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Student Exploration: Rock Classification
Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and
prompts in the orange boxes.
Vocabulary: classify, extrusive igneous rock, foliation, fossil, igneous rock, intrusive igneous rock,
metamorphic rock, mineral, sedimentary rock, strata, texture, vesicle
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
When you classify objects, you organize them into groups based on common characteristics.
1. What are some different ways you could
classify these marbles?
2. What characteristics do you think scientists
use to classify rocks?
Gizmo Warm-up
Rocks are classified by how they formed. The three types are:
● Igneous rocks form from cooling magma or lava.
● Sedimentary rocks form from the bonding of rock fragments such as
sand, silt, or clay; from organic materials; and from chemicals
dissolved in water.
● Metamorphic rocks form when other rocks are changed by heat and
pressure.
In the Rock Classification Gizmo, you will get to explore these three types of rocks. Think about how each type
of rock is formed.
1. Fossils are the remains of ancient plants and animals. Which type of rock do you think is most likely to
contain fossils?
2. Foliation occurs when minerals are flattened by heat and pressure. This results in a layered or banded
texture. Which type of rock do you think is foliated?
3. Air pockets, or vesicles, can form in rapidly cooling magma or lava. In which type of rock would you expect
air pockets?
Activity A:
Classifying rocks
Get the Gizmo ready:
● Click Reset.
Introduction: You can classify rocks by examining characteristics such as texture. A rock’s texture is
determined by the sizes, shapes, and positions of the grains that make up the rock.
Goal: Classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
1. Summarize: The three groups of rocks each have unique characteristics. For example, many igneous rocks
have a texture of interlocking mineral crystals. Sedimentary rocks may have distinct layers of sediments,
known as strata.
To learn other characteristics of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, turn on Show common
characteristics in the CHARACTERISTICS pane. In the table below, summarize the textures that will allow
you to identify and classify these rock types.
Rock type
Characteristics
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
2. Classify: Select Name on the SIMULATION pane. Move your cursor over the rock pictures. Based on what
you see, classify the rocks by dragging them into the correct box on the CHARACTERISTICS tab. Record
your classifications in the table below.
Rock type
Rock names
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Click on Status to check your answers. If necessary, change your classifications of rocks on the Gizmo,
and make any needed corrections to the table above.
Activity B:
Rock
locations
Get the Gizmo ready:
● Click Reset.
● Select the LOCATION tab.
Introduction: Igneous rocks that form under Earth’s surface are called intrusive. Intrusive igneous rocks
usually have large mineral grains because they form from magma that cools slowly. Igneous rocks that form
above ground are extrusive. Extrusive igneous rocks have small mineral grains or no grains at all because
they form from lava that cools quickly.
Question: Where do different kinds of rocks form?
✏️
1. Label:
Review how the different types
of
rock form. On the diagram at right, label
where you would expect the following
types of
rock to form:
● Extrusive igneous rocks
● Intrusive igneous rocks
● Metamorphic rocks
● Sedimentary rocks
Select Show classification names to check
your
labels. Correct any rock locations that you labeled
incorrectly.
2. Classify: Drag the rocks from the SIMULATION
pane to the correct positions on the
LOCATION tab. Click on Status to check your placements.
Which rocks did you classify as extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks?
Extrusive:
Intrusive:
3. Analyze: What features did you use to classify igneous rocks as extrusive or intrusive?
4. Draw conclusions: Extrusive igneous rocks often have air pockets, but intrusive igneous
rocks never do. Why do you think is this the case?
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