guard.
No napping happened until the white round sun
Whirled in the center of the round sky over us:
Then, suddenly,
A storm of dust roared up from the earth, and the sky
Went out, the plain vanished with all its trees
In the stinging dark. We closed our eyes and endured it.
The whirlwind lasted a long time, but it passed;
And then we looked, and there was Antigone!
I have seen
A mother bird come back to a stripped nest, heard
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Her crying bitterly a broken note or two
For the young ones stolen. Just so, when this girl
Found the bare corpse, and all her love’s work wasted,
She wept, and cried on heaven to damn the hands
That had done this thing
And then she brought more dust
And sprinkled wine three times for her brother’s ghost.
We ran and took her at once. She was not afraid,
Not even when we charged her with what she had done.
She denied nothing.
And this was a comfort to me,
And some uneasiness: for it is a good thing
To escape from death, but it is no great pleasure
To bring death to a friend.
Yet I always say
There is nothing so comfortable as your own safe skin!
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CREON:
{Slowly, dangerously.]
And you, Antigone,
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You with your head hanging––do you confess this thing?
ANTIGONE:
I do. I deny nothing.
CREON:
[To SENTRY:]
You may go.
{Exit SENTRY. To ANTIGONE:]
Tell me, tell me briefly:
Had you heard my proclamation touching this matter?
ANTIGONE:
It was public. Could I help hearing it?
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CREON:
And yet you dared defy the law.
ANTIGONE:
I dared.
It was not God’s proclamation. That final Justice
That rules the world below makes no such laws.
Your edict, King, was strong,
But all your strength is weakness itself against
The immortal unrecorded laws of God.
They are not merely now: they were, and shall be,
Operative for ever, beyond man utterly.
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I knew I must die, even without your decree:
I am only mortal. And if I must die
Now, before it is my time to die,
Surely this is no hardship: can anyone
Living, as I live, with evil all about me,
Think Death less than a friend? This death of mine
Is of no importance; but if I had left my brother
Lying in death unburied, I should have suffered.
Now I do not.
You smile at me. Ah Creon,
Think me a fool, if you like; but it may well be
That a fool convicts me of folly.
CHORAGOS:
Like father, like daughter: both headstrong, deaf to reason!
She has never learned to yield.
She has much to learn.
The inflexible heart breaks first, the toughest iron
Cracks first, and the wildest horses bend their necks
At the pull of the smallest curb.
Pride? In a slave?
This girl is guilty of a double insolence,
Breaking the given laws and boasting of it.
Who is the man here,
She or I, if this crime goes unpunished?
Sister’s child, or more than sister’s child,
Or closer yet in blood––she and her sister
Win bitter death for this!
[To servants:]
Go, some of you,
Arrest Ismene. I accuse her equally.
Bring her: you will find her sniffling in the house there.
Her mind’s a traitor: crimes kept in the dark
Cry for light, and the guardian brain shudders:
But now much worse than this
Is brazen boasting of barefaced anarchy!
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ANTIGONE:
Creon, what more do you want than my death?
CREON:
Nothing.
That gives me everything.
ANTIGONE:
Then I beg you: kill me.
This talking is a great weariness: your words
Are distasteful to me, and I am sure that mine
Seem so to you. And yet they should not seem so:
I should have praise and honor for what I have done.
All these men here would praise me
Were their lips not frozen shut with fear of you.
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[Bitterly.]
Ah the good fortune of kings,
Licensed to say and do whatever they please!
CREON:
You are alone here in that opinion.
ANTIGONE:
No, they are with me. But they keep their tongues in leash.
CREON:
Maybe. But you are guilty, and they are not.
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ANTIGONE:
There is no guilt in reverence for the dead.
CREON:
But Eteocles––was he not your brother too?
ANTIGONE:
My brother too.
CREON:
And you insult his memory?
ANTIGONE:
The dead man would not say that I insult it.
CREON:
He would: for you honor a traitor as much as him.
ANTIGONE:
His own brother, traitor or not, and equal in blood.
CREON:
He made war on his country. Eteocles defended it.
ANTIGONE:
Nevertheless, there are honors due all the dead.
CREON:
[Softly.]
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But not the same for the wicked as for the just.
ANTIGONE:
Ah Creon, Creon,
Which of us can say what the gods hold wicked?
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CREON:
An enemy is an enemy, even dead.
ANTIGONE:
It is may nature to join in love, not hate.
CREON:
{Finally losing patience.]
Go join them, then; if you must have your love,
Find it in hell!
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CHORAGOS:
But see, Ismene comes:
[Enter ISMENE, guarded.]
Those tears are sisterly, the cloud
That shadows her eyes rains down gentle sorrow.
CREON:
You too, Ismene,
Snake in my ordered house, sucking my blood
Stealthily––and all the time I never knew
That these two sisters were aiming at my throne!
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Ismene,
Do you confess your share in this crime, or deny it?
Answer me.
ISMENE:
Yes, if she will let me say so. I am guilty.
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ANTIGONE:
[Coldly.]
No, Ismene. You have no right to say so.
You would not help me, and I will not have you help me.
ISMENE:
But now I know what you meant; and I am here
To join you, to take my share of punishment.
ANTIGONE:
The dead man and the gods who rule the dead
Know whose act this was. Words are not friends.
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ISMENE:
Do you refuse me, Antigone? I want to die with you:
I too have a duty that I must discharge to the dead.
ANTIGONE:
You shall not lessen my death by sharing it.
ISMENE:
What do I care for life when you are dead?
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ANTIGONE:
Ask Creon. You’re always hanging on his opinions.
ISMENE:
You are laughing at me. Why, Antigone?
ANTIGONE:
It’s a joyless laughter, Ismene.
ISMENE:
But can I do nothing?
ANTIGONE:
Yes. Save yourself. I shall not envy you.
There are those who will praise you; I shall have honor, too.
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ISMENE:
But we are equally guilty!
ANTIGONE:
No more, Ismene.
You are alive, but I belong to Death.
CREON:
Gentlemen, I beg you to observe these girls:
One has just now lost her mind; the other,
It seem, has never had a mind at all.
{To the CHORUS:]
ISMENE:
Grief teaches the steadiest minds to waver, King.
CREON:
Yours certainly did, when you assumed guild with the guilty!
ISMENE:
But how could I go on living without her?
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CREON:
You are.
She is already dead.
ISMENE:
But your own son’s bride!
CREON:
There are places enough for him to push his plow.
I want no wicked women for my sons!
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ISMENE:
O dearest Haimon, how your father wrong you!
CREON:
I’ve had enough of your childish talk of marriage!
CHORAGOS:
Do you really intend to steal this girl from your son?
CREON:
No; Death will do that for me.
CHORAGOS:
Then she must die?
CREON:
You dazzle me.
460
[Ironically.]
––But enough of this talk!
[To GUARDS:]
You, there, take them away and guard them well:
For they are but women, and even brave men run
When they see Death coming.
[Exeunt ISMENE, ANTIGONE, and GUARDS.]
ODE II
CHORUS:
[Strophe 1]
Fortunate is the man who has never tasted God’s vengeance!
Where once the anger of heaven has struck, that house is shaken
For ever: damnation rises behind each child
Like a wave cresting out of the black northeast,
When the long darkness under sea roars up
And bursts drumming death upon the windwhipped sand.
465
470
[Antistrophe 1]
I have seen this gathering sorrow from time long past
Loom upon Oedipus’ children: generation from generation
Takes the compulsive rage of the enemy god.
So lately this last flower of Oedipus’ line
Drank the sunlight! but now a passionate word
And a handful of dust have closed up all its beauty
What mortal arrogance
Transcends the wrath of Zeus?
Sleep cannot lull him, nor the effortless long months
Of the timeless gods: but he is young for ever,
And his house is the shining day of high Olympos.
All that is and shall be,
And all the past, is his.
No pride on earth is free of the curse of heaven.
475
[Strophe 2]
The straying dreams of men
[Antistrophe 2]
May bring them ghosts of joy:
But as they drowse, the waking embers burn them;
Or they walk with fixed eyes, as blind men walk.
But the ancient wisdom speaks for our own time:
Fate works most for woe
With Folly’s fairest show.
Man’s little pleasure is the spring of sorrow.
480
485
490
SCENE III
CHORAGOS:
But here is Haimon, King, the last of all your sons.
Is it grief for Antigone, that brings him here,
And bitterness at being robbed of his bride?
[Enter HAIMON.]
495
CREON:
We shall soon see, and no need of diviners.
––Son,
You have heard my final judgment on that girl:
Have you come here hating me, or have you come
With deference and with love, whatever I do?
HAIMON:
I am your son, father. You are my guide.
You make things clear for me, and I obey you.
No marriage means more to me than your continuing wisdom.
CREON:
500
Good. That is the way to behave: subordinate
Everything else, my son, to your father’s will
This is what a man prays for, that he may get
Sons attentive and dutiful in his house,
Each one hating his father’s enemies,
Honoring his father’s friends. But if his sons
Fail him, if they turn out unprofitably,
What has he fathered but trouble for himself
And amusement for the malicious?
So you are right
Not to lose your head over this woman.
Your pleasure with her would soon, grow cold, Haimon,
And then you’d have a hellcat in bed and elsewhere.
Let her find her husband in Hell!
Of all the people in this city, only she
Has had contempt for my law and broken it.
Do you want me to show myself weak before the people?
Or to break my sworn word? No, and I will not.
The woman dies.
I suppose she’ll plead “family ties.” Well, let her.
If I permit my own family to rebel,
How shall I earn the world’s obedience?
Show me the man who keeps his house in hand,
He’s fit for public authority.
I’ll have no dealings
With law-breakers, critics of the government:
Whoever is chosen to govern should be obeyed––
Must be obeyed, in all things, great and small,
Just and unjust! O Haimon,
The man who knows how to obey, and that man only,
Knows how to give commands when the time comes.
You can depend on him, no matter how fast
The spears come: he’s a good soldier, he’ll stick it out.
Anarchy, anarchy! Show me a greater evil!
This is why cities tumble and the great houses rain down,
This is what scatters armies!
No, no: good lives are made so by discipline.
We keep the laws then, and the lawmakers,
And no woman shall seduce us. If we must lose,
Let’s lose to a man, at least! Is a woman stronger than we?
CHORAGOS:
Unless time has rusted my wits,
What you say, King, is said with point and dignity.
505
510
515
520
525
530
535
540
HAIMON:
[Boyishly earnest.]
Father:
Reason is God’s crowing gift to man, and you are right
To warn me against losing mine. I cannot say––
I hope that I shall never want to say! ––that you
Have reasoned badly. Yet there are other men
Who can reason, too; and their opinions might be helpful.
You are not in a position to know everything
That people say or do, or what they feel:
Your temper terrifies them––everyone
Will tell you only what you like to hear.
But I, at any rate, can listen; and I have heard them
Muttering and whispering in the dark abut this girl.
They say no woman has ever, so unreasonably,
Died so shameful a death for a generous act:
“She covered her brother’s body. Is this indecent?
She kept him from dogs and vultures. Is this a crime?
Death? ––She should have all the honor that we can give her!”
545
550
555
This is the way they talk out there in the city.
You must believe me:
Nothing is closer to me than your happiness.
What could be closer? Must not any son
Value his father’s fortune as his father does his?
I beg you, do not be unchangeable:
Do not believe that you alone can be right.
The man who thinks that,
The man who maintains that only he has the power
To reason correctly, the gift to speak, to soul––
A man like that, when you know him, turns out empty.
560
It is not reason never to yield to reason!
570
In flood time you can see how some trees bend,
And because they bend, even their twigs are safe,
While stubborn trees are torn up, roots and all.
And the same thing happens in sailing:
Make your sheet fast, never slacken,––and over you go,
Head over heels and under: and there’s your voyage.
Forget you are angry! Let yourself be moved!
I know I am young; but please let me say this:
The ideal condition
Would be, I admit, that men should be right by instinct;
But since we are all too likely to go astray,
The reasonable thing is to learn from those who can teach.
565
575
580
CHORAGOS:
You will do well to listen to him, King,
If what he says is sensible. And you, Haimon,
Must listen to your father. ––Both speak well.
585
CREON:
You consider it right for a man of my years and experience
To go to school to a boy?
HAIMON:
It is not right
If I am wrong. But if I am young, and right,
What does my age matter?
CREON:
You think it right to stand up for an anarchist?
590
HAIMON:
Not at all. I pay no respect to criminals.
CREON:
Then she is not a criminal?
HAIMON:
The City proposes to teach me how to rule?
CREON:
And the City proposes to teach me how to rule?
HAIMON:
Ah. Who is it that’s talking like a boy now?
595
CREON:
My voice is the one voice giving orders in this City!
HAIMON:
It is no City if it takes orders from one voice.
CREON:
The State is the King!
HAIMON:
Yes, if the State is a desert.
[Pause.]
CREON:
This boy, it seems, has sold out to w woman.
HAIMON:
If you are a woman: my concern is only for you.
600
CREON:
So? Your “concern”! In a public brawl with your father!
HAIMON:
How about you, in a public brawl with justice?
CREON:
With justice, when all that I do is within my rights?
HAIMON:
You have no right to trample on God’s right.
CREON:
[Completely out of control.]
Fool, adolescent fool! Taken in by a woman!
605
HAIMON:
You’ll never see me taken in by anything vile.
CREON:
Every word you say is for her!
HAIMON:
[Quietly, darkly.]
And for you.
And for me. And for the gods under the earth.
CREON:
You’ll never marry her while she lives.
HAIMON:
Then she must die. ––But her death will cause another.
610
CREON:
Another?
Have you lost your senses? Is this an open threat?
HAIMON:
There is no threat in speaking to emptiness.
CREON:
I swear you’ll regret this superior tone of yours!
You are the empty one!
HAIMON:
If you were not my father,
615
I’d say you were perverse.
CREON:
You girlstruck fool, don’t play at words with me!
HAIMON:
I am sorry. You prefer silence.
CREON:
Now, by God––!
I swear, by all the gods in heaven above us,
You’ll watch it, I swear you shall
[To the SERVANTS:]
Bring her out!
Bring the woman out! Let her die before his eyes!
Here, this instant, with her bridegroom beside her!
HAIMON:
Not here, no; she will not die here, King.
And you will never see my face again.
Go on raving as long as you’ve a friend to endure you.
[Exit HAIMON.]
CHORAGOS:
Gone, gone.
Creon, a young man in a rage is dangerous!
620
625
CREON:
Let him do, or dream to do, more than a man can.
He shall not save these girls from death.
CHORAGOS:
These girls?
You have sentenced them both?
CREON:
No,