Description
I have made significant changes to the document as track change function is disabled, you will need to compare the entries in this version with what you submitted. The RQs were not well developed and were missing accompanying hypotheses. Citations and the framework sections were left unedited, however, I strongly recommend revisiting the choice of theoretical framework.My professor had made some comments in my Prospectus Form, I send you the file my professor wants, can you please help me to revised the form. Please.
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DrPH Prospectus Form
Students | Complete your doctoral prospectus within this form. Write your responses in the white spaces using a scholarly tone and include in-text
citations and APA reference entries, where appropriate. You can click on underlined terms and headings for descriptions, resource links, and
examples located in the Appendix. For additional prospectus information and resources, refer to the Doctoral Research Coach. Complete the
Research Design Alignment Table within this form using the information from earlier sections and self-assess your research design alignment.
Submit this completed form into MyDR for formal evaluation and feedback when your committee chair indicates that you are ready to do so.
Student’s Name | WEN CHIEH CHIA
Student ID | A01165559
Program and Specialization* | DR. PUBLIC HEALTH
Submission Date | 2/26/2024
*Remember that your study focus must be within the realm of your program and specialization area.
Evaluators Only | Complete this section and provide feedback on responses and rubric scores in the form where noted.
Committee Chairperson Name: TOLULOPE OSOBA
Second Committee Member Name: EDWARD IROBI
PhD Program Director or Designee: Click or tap here to enter text.
Overall Assessment: Choose score.
Overall Assessment: Choose score.
Overall Assessment: Choose score.
Rubric Standard | Complete > Does the prospectus contain all the required elements? Refer to the annotated outline to see the required parts of the
Doctoral study Prospectus document.
Note. Please complete following the directions provided, using the stem sentences, and referring to the examples in the appendix.
Title
Provide a concise (aim for 15 words or fewer) working title for this study. Include the main topic, variables/concepts under investigation, and the relationship
between them. A title should be fully explanatory when standing alone and include the most critical key words.
Respiratory Health and Environmental Risks in Californian Children: Impact of Socioeconomic Status
Supporting Literature
The first step in developing your prospectus is to search the literature related to the general area you want to investigate (see social problem below). In your
review of recent, empirical literature, what keywords did you search and in what databases?
The keywords and databases searched included respiratory illnesses, air pollution, toxic compounds in air, socioeconomic factors contributing to
air pollution-based diseases, harmful effects of air pollution, asthma, COPD, viral respiratory infections. Databases searched: Google Scholar,
Walden University Library, ProQuest
Provide at least 10 brief summaries of recent, scholarly (peer-reviewed) articles that support/justify a current and relevant problem in your discipline or
professional field. Source(s) supporting your framework (see Framework below) should be included. Include the complete, APA reference entry, followed by
(a) an in-text citation; (b) what was studied; (c) what was found; and (d) why this research is important in relation to your study. This evidence provides the
justification for your research problem.
1. Brumberg, H. L., Karr, C. J., Bole, A., Ahdoot, S., Balk, S. J., Bernstein, A. S., … & Trasande, L. (2021). Ambient air pollution: health hazards
to children. Pediatrics, 147(6). DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-051484
Brumberg et al. (2021) examined air pollution sources like agricultural production, forest, fires, vehicular traffic and coal-fired power
plants, including their potential to cause respiratory illnesses among infants and children. The research finds that air pollution exacerbates
respiratory diseases causing reduced lung function and high incidences of asthma. This study is significant for the research since it outlines
essential information that can help in determining the relationship between air pollution and respiratory illnesses among children.
2. Chatkin, J., Correa, L., & Santos, U. (2021). External environmental pollution as a risk factor for asthma. Clinical reviews in allergy &
immunology, 1-18. DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08830-5
Chatkin et al. (2021) researched the risk factors of asthma. The study discovered that pollutant agents like particulate matter and gaseous
components has a considerable implication on asthma incidences among children. children in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods are most
likely to develop asthma from environmental pollution. This scholarly article is crucial for the research as it demonstrates the relationship between
respiratory illness and environmental pollution, specifically on individuals in economically disadvantaged areas.
3. Domingo, J. L., & Rovira, J. (2020). Effects of air pollutants on the transmission and severity of respiratory viral infections. Environmental
research, 187, 109650. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109650
Domingo & Rovira (2020) probed the impact of air pollutants on respiratory viral infections. The study indicated that pollutant agents like
particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) improve transmission of viruses causing respiratory
infections in children as well as adults. Evidence from this article is essential for the research since it indicates the association between air
pollutants and respiratory viral infections.
4. Dominski, F. H., Branco, J. H. L., Buonanno, G., Stabile, L., da Silva, M. G., & Andrade, A. (2021). Effects of air pollution on health: A
mapping review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Environmental research, 201, 111487. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111487
Dominski et al. (2021) analyze the trends in air pollution and negative consequences it causes on human health. The study reveals that
nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter are the primary components that promote respiratory illnesses. This journal is vital for the research since it
highlights a close relationship between air pollution and adverse respiratory health outcomes.
5. Hendryx, M., Luo, J., Chojenta, C., & Byles, J. E. (2019). Air pollution exposures from multiple point sources and risk of incident chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Environmental Research, 179, 108783. DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2019.108783
Hendryx et al. (2019) researched the risk of acquiring chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma from air pollutants. The
study showed that exposures to air pollutants has increased asthma and COPD prevalence among children. This article is crucial for the research
since it indicates the prevalence of specific respiratory illnesses due to exposures to environmental pollutants.
6. Kim, D., Chen, Z., Zhou, L. F., & Huang, S. X. (2018). Air pollutants and early origins of respiratory diseases. Chronic diseases and
translational medicine, 4(2), 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.03.003
Kim et al. (2018) studies the origins of respiratory diseases from air pollutants. The study found that particulate forms and chemical
contaminants like nitrogen dioxide increases the risk of laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis, which can eventually lead to influenza viral infections and
death among children below 5 years. This study is important for the research since it examines the pathology of respiratory illnesses and outlines
its relationship to air pollutants.
7. Kumar, R. (2020). Air pollution and respiratory health. Health, 3, 032–037. DOI:10.29328/journal.japch.1001015
Kumar (2020) investigates outdoor and indoor air pollution and examines their effects on children’s respiratory health. This article
discovers that mineral and chemical compositions of air pollution increase respiratory morbidity among children, raising the risk of acquiring
rhinitis, upper respiratory ailments, and asthma. This study is vital for the research as it outlines the rate of respiratory infects from air pollution
among children in economically advantaged and disadvantaged neighborhoods.
8. Nho, R. (2020). Pathological effects of nano-sized particles on the respiratory system. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and
Medicine, 29, 102242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nano.2020.102242
Nho (2020) researched the nano-particles in air pollutants that worsen respiratory health using concepts of pathology. The study finds that
nano-particles affect and disrupt normal functioning of vital respiratory organs, contributing to asthma and pulmonary diseases. The significance of
this study to the research is based on how it indicates the association between air pollutant nano-sized particles and adverse respiratory outcomes.
9. Rahman, M. M., McConnell, R., Schlaerth, H., Ko, J., Silva, S., Lurmann, F. W., … & Garcia, E. (2022). The effects of coexposure to extremes
of heat and particulate air pollution on mortality in California: implications for climate change. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care
Medicine, 206(9), 1117-1127. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202204-0657OC
Rahman et al. (2022) probes the effect of particulate air pollution and respiratory health outcomes in California’s children population. The
study indicates that air pollutions increase the risk of respiratory illnesses in children, thus, promoting high mortality rates. The importance of this
study to the research is based on the statistical data in offers to show a strong relationship between air pollution and respiratory mortality among
children.
10. Ryter, S. W., Ma, K. C., & Choi, A. M. (2018). Carbon monoxide in lung cell physiology and disease. American Journal of Physiology-Cell
Physiology, 314(2), C211-C227. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00022.2017
Ryter et al. (2018) investigates the pathophysiology of carbon monoxide on respiratory illnesses. The study shows that gaseous carbon
monoxide causes bleomycin-induced lung injury and pulmonary hypertension, increasing the risk of respiratory illnesses and sepsis, leading to
death among children. this study is important to the research since it highlights the relationship between air pollutants and respiratory illnesses
from a biological standpoint.
Rubric Standard | Justified > Is evidence presented that this problem is significant to the discipline and/or professional field? The prospectus should
provide relevant statistics and evidence, documentable discrepancies, and other scholarly facts that point to the significance and urgency of the problem.
Problem
What was the social problem that prompted you to search the literature to find out more? Write in complete sentences using a scholarly tone.
The situation or issue that prompted me to search the literature is the global health crisis precipitated by industrial air pollution, which afflicts
millions with various respiratory conditions. This concern is underpinned by evidence that industries emit hazardous substances, significantly
degrading air quality and leading to respiratory diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
and lung cancer. Key pollutants include carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), volatile organic compounds, nitrogen oxides (NOx), and
heavy metals like lead and mercury, which have been directly linked to increased respiratory infections (Kim et al., 2018; Hendryx et al., 2019;
Kumar, 2020). Notably, nations like India and Pakistan are highlighted for their substantial industrial emissions, exacerbating the prevalence of
pollution-related respiratory ailments (Kim et al., 2018). The combustion of fossil fuels, a prevalent practice in industrial activities, releases carbon
monoxide among other noxious gases, posing significant health risks (Nho, 2020; Ryter et al., 2018). In the United States, regions such as
California, Arizona, the District of Columbia, Utah, and Illinois are identified as pollution hotspots due to their dense populations and industrial
activities, correlating with higher rates of respiratory illnesses (Kumar, 2020; Rahman et al., 2022). While discerning the exact cause of these
illnesses—whether industrial pollution or lifestyle factors such as smoking—remains challenging, the investigation focuses on the relationship
between respiratory disease incidences (dependent variable) and factors like age, geographic location, and socioeconomic status (independent
variables).
Now that you have read and summarized some of the recent literature to understand your problem, and given what other researchers are exploring, what
meaningful gap have you identified that your study will address? (What have others not yet explored about this problem that you will contribute with your
study?)
Although researchers have investigated this issue, the topic has not been explored in this way: Despite extensive research on the impact of air
pollution on respiratory illnesses, there remains a lack of focused investigation into how socioeconomic factors influence the prevalence and
management of respiratory conditions stemming from air pollution. This study will contribute to the field by examining the differential experiences
of families living in urban versus rural settings, with a particular focus on understanding the disparities in respiratory health outcomes among
children in these environments. Furthermore, the research will delve into health disparities in regions like California, where specific socioeconomic factors may exacerbate the risk of respiratory diseases among children. By exploring these dimensions, the study seeks to uncover
actionable insights that could inform public health strategies aimed at improving healthcare access and reducing the incidence of respiratory
illnesses among children from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds.
Based on all of the above information (social problem, literature review, gap), in one sentence, what is your research problem?
In one sentence, the specific research problem is it is not known how air pollutants in urban and rural areas of California affect respiratory health
outcomes, particularly among children across all socioeconomic backgrounds, necessitating an exploration of health disparities and potential gaps
to enhance respiratory health management..
Rubric Standard | Meaningful > Has a meaningful problem and gap in the research literature been identified? In other words, is addressing this problem
the logical next step, given the previous exploratory and confirmatory research (or lack thereof) on this topic? It is not acceptable to simply replicate previous
research for a doctoral degree.
Rubric Standard | Original > Does this project have potential to make an original contribution? The problem must be an authentic “puzzle” that needs
solving, not merely a topic that the researcher finds interesting. Addressing the problem should result in an original contribution to the field or discipline.
Purpose
To address your stated research problem, what is the purpose of your study? Will you describe, compare, explore, examine, etc.? Complete the purpose
sentence below and be sure to clarify your variables/concepts of interest.
The purpose of this Quantitative study is to to explore the effects of addressing health disparities and regulating air pollution on improving
respiratory health outcomes, thereby mitigating the prevalence of conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma
among children. This research aims to systematically examine the relationship between environmental factors and pediatric respiratory health,
focusing on the variables of health disparities and air pollution regulation, and their collective impact on reducing respiratory illnesses in the
pediatric population..
Framework (Conceptual or Theoretical)
What theory(ies) and/or concept(s) support (frame) your study and who are the original authors? Provide an in-text citation with your response, and the
complete APA reference.
The theories and/or concepts that ground this study include the web of causation theory is a theoretical framework for this assessment. This theory
indicates that diseases are attributed to multiple factors that interact directly or indirectly. Therefore, the web of causation theory is essential in
examining environmental risk factors that cause respiratory diseases among children. Brian MacMahon, Thomas Pugh, and Johannes Ipsen are the
original writers of the web of causation theory. In addition, the social determinant of health (SDOH) model is critical for this investigation as it
highlights the differences in people’s backgrounds that contribute immensely to their health status. Michael Marmont and Richard Wilkinson are
the original developers of the SDOH model.
How do these theories and/or concepts relate to your research problem, purpose, and the nature of your study?
The logical connections between the framework presented and the nature of my study include the web of causation theory and the social
determinant of health (SDOH) model are essential for this study since they provide in-depth and comprehensive information that can help
investigate the environmental risk factors of respiratory diseases among children. The web of causation theory helps comprehend how several risk
factors interact directly or indirectly to cause particular diseases. However, the SDOH model is vital in understanding factors that limit people from
accessing health services to minimize disease prevalence. Ultimately, these theories convey evidence-based knowledge essential to understanding
people’s backgrounds and the problems affecting them, thus creating a unique lens for researchers to examine critical variables on the issue.
Rubric Standard | Grounded > Is the problem framed to enable the researcher to either build upon or counter the previously published findings on the
topic? For most fields, grounding involves articulating the problem within the context of a theoretical base or conceptual framework. Although many
approaches can ground a study in the scientific literature, the essential requirement is that the problem is framed such that the new findings will have
implications for the previous findings.
Research Question(s) and Hypotheses (if applicable)
List the question(s) that you plan to use to address the research problem. Your question(s) must align with your study purpose and include the variables
and/or concepts and how they will be examined.
Research Question 1 (RQ1): What is the correlation between the degree of exposure to particulate matter and other contaminants and the
respiratory health among children from socioeconomically advantaged areas compared to those from economically disadvantaged regions?
• Null Hypothesis (H01): There is no statistically significant correlation between the degree of exposure to particulate matter and other
contaminants and the respiratory health among children from socioeconomically advantaged areas compared to those from economically
disadvantaged regions.
• Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a statistically significant correlation between the degree of exposure to particulate matter and other
contaminants and the respiratory health among children from socioeconomically advantaged areas compared to those from economically
disadvantaged regions.
Research Question 2 (RQ2): What is the association between poor air quality and the prevalence of respiratory illnesses among children?
•
Null Hypothesis (H02): There is no statistically significant association between poor air quality and the prevalence of respiratory illnesses
among children.
• Alternative Hypothesis (H2): There is a statistically significant association between poor air quality and the prevalence of respiratory
illnesses among children.
Research Question 3 (RQ3): What is the relationship between air pollution levels in economically advantaged regions, such as California,
compared to impoverished areas, and how do these levels influence respiratory illness in children across different age brackets?
• Null Hypothesis (H03): There is no statistically significant difference in the impact of air pollution levels on respiratory illness in children
between economically advantaged regions and impoverished areas across different age brackets.
• Alternative Hypothesis (H3): There is a statistically significant difference in the impact of air pollution levels on respiratory illness in
children between economically advantaged regions and impoverished areas across different age brackets.
Nature of the Study
What systematic approach/method and research design do you plan to use to address your research question(s)?
To address the research questions in this Quantitative study, the specific research design will include To investigate the relationship between air
pollution exposure and respiratory health outcomes among children from different socioeconomic backgrounds, this study will employ a
quantitative research design. Specifically, the research will utilize a cross-sectional study design to examine the prevalence of respiratory illnesses
among children and correlate these health outcomes with levels of particulate matter and other contaminants in their living environments. This
approach allows for the analysis of data at a single point in time to identify patterns and associations between air quality and respiratory health
across socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged regions. The chosen cross-sectional design is particularly suitable for the research
questions posed, as it supports the identification of patterns and disparities in respiratory health related to air pollution exposure among children
from various socioeconomic backgrounds.
Reference entry for the work on which this research design is based:
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). SAGE
Publications, Inc..
For your planned research design, what type of data will you need and what data collection tools and sources will provide it?
For my planned research design, I will need quantitative data:
1. Environmental Data: Levels of particulate matter and other air pollutants in different regions, categorized by socioeconomic status. This
data is crucial for establishing exposure levels in advantaged versus disadvantaged areas.
2. Health Data: Prevalence and types of respiratory illnesses among children in the study areas. This includes specific diagnoses, severity of
conditions, and any hospital admissions related to respiratory issues.
Data Collection Tools and Sources:
1. Environmental Monitoring Databases: Publicly available databases from environmental protection agencies or similar organizations will be
utilized to gather historical data on air pollution levels e.g. the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Air Quality System (AQS)
database.
2. Health Records: Data on respiratory health outcomes may be sourced from health records provided by local hospitals, clinics, and health
departments. This will be de-identified patient records that detail respiratory illness diagnoses among children within the study’s geographic
scope.
3. Secondary Data Sources: For socioeconomic status classification, secondary data from census bureaus or economic research institutes will
be used to categorize regions as economically advantaged or disadvantaged based on standard indicators such as median household income,
unemployment rates, and education levels.
Data Collection Procedure:
• Environmental Data: Access and download relevant datasets from environmental monitoring agencies’ websites, focusing on the specific
time frame and regions of interest.
• Health Data: Obtain permission to access and use de-identified health records from local health departments, hospitals, and clinics. For
primary data collection via surveys, design the survey instrument based on the study’s variables, secure ethical approval, and distribute the
surveys to the target population through schools, pediatric clinics, or community centers.
Socioeconomic Data: Download or request access to socioeconomic datasets from relevant governmental or research institutions, ensuring the data
match the geographical and temporal scope of the study.
What data points from these sources do you plan to use to answer your research question(s)?
Environmental Data Points: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) Levels: Concentrations of fine and coarse particulate matter in the air,
measured in micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m³). Other Air Pollutants: Levels of other key air pollutants, such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur
dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3), measured in parts per billion (ppb) or micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m³).
Socioeconomic Status of Regions: Classification of areas as socioeconomically advantaged or disadvantaged based on indicators such as median
household income, unemployment rates, educational attainment, and housing quality.
Health Data Points: Prevalence of Respiratory Illnesses: Rates of specific respiratory conditions among children, such as asthma, bronchitis, and
other respiratory infections, within the study regions. Severity of Conditions: Information on the severity of respiratory illnesses, including hospital
admission rates, duration of illness, and any chronic complications. Demographic Information: Age, race/ethnicity, and geographic location of the
children affected by respiratory conditions to allow for subgroup analyses.
Data Collection Sources: Environmental Data: Obtained from environmental monitoring stations managed by local or national environmental
protection agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States. Health Data: from health records maintained by
hospitals, clinics, and public health departments, as well as national health surveys and databases that track disease prevalence and health
outcomes.
Method of Access: For environmental data, access will be through publicly available databases or direct contact with environmental agencies for
specific datasets. Health data will be accessed through partnerships with healthcare providers, agreements with health departments, or use of
publicly available health data sets, ensuring compliance with all ethical guidelines and privacy regulations.
• Independent Variables: Degree of exposure to particulate matter and other air contaminants, socioeconomic status of the region
(advantaged vs. disadvantaged).
• Dependent Variable: Level of respiratory health among children, measured through the prevalence of respiratory illnesses.
Data will be collected from existing health records and environmental monitoring databases to ensure comprehensive coverage of the variables of
interest. This secondary data analysis will enable the examination of real-world exposure and health outcomes without the need for direct data
collection from participants, thereby facilitating a broader geographic and demographic scope.
What limitations, challenges, and/or barriers might you need to address while conducting this study (e.g., requirements for storing data, separation of roles
or other ethical considerations, instrumentation fees, etc.)?
Potential limitations of this study include reliance on secondary data, which may not perfectly align with the research questions or include all
desired variables. Additionally, the cross-sectional nature of the study limits the ability to infer causality between air pollution exposure and
respiratory health outcomes. Challenges may also arise in accurately classifying socioeconomic status and ensuring the comparability of data
across different regions. Other considerations during the study include:
1. Ethical considerations. The study will need to adhere to ethical guidelines like confidentiality and anonymity and informed consent.
2. Data access. Obtain data from participants at times challenging due to confidentiality concerns and lack of proper awareness.
3. Data storage. Data should be stored securely to ensure confidentiality.
4. Instrumentation fees. The study can incur huge expenses on instruments and tools used to gather data.
Rubric Standard | Feasible > Can a systematic method of inquiry be used to address the problem; and does the approach have the potential to address
the problem while considering potential risks and burdens placed on research participants? The tentative methodology demonstrates that the researcher
has considered the options for inquiry and has selected an approach that has potential to address the problem.
Significance
How will your study address the meaningful, discipline-specific issue that you identified and therefore contribute to your field, discipline, professional
practice, etc. contributing to positive social change?
This study is significant in that it addresses the public health issue of air pollution’s impact on children’s respiratory health, particularly across
socioeconomic divides. By examining the correlation between exposure to particulate matter and other contaminants with respiratory health
outcomes among children, the research fills a critical gap in environmental health studies. It aligns with understanding and mitigating
environmental risk factors affecting vulnerable populations. The findings will significantly contribute to the field of environmental health by
providing new insights into how socioeconomic status mediates the effects of air pollution on children’s health. This knowledge can guide public
health professionals, environmental scientists, and California’s policymakers in developing targeted interventions and policies to reduce exposure
risks among children in disadvantaged areas. Educating healthcare providers, educators, parents, and the community about the study’s findings can
enhance awareness of the importance of environmental health. This increased awareness can lead to stronger advocacy for clean air initiatives and
more informed decisions by individuals and communities to protect children’s health.
By highlighting the disparities in health outcomes related to air pollution, the study advocates for environmental justice and health equity,
contributing to positive social change. It supports the development of community-based and policy-level strategies to improve air quality and
reduce children’s health risks from pollution. The research outcomes can inform public health campaigns, environmental policies, and community
planning, aiming to create healthier living environments for all children, regardless of their socioeconomic background.
Rubric Standard | Impact > Does this project have potential to affect positive social change? As described in the Significance section, the anticipated
findings have potential to support the mission of Walden University to promote positive social change.
Rubric Standard | Objective > Is the topic approached in an objective manner? The framing of the problem should not reveal bias or present a foregone
conclusion. Even if the researcher has a strong opinion on the expected findings, the researcher must maximize scholarly objectivity by framing the problem in
the context of a systematic inquiry that permits multiple possible conclusions.
Partner Site Masking Self-Check
Walden capstones typically mask the identity of the partner organization. The methodological and ethical reasons for this practice as well as criteria for
exceptions are outlined here (link to posted guidance).
☐ Check here to confirm that you will mask the identity of the organization in the final capstone that you publish in ProQuest.
☐ If you perceive that your partner organization’s identity would be impossible to mask or if there is a strong rationale for naming the organization in your
capstone, please check this box so that your Program Director can review your request for an exception. If granted, that exception must be confirmed by the
IRB during the ethics review process. The IRB will also ensure that your consent form(s) and/or site agreement(s) permit naming the organization.
☐ Not Applicable
Research Design Alignment Table | Using an alignment table can assist with ensuring the alignment of your research design.
Research Design Alignment Table Video Tutorial (YouTube) | Doctoral Research Design Alignment Appointments or Office Hours
Note. At the prospectus stage, not all items in the table below can be identified (e.g., data points, data analysis). Please complete the items that you have
identified in this form. During proposal development, you will revisit this plan to adjust, as needed, and finalize your research design.
Hover over bold font for Instructions and click links for resources.
Research Problem,
Purpose, and Framework
Research Question(s), Method,
& Design
Problem: the specific research
problem is that environmental
risks like air pollution cause
respiratory illnesses like asthma
and COPD on children.
Purpose: the purpose of t
