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I have everything attached here down below.
Annotated Bibliography Instructions Pt 1
Annotated Bibliography Instructions Pt 1
Nuts and Bolts: For each of your 8 (minimum) sources (Six Scholarly, Two Non-scholarly — please note that Dissertations, “working papers”/conference proceedings which have not been published in scholarly journals should not be used/counted as scholarly, but may be used as non-scholarly sources), please provide 150-200 word (minimum) annotations which describe, briefly:
the relevant content of the source
what it contributes to the conversation/discourse of your topic
in what way it is valuable or useful for you in your project.
Additionally, you should discuss what makes this source, in your eyes, credible (and, for your scholarly sources, how you know it is scholarly).
Generally, there are 3 types of annotations used – summative (this is what it says), evaluative (this is how useful it is), and reflective (this is what I used it for). Your annotations for this assignment should focus on a combination of summative and reflective.
You may use either MLA or APA citation style (pick one and be consistent). The format should be as follows: A complete bibliographical citation followed by a single-spaced and thorough annotation.
USE APA Citation please
Please make sure to submit both in one document. Following the Annotated Bibliography, you will compose a brief synthesis document which utilizes a minimum of 5 of your sources.
The goal of this document is to identify important and relevant moments of OVERLAP and GAP amongst the research sources you’ve read.
You should use synthesis (using what is known information from 2 or more sources and combining it to conclude something new) to:
identify what are questions/answers that seem consistent across the discourse, as well as what are some unanswered/unasked questions in the discourse
attempt to find an “entry point” into the conversation — what can YOU contribute, having now caught yourself up on he scholarly conversation.
put multiple sources in conversation with one another (at least two per paragraph)
discuss similarities (overlap) and divergences in findings/perspectives/opinions/methodologies etc between related sources
draw conclusions about what is know and what needs to be further researched in the field/unknown
This document should be:
double-spaced
12 pt font
1 inch margins
In-text citations should be utilized and should refer back to the full citations of the Annotated Bibliography
a response of 500 words or more here is appropriate.
I have also attached an example of an annotated bibliography
My topic explores the effectiveness and implementation of cybersecurity measures in cloud-based management information systems (MIS), investigating how organizations can secure their data and systems in the cloud environment to mitigate cyber threats and ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of their information assets.
Found Source #1:
Furfaro, A., Piccolo, A., Parise, A., Argento, L., & Saccà, D. (2018). A Cloud-based platform for the emulation of complex cybersecurity scenarios. Future Generation Computer Systems, 89, 791–803.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/…
The source outlines SmallWorld, a cloud-based platform designed to replicate complex cybersecurity scenarios by immersing real systems into a software-defined virtual environment. It enables the assessment, teaching, and learning of cybersecurity concepts by creating dynamic scenarios where distributed computer systems interact with real-life entities, incorporating innovative virtualization and simulation techniques.
Found Source #2:
Chowdhury, N. H., Adam, M. T. P., & Teubner, T. (2023). Rushed to crack – On the perceived effectiveness of cybersecurity measures for secure behaviour under time pressure. Behaviour & Information Technology, 42(10), 1568–1589. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2092030
The source discusses the impact of time pressure on cybersecurity behavior within organizations and highlights how users’ perceptions of the effectiveness of cybersecurity measures vary. It emphasizes the importance of understanding these perceptions to inform the design and implementation of cybersecurity measures, considering factors such as incident severity and general time pressure levels in users’ daily lives.
Found Source #3:
Serac, C. A. (2023). Digital Transformation Vulnerabilities: Assessing the Risks and Strengthening Cyber Security. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 32(1), 771–781. 10.3390/s23156666
The source discusses the vulnerabilities introduced by digital transformation and emphasizes the importance of assessing risks and strengthening cybersecurity measures to mitigate potential threats. It highlights the need for organizations to understand the specific risks associated with digital transformation, prioritize cybersecurity efforts, and implement a multi-layered approach to security that includes technical measures, organizational policies, and employee training.
Found Source #4:
Florackis, C., Louca, C., Michaely, R., & Weber, M. (2023). Cybersecurity Risk. Review of Financial Studies, 36(1), 351–407. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhac024
The source discusses a novel firm-level measure of cybersecurity risk for U.S.-listed firms and its impact on stock returns. It indicates that portfolios of firms with high exposure to cybersecurity risk outperform others on average, but underperform in periods of high cybersecurity risk, suggesting the importance of considering cybersecurity risk in investment decisions.
I have found four sources. Also please find me 4 more sources, 2 non-scholarly and 2 scholarly sources and use all 8 sources for the annotated bibliography and synthesis.
Unformatted Attachment Preview
Annotated Bibliography
George Mason University
Word Count:
Bourne, J. (2019). Starbucks flips the equation with Deep Brew – by using AI for a more
humanized customer experience. Retrieved March 14, 2020, from
https://www.marketingtechnews.net/news/2019/nov/04/deep-brew-starbucks-aimsuse-ai-more-humanised-customer-experience/.
Starbucks Deep Brew initiative is an attempt to utilize artificial intelligence (AI) and the
internet of things (IoT) to handle tasks which take time away from employees
connecting with customers. In an interview with the Starbucks CEO Kevin Johnson he
states, “Deep Brew will increasingly power our personalization engine, optimize store
labor allocations, and drive inventory management in our stores” (Bourne, 2019).
Starbucks is attempting to utilize new technology in their daily operations to help
streamline certain tasks which would normally take employees away from connecting
with customers. Starbucks is also using advancements in technology to help reduce cost
of wasting supply that typically comes from human error. The Mastrena superautomatic espresso machine uses sensors to measure the exact amount of supply used
in brewing an espresso. This data is then logged and analyzed by the system to ensure
that proper amount of supply is being used.
This source outlines the key features of the Deep Brew initiative. It also provides direct
quotes from the CEO of Starbucks that can show the audience the intentions of the
initiative. I would use this source to show that Starbucks claims to have good intentions
for implementing more technology, but the true driving force will be the savings in cost
reduction rather than human connection with customers.
Cappelli, P., Tambe, P., & Yakubovich, V. (2019). Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources
Management: Challenge and a Path Forward. SSRN Electronic Journal, 61(4), 15-42. Doi:
10.2139/ssrn.3263878
Much of the discourse regarding the implementation of technology focuses on
manufacturing and other trade jobs that will potentially be affected. This journal
specifically focuses on the affect’s technology would have on an overlooked department
in every organization, human resources. Cappelli discusses the affects AI and data
analytics would have on typical decisions made by HR managers, such as performance
evaluations and hiring employees. Cappelli also discusses how employees may react to
decisions that impact their work life made by an algorithm rather than management.
This source provides a unique opportunity to highlight how certain technologies will
affect industries and departments that are rarely considered in the conversation.
Using this source and examples it provides of management specific tasks being
outsourced to AI, will help explain to the audience that it is not simply nonmanagerial
positions that are in jeopardy. An interesting aspect I would utilize in the paper is the
role of relationships between management and employees in the acceptance of
unfavorable decisions. Data provided in this source regarding the willingness to accept
things provided by an algorithm, more so than that of a manager’s decision, will show
the audience that management is being outsourced to machines. I will further utilize
this source in describing how Starbucks “Deep Brew” technology initiative will have an
impact to not only entry level positions, but to management as well.
Feng, W., Tu, R., Lu, T., & Zhou, Z. (2018). Understanding forced adoption of self-service
technology: the impacts of users’ psychological reactance. Behavior & Information
Technology, 38(8), 820-832. Doi: 10.1080/0144929x.2018.1557745
Organizations are slowly replacing service employees with self-service technologies (SST).
Many of these organizations are switching to this system because of the benefits they
offer of cutting cost while maintaining and possibly increasing revenue and efficiency. A
large portion of customers prefer using SSTs’ because of the ease of use, relative
quickness, and the general acceptance of usefulness. However, there are some that are
resistant to the use of SSTs’ and perceive them as a threat. This psychological study
examines why individuals perceive these technologies as threats when they are not given
a choice on whether to use them. This study also examines how the customers attitude
of the organization changes and whether there is acceptance of this forced technology or
a switch to a competitor.
This source examines the psychological effects of the continued advancement and
implementation of technology in the daily lives of consumers. I would utilize the results
from this study and compare them to data regarding an increase or decrease in
customers that use Starbucks self-service technology. Starbucks Deep Brew initiative is
attempting to further their commitment to self-service technology. Showing data
collected from this study would help explain to the audience whether consumers will
accept or reject the increased use of SST.
Global Politics and the Governance of Artificial Intelligence: An Interview with Allen Dafoe.
(2019). Journal of International Affairs, 72(1), 121-126.
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.mutex.gmu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=2
d76767b-52e3-47cf-98ee-1cd0973c599f%40sessionmgr102.
The Journal of International Affairs conducted an interview with Allen Dafoe, the
director of The Governance of Artificial Intelligence program at Oxford University. In this
interview Dafoe discusses the challenges posed by artificial intelligence. In particular,
Dafoe discusses the complexities of integrating artificial intelligence into both the public
and private sector. The major areas of concern for Dafoe’s program involve the impact
AI will have on the global economy, national security, and the effects AI inequality will
have on developing countries. An initiative that the AI program is striving towards is
operation of a common good principle, which would provide incentives for further
development of advanced AI that benefits humanity rather than eradicating jobs.
This interview provides direct quotations from the leading director of a program
dedicated to the governance of artificial intelligence. This source helps establish the
core argument of my paper, that there is shockingly little legislation protecting the
workforce from total replacement by AI. Dafoe discusses that large-scale implications of
this technology from the complexities of global politics and differing economies. I would
use these insights to add credibility to my argument of the need for legislation regarding
AI and labor before it is further implemented into organizations, such as Starbucks. I
would also use this source to describe the work Dafoe and the Governance of AI
program has done in seeking solutions to the problems resulting from AI. I would also be
able to discuss whether the United States has a similar program or if they are more
focused on the potential profits that artificial intelligence may provide.
Lloyd, C., & Payne, J. 92019). Rethinking country effects: robotics, AI and work futures in
Norway and the UK. New Technology, Work and Employment, 34(3), 208-225. Doi:
10.1111/ntwe.12149
Caroline Lloyd and Jonathan Payne explore what influences the development and
implementation of technology in the workforce. Rather than simply furthering the
conversation of the potential impacts of technology on the working-class citizen, Lloyd
and Payne interview trade union representatives and technological experts to analyze
the role these organizations play in Norway and the United Kingdom. They also analyze
the roles these experts have played in supporting or deterring the development and
utilization of AI.
Europe has been at the forefront of analyzing and protecting its citizens from the use of
Artificial Intelligence and data driven technological advancements. This source could be
used to show how the public and employer associations are being affected and what
protections are being implemented to protect human labor. The key element to this
source is the contrast Lloyd and Payne are making between Norway and the United
Kingdom. Not every industry will be affected the same way by the implementation of
artificial intelligence. The differences in economic structure are the catalyst behind the
severity AI will have on industry. This source illustrates that countries with differing
economies, public policy, laws, and government structures effect how technology is
implemented in early phases of development. By detailing the similarities and
differences between the two countries used in this source, I could then compare to the
United States. This source can primarily be used to show a broad stroke understanding
of the development of AI and tie that into the way Starbucks is planning to implement
their systems.
Siebenaler, S., Szymkowiak, A., Robertson, P., Johnson, G. I., Law, J., & Fee, K. (2019). Honesty,
Social Presence and Self-Service in Retail. Interacting with Computers, 31(2), 154-166.
Doi: 10.1093/iwc/iwz010
Self-service technology has the potential to benefit both organizations and customers.
Businesses can cut cost of staffing full shifts of employees by utilizing self-checkout
machines. While this technology is meant to cut cost, research shows that the lack of
physical staff increases dishonest behavior in customers. This scholarly experiment
studies the interaction of forty-eight participants with three variations of self-checkout
machines with varying degrees of human-like interfaces (company logo, cartoon-like
agent, humanlike agent).
Many of the inventory decisions for organizations such as Starbucks and Walmart are
conducted through inventory tracking/ordering technology. While Starbucks has yet to
transition into using a self-checkout system, it has taken advantage of other
technologies to streamline operations. Starbucks utilizes mobile applications for
customers to place orders and pay for products. Similar to retail stores there are
opportunities for dishonest behavior of clientele that would result in a loss to the
company. By implementing more technology into daily operations, Starbucks will have
the opportunity to save on staffing cost, but they are presented with potential loss in
stolen goods. This experiment uses participants with an average age of twenty-four,
which is a large demographic of Starbucks customers. I would use the results of this
experiment to show the audience, while there are numerous benefits for organizations
to further implement these technologies, they may not compensate for the loss by
dishonest clientele.
While this source provides interesting data regarding the connection between
automation and dishonest action of customers, Starbucks does not use self-checkout
systems. There is a potential for Starbucks to one day move to using a system similar to
those found in grocery stores, but at the moment there are still physical cashiers. The
data can still be utilized within the paper to make a connection between the dwindling
number of Starbucks employee presence and the potential increase of stolen goods.
Warnick, J. (2020). AI for humanity: How Starbucks plans to use technology to nurture the
human spirit. Retrieved March 14, 2020, from
https://stories.starbucks.com/stories/2020/how-starbucks-plans-to-use-technology-tonurture-the-human-spirit/.
Establishing a connection with a customer is the tried and true method to ensure repeat
business. Creating this rapport between Starbucks employees and customers can be
difficult due to the responsibilities and tasks that must be completed during a regular
shift. This is why Starbucks CEO, Kevin Johnson, has set up the Deep Brew initiative.
Johnsons experience with companies such as IBM and Microsoft have helped him
understand the importance of utilizing technology in streamlining operations. Johnson
also realizes the capability of this technology to outsource certain tasks which would
allow Starbucks employees to establish a connection, which would result in repeat
business.
This source walks the reader through a scenario in which Johnson is portraying an
average Starbucks employee. In this scenario, Johnson is brewing coffee, taking orders,
and walking through the store speaking with clientele. This is the ideal situation that
Starbucks hopes to create by implementing their Deep Brew initiative. This statement by
Starbucks explains to the audience what the intent behind utilizing more technology
within daily operations. There is also an explanation as to why this initiative started
under Johnsons leadership. I would use this source to show Johnsons background in
technology, and what Starbucks is hoping to accomplish with the Deep Brew initiative.
This source could also be used to highlight where implanting certain self-service
technologies could completely replace human labor.
Zysman, J., & Kenney, M. (2018). The next phase in the digital revolution. Communications of
the ACM, 61(2), 54-63. Doi: 10.1145/3173550
There are two possible outcomes to the advent of technologies such as artificial
intelligence, data analytics, and robotics outlined by Zysman and Kenney. The growing
reliance organizations have on the collection and use of data is pushing them further
towards the elimination of human intelligence. Organizations have the opportunity to
inevitably replace a large portion of their wage labor with machines that do not require
things such as health insurance, minimum wage, or vacation time. Conversely,
organizations could implement this technology to assist their workforce and thus
increase productivity. Zysman and Kenney discuss how the aspiration of technological
advancement will eventually change and eliminate certain jobs for the workforce and
the roles society and politics plays in the inevitability.
This source illustrates two potential outcomes with large implications. The first being
the most detrimental to society by the complete elimination of jobs in certain fields.
This would result in large scale unemployment thus negatively affecting the global
economy. On the other hand, if technology is used in tandem with human labor there is
the potential for increased wages for higher skilled jobs and an increase in productivity
for organizations. This source could be used to show the audience the repercussions of
continued implementation of technology, both positive and negative. This source also
provides the opportunity to compare how Starbucks is currently utilizing some of these
technologies and the affects it has had on the industry.
Synthesis
There are two ideologies that contribute to much of the discourse of the
implementation of artificial intelligence. As outlined by Zysman and Kenney, there are those
that recognize the benefits this technology would provide organizations by increasing
productivity and cutting cost of labor. While there is the potential of eliminating certain trade
labor positions, there will be an increase of positions requiring higher training, resulting in
higher wages. Despite the potential benefits this technology may provide, there are those
arguing that protections must be in place before it can be fully implemented. In an interview
with Allen Dafoe, director of the Governance of Artificial Intelligence program at Oxford
University, Dafoe discusses that the lack of governance over this technology presents more
problems than solutions. Dafoe states, “Even near-human performance would allow for AI to
substitute for humans in a range of tasks, and this alone could lead to massive labor
displacement, radically increased inequality, erosion of privacy, risks of nuclear instability, a
reorganization and concentration of the global economy, and upsets to the military offensedefense balance that increase the risk of conflict” (2018). Both of these sources represent
opposite ends of the spectrum within discourse. Zysman and Kenney argue that further
implementation of this technology would advance society further and lead to an increase in
workforce efficiency. Dafoe recognizes the potential of this technology but understands the
risks of advancement without proper governance. The information provided by both of these
sources poses the question of what legislative protections must be in place to protect us from
our own creation? There are certain protections, such as the General Data Protection
Regulation, which protects members of the European Union from unintended data collection.
There are other laws which protect employees from unsafe work conditions and ensuring
overtime pay, yet there are no laws protecting employees from being replaced by artificial
intelligence. With Starbucks initiating the Deep Brew initiative there is the risk of replacing a
large portion of the work force with machines. My contribution to the discourse would revolve
around the idea of implementing legislation that would protect employees from being replaced
by artificial intelligence. It will be extremely difficult to protect all positions and industries from
outsourcing to technology, but there are potential programs which could transition employees
into higher skilled positions.
The purpose of the Deep Brew initiative is to utilize technology to help establish and
cultivate relationships between Starbucks employees and their customers. According to Kevin
Johnson, CEO of Starbucks, “We plan to leverage Deep Brew in ways that free up our partners,
so they can spend more time connecting with customers” (Bourne, 2019). Similar to James
Bourne’s article, Jennifer Warnick details a story about the connection Starbucks is attempting
to achieve with their clientele. Warnick’s explains, “Johnson’s more than three decades of
experience at companies like IBM, Microsoft and Juniper Networks gave him a front-row seat
for the explosive growth of digital devices, the creation of the mobile internet and the advent
of cloud computing. It also perfectly prepared him to help usher Starbucks into a technologyrich second act” (2020). Both of these sources answer the questions of what Starbucks is
attempting to accomplish by implementing the Deep Brew initiative. Utilizing an increased
amount of technology in daily operations will potentially allow employees to have more
interaction with customers. The questions that remain unanswered by both of these sources is
whether outsourcing tasks, typically completed by humans, will result in less need for human
labor. Typically, organizations implement technology into operations in an attempt to cut cost
and increase efficiency. Starbucks is using this technology in attempt to build relationships and
ensure repeat business. My entry point into the discourse would argue that once Starbucks
realizes the potential cuts in wages by using this technology, the next logical step would be to
minimize the amount of staff. This would then go against their initial reasoning for
implementing the Deep Brew initiative by decreasing the amount of human interaction. Using
AI would allow employees more time to connect with customers. However, the tasks this
technology would be responsible for completing would make human labor obsolete.
An aspect to artificial intelligence that is commonly overlooked is the psychological
response society has to its implementation. In a study conducted by Susan Siebenaler,
participants are observed using self-service technology with varying levels of human
involvement. The study is meant to explore the level of human interaction on the amount of
dishonesty, specifically theft, exhibited by the customer. Another study conducted by Wenting
Feng, also studies human interaction with self-service technology by analyzing the resistance
that some consumers have in its expanding use. There are some that prefer human interaction
while they are shopping and would prefer to frequent establishments that use human labor.
Both of these studies examine how consumers react to the implementation of technology in
the shopping experience. The results from both studies impact two separate aspects of the
business that would result in a loss of revenue. The first shows that a vast majority see the
implementation of technology as an opportunity to steal product, which is a loss of revenue to
the company. The second shows that not everyone is comfortable or capable of using selfservice technology and would result in a loss of repeat business. These studies ask the question
of whether it is worth it for organizations to go to a completely automated system within their
stores. While this technology has the potential for cutting large portions of cost there is also the
potential for loss of business and stolen goods. I would enter the discourse by showing the
results from both studies and making the claim that full eradication of human labor in retail is
not economically feasible for industries such as Starbucks. There are certain aspects that could
be moved to a mostly automated process, such as inventory management and checkout
systems. Despite the ability of automating certain aspects of Starbucks process, there must be a
certain degree of human interaction with the system and the customers.
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