Description
I need assistance with getting my topic approved for my dissertation. I have provided the feedback and the original draft for the assignment. Please provide the necessary edits and revisions per the professor feedback.Summary Score Summary [1] MET Feedback: Overall, you have an interesting topic. Some clarity on the need for the study is needed. However, it does align with the program — to strengthen the proposal, it is important to expand on other aspects of the program, including advocacy, leadership, community, etc. See comments throughout for additional support. [2] MET Feedback: Overall, strong theoretical understanding – some clarity and revisions are needed. See comments for support. [3] UNMET Feedback: A clearly defined problem and gap in the literature is lacking – see comments throughout for additional support. [4] UNMET Feedback: As noted, a specific problem and clearly identified gap is needed to provide support for the need for this study. Additionally, there is ample research on burnout and stress for MH professionals working in correction facilities – therefore, it will be important to differentiate your study. See comments for support. [5] MET Feedback: Note from Topic Approver (optional): Overall, this is a well-written proposal and an interesting topic. However, the specific problem and direction of this study was unclear throughout. Additionally, it is important to include literature that helps to clearly identify a gap in the current literature. This will help provide a rationale for the purpose and NEED for this particular study (and support how it will be different from what is already published). See comments throughout for additional support.
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Project Plan
Name: LaShonda Dancy
Learner ID: 2068462
Learner Email Address: [email protected]
School: School of Social and Behavioral Sciences
Program/Specialization: Advanced Studies in Human Behaviors
Type of project (e.g., dissertation, capstone, etc.): Dissertation
Methodology – Quantitative or Qualitative: Qualitative
Quarter/Year of V8927completion: Winter 2024
Summary
Score Summary
[1] MET
Feedback: Overall, you have an interesting topic. Some clarity on the need for the study is
needed. However, it does align with the program — to strengthen the proposal, it is important to
expand on other aspects of the program, including advocacy, leadership, community, etc. See
comments throughout for additional support.
[2] MET
Feedback: Overall, strong theoretical understanding – some clarity and revisions are needed. See
comments for support.
[3] UNMET
Feedback: A clearly defined problem and gap in the literature is lacking – see comments
throughout for additional support.
[4] UNMET
Feedback: As noted, a specific problem and clearly identified gap is needed to provide support
for the need for this study. Additionally, there is ample research on burnout and stress for MH
professionals working in correction facilities – therefore, it will be important to differentiate your
study. See comments for support.
[5] MET
Feedback:
Note from Topic Approver (optional): Overall, this is a well-written proposal and an
interesting topic. However, the specific problem and direction of this study was
unclear throughout. Additionally, it is important to include literature that helps to
clearly identify a gap in the current literature. This will help provide a rationale for
the purpose and NEED for this particular study (and support how it will be
different from what is already published). See comments throughout for additional
support.
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Project Plan
Project topic
Alignment to the Program of Study
The topic of the proposed study is the experience of job longevity for mental health
professionals working specifically with probation and parole clients with chronic mental illness.
(Insert how probation and parole clients are in the community and not in correctional facilties
anymore). The target population for this study is mental health professionals. According to
Givens et al. (2022), there are an estimated 4.4 million people in the United States under the
supervision of probation or parole, and of 4.4 million people, 15% to 19% have been clinically
diagnosed with a mental illness. Mental health professionals are needed to continue to provide
services to the 15% to 19% of individuals on probation or parole (Givens et al., 2022).
This topic aligns with the study’s program to learn about mental health professionals’
experiences to learn more about their experiences to provide appropriate supports and services
for mental health professionals serving individuals and families impacted by former
incarceration or the justice system. With proper coordination between criminal justice and
mental health professionals, the risk of recidivism and reoffending among ex-prisoners will
decrease, which makes for safer communities (Bebbington et al., 2021). Adequate mental health
services have the potential to reduce recidivism and improve community safety if offenders on
probation and parole receive the proper mental health treatment (Gaba et al., 2022). Furthermore,
the proposed topic aligns with the program of study to support mental health professionals by
learning of their experiences in this profession. The proposed topic aligns with the program of
study by also learning of ways to keep mental health professionals interested in serving the
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population of individuals diagnosed with a chronic mental illness while on probation and parole.
Additionally, this proposed topic aligns with the program of study by
Project Problem
There is a high demand for mental health professionals due to the number of probationers
and parolees with a chronic mental illness (Brooker et al., 2022). Findings from Gaba et al.
(2022) state that mental health professionals are needed because individuals newly released from
incarceration on probation and parole are more likely to suffer from a mental health diagnosis
than the general population. Additionally, collaboration between mental health professionals and
individuals on probation can be quite challenging (Manchak et al., 2023). The chronic mental
illness is challenging enough, but mental health professionals are often required to interact with
the probation and parole system when working with this particular population. Mental health
professionals working in court-ordered treatment settings encounter ethical dilemmas due to their
dual role in accounting for their client’s well-being while also assuring the security and safety of
the population (Merkt et al., 2021).
Some of the mental health issues related to probation and parole include substance abuse
and domestic violence (Humphreys et al., 2021). The co-occurrence of domestic violence,
substance misuse, and mental health difficulties is well recognized (Humphreys et al., 2021).
Literature shows that working with these populations can be stressful and often leads to burnout
(Shrim and Baum, 2020). Mental health professionals have also reported symptoms of
posttraumatic stress disorder subsequent to serving high-stress populations after experiencing the
details of their trauma (Rivera-Kloeppel & Mendenhall, 2023).
Shrim and Baum (2020) explain that working with violent probationers, parolees, and sex
offenders has an impact on the daily lives and functioning in various life domains for mental
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health therapists. Shrim and Baum (2020) further note that the impact on mental health
professionals’ daily lives surrounds vicarious trauma, such as nightmares and lack of interest in
sexual pleasures. The lack of interest in sexual pleasures can occur when mental health
professionals provide services for a probationer or parolee with sexual abuse in their criminal
history (Shrim & Baum, 2020). The lack of pleasure between a mental health professional and
their significant other could cause a disruption in the relationship.
Who affected by the problem
Mental health professionals are affected by this problem because they have tedious jobs
working with mentally diagnosed probationers and parolees with the potential exposure of
danger, stress, and posttraumatic stress disorder (Rivera-Kloeppel & Mendenhall, 2023).
Supervisors of mental health professionals may also be affected by the challenges endured by
mental health professionals due to consistently losing staff and experiencing high turnover rates
(Yang, & Hayes, 2020). The court staff is affected by this problem. According to Preston et al.
(2022), mental health treatment is often a stipulation of probation, meaning that mental health
treatment is a court-ordered condition, therefore updates of progress must be reported to the
court. Probation and parole officers are affected by the problem due to lack of resources to get
their clients the treatment that is needed (Morick & Heitz, 2022). Morick and Heitz (2022) state
accessing mental health services is often difficult could become the role of the probation officer,
solely. The Department of Justice is affected by the problem due to not having solid staff to
provide services, while treatment is ordered by the court (Canada et al., 2019).
What is context of the problem
Mental health professionals express that working with individuals with diagnoses with
psychotic features can be a challenge (White et al., 2020). Individuals diagnosed with a mental
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Project Plan
illness are more likely to commit a violent crime, such as assault (Zhong et al., 2023). This could
put the mental health professional in danger or become fearful. Digitized mental health services
have been beneficial and convenient, yet a struggle for mental health professionals to connect on
a personal level with their clients (Hills, 2019). Digitized mental health services also level out
both clients from urban and rural communities; therefore, mental health services are accessible
regardless of geographical location (Hills, 2019). Mental health professionals in private practice
have the capacity to promote change and personalize care for each individual they treat, whereas
agencies may follow a guided practice (Person, 2022).
Gap
Analysis of the gap
Gayman et al. (2017) suggest that various challenges, such as the lack of social support,
limited community and mental health resources, and individuals on parole/probation with
chronic mental illness, are significantly difficult. What is known is that the demand for mental
health clinicians for past-offenders on probation and parole is growing where the supply is
limited (Brooker et al., 2022). Shrim and Baum (2020) indicated that mental health professionals
exposed to vicarious trauma when working with criminal justice-involved persons have a high
turnover rate in their careers. In addition, research is known about psychotherapists and mental
health professionals, in prison environments, often facing challenges in conducting
psychotherapy in a restrictive and sometimes harsh environment (Ricks et al., 2019). What is not
known is the experiences job longevity of the mental health professionals directly providing
mental health services to offenders on probation and parole.
Who cares
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Project Plan
Mental health professionals would benefit from this study because learning about the
experiences of the field can enhance work performance through positive intervention and
acquisition of knowledge through continuing professional development (Harris et al., 2023).
Supervisors of the mental health professionals would benefit from this study to be made aware of
the experiences of their employees and be proactive in intervention if necessary. Probation and
parole officers would benefit from this study because significant challenges exist at all stages of
the criminal justice system for those diagnosed with chronic mental illness (Chowdhury et al.,
2020). Specifically, reintegration back into the community following release from incarceration
has been identified as one of the hardest challenges (Chowdhury et al., 2020). It is well known
that individuals involved in the justice system have higher rates of mental illness than the general
society; therefore, the court systems and Department of Justice are stakeholders that would
benefit from the proposed study (Varghese & Magaletta, 2022).
Why now
Burnout has been discovered to be most common in public service-related fields,
specifically within mental health care (Koutra et al., 2021). According to Stewart et al. (2022),
the mental health professionals in the community are overburdened with the rates of persons
released from incarceration. Stewart et al. (2022) also mentioned that mental health professionals
are ill-equipped to meet the needs to the demand of mental health services requested by
individuals re-entering the community. Findings from Rivera-Kloeppel and Mendenhall (2023)
reveal that compassion fatigue has grown among mental health professionals in recent years.
Additionally, there is recent research that the 2019 novel coronavirus, better known as COVID19, has contributed to a remarkable strain on mental health service structures and professionals
(Miller et al., 2021). Miller et al. (2021) report a recent surge in the need for mental health
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services in general. Furthermore, there is a large and growing number of individuals with chronic
mental illness who are on probation, and the need for mental health professionals is prevalent
(Givens & Cuddeback, 2021).
Supporting Evidence
Primary Orientation
This proposed study will apply the social cognitive theory. Dr. Albert Bandura created
the social learning theory, which is now referred to as social cognitive theory in 1986 (de la
Fuente et al., 2023). The social cognitive theory was created to demonstrate the way human
behavior is influenced by the interactions of what is happening around them and their individual
experiences and skillset (XU et al., 2020). Moreover, Bandura’s social cognitive theory includes
a variable of outcome expectancy based on personal factors, behaviors, goals, and social
interactions (Schunk & DiBenedetto, 2020). Outcome expectancies, also referred to as cognitive
beliefs, are developed through social interactions between models and observers (Schunk &
DiBenedetto, 2020). The major concepts of the social cognitive theory are behavioral factors,
personal factors, and environmental factors (XU et al., 2020).
The behavioral factor of the social cognitive theory is determined by self-efficacy, which
is an individual’s ability to take action or execute behaviors through confidence (Graf et al.,
2020). Personal factors include perceptions, feelings, expectations, and attitudes which increase
the practice and adaptation of certain behaviors (Almuqrin & Mutambik, 2021). Environmental
factors are determined by family, the community, occupation, and influences on other
individuals (Almuqrin & Mutambik, 2021). Overall, Bandura proposes that an individual’s
behavior is the result of their personal and environmental factors (Almuqrin & Mutambik, 2021).
Concepts applied to topic
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Project Plan
Concept one, behavioral factors, applies to the experiences of mental health professionals
regarding self-efficacy beliefs in governing negative emotions on the job and reflects on the
work processes that enable individuals to gain advantages from their work experiences
(Alessandri et al., 2018). A negative association of people’s ability to identify, process, and
effectively manage emotions to attain goals, better adapt, and cope with challenges can
illuminate burnout in mental health professionals working with the probation and parole
population (Alessandri et al., 2018). Concept two, personal factors, applies to the experiences of
mental health professionals regarding knowledge, attitudes, and expectations (Edú-Valsania et
al., 2022). The attitude of a mental health professional as well as their effective counseling
practices can influence their cognitive beliefs of self-efficacy (Lohani & Sharma, 2023). Concept
three, environmental factors, apply the experiences of mental health professionals regarding
extrinsic factors such as the workplace (Otaye-Ebede et al., 2019).
There have been previous studies that utilized the social cognitive theory. Edú-Valsania
et al. (2022) applied the social cognitive theory in their study by clarifying that employees doubt
their capabilities, of expectancy achieving professional goals. Otaye-Ebede et al. (2019) applied
the social cognitive theory in their study by internal cues, such as individual spirituality and
external cues, such as workplace spirituality which could influence the behaviors of employees
such as engaging in prosocial motivation and morally making judgments and decisions (OtayeEbede et al., 2019). Further noted, Merkt et al. (2021) explain how mental health professionals
who provide services to individuals with a criminal history are challenged to make moral
judgments and decisions, with what their clients are discussing.
Efforts to Address the Problem
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Mental health professionals and chronic mental illness
Mental health professionals principally have positive attitudes towards individuals with
chronic mental illness (Economou et al., 2019). On the other hand, there is a small percentage of
mental health professionals who do not favor working with individuals diagnosed with a chronic
mental illness (Economou et al., 2019). Economou et al. (2019) report that some mental health
professionals exemplify unfavorable attitudes toward providing services to individuals with
chronic mental illness due to more frequent contact visits and a complicated recovery process of
the individual.
Chronic mental illness is associated with an increased likelihood of having criminogenic
characteristics (Chowdhury et al., 2020). Burnout and emotional exhaustion are associated with
providing services to individuals with a chronic mental illness (Koutra et al., 2021).
Additionally, Koutra et al. (2021) explain that mental health professionals receive extensive
training for individuals with chronic mental illness; they are initially optimistic about servicing
individuals with chronic mental illness, specifically schizophrenia.
Mental illness and crime
According to Domingo et al. (2019), it is estimated that in the United States, there is an
estimated 11% to 31% of incarcerated state prisoners who have been diagnosed with any mental
illness and 6% to 14% with a serious mental illness. Miliauskas et al. (2023) state that
individuals diagnosed with a mental illness commit community violence crimes such as
shootings and attacks. Per Scanlon et al., (2023), 50% of psychiatric patients have a criminal
history with a misdemeanor or felony conviction. Offenders diagnosed with a mental illness are
more likely to commit a violent crime (Zhong et al., 2023).
Probation and parole clients with chronic mental illness
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Domingo et al. (2019) explains that when an offender with a serious mental illness is
released from prison, they encounter greater obstacles and challenges with reentry into the
community. Many individuals released from incarceration do not receive needed mental health
care nor reentry preparation for a smooth transition back into society (Domingo et al., 2019).
Research has discovered that a probationer or parolee’s mental illness is worsened when
treatment resources are limited (Gayman et al., 2017). This can lead to an increase in rearrests
for violations of probation and parole. Mental illness diagnoses are considerably higher for
women on probation as compared to men and one in ten people on probation with a mental
illness have a chronic mental illness (Hawks et al., 2022).
Synthesis of the Evidence
Brooker et al. (2022) and Timmer and Nowotny (2021) agree that there is a shortage in
mental health professionals and current demand for mental health professionals who provide
services to individuals on probation and parole. Furthermore, Shrim and Baum (2020) and Merkt
et al. (2021) state that mental health professionals’ safety is a consideration and stressor when
providing services to individuals on probation and parole. Zhong et al. (2023) in agreement with
Miliauskas et al. (2023), noted that mental health professionals providing services to
probationers and parolees with a chronic mental illness fear their safety because they are more
likely to have committed violent crimes. According to Almuqrin and Mutambik (2021), an
individual’s behavior is caused by personal and environmental factors within social cognitive
theory, which emphasizes that mental health professionals leaving their careers are caused by
burnout and compassion fatigue (Rivera-Kloeppel and Mendenhall, 2023).
Purpose of the Project and Project Questions
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Purpose of the Project
The purpose of the study is to explore the experiences of job longevity for mental health
professionals working with probation and parole clients with chronic mental illness.
Statement of Primary Question(s)
What are the experiences of job longevity for mental health professionals working with
probation and parole clients with chronic mental illness?
Definition of Terms
•
Chronic mental illness can be defined using criteria that is divided amongst three
sections: duration of the illness, diagnostic criterion, and disability criterion
(Chrimara et al., 2022). Additionally, common mental health diagnoses described
as chronic mental illness are bipolar and related disorders, schizophrenia
spectrum, other psychotic disorders, depressive disorders and anxiety disorders
(Chimara et al., 2022).
•
Court is a legal proceeding that is refereed by judges, whether the matter is civil
or criminal (Colonnello & Herpfer, 2021).
•
Department of Justice (DOJ) is the litigating arm of the government, who
enforces the laws and justice of the United States (Heese et al., 2021). The
Department of Justice is under the leadership of the Attorney General of the
United States of America (Gavoor & Platt, 2023).
•
Mental health professionals are individuals such as therapists, psychologists,
mental health technicians, and licensed clinical social workers, who provides
services to the population who has been diagnosed with a mental illness (Martinez
et al., 2023).
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•
Parole is a term used to describe a period of supervised community release after
an individual has served a prison sentence (Bryson et al., 2020). Similar to
probation, conditions are imposed on individuals on parole with restrictions and
orders of the court (Wiggins et al., 2021). Probation is a convicted sentence
served in the community, as an alternative to incarceration (Boppre et al., 2022).
Individuals on probation are to abide by orders of the court, which entail
significant restrictions such as curfew, location monitoring, and financial
obligations (Boppre et al., 2022).
•
A probation or parole officer is an individual who is tasked with the supervision
of the individual on probation or parole. The individual on probation or parole
must report to the probation or parole officer on a regular basis to ensure courtordered conditions are carried out (Kaylor et al., 2022).
If you are seeking Topic Endorsement in XX-V8926 – Doctoral Project Development Topic Approval, you only need to complete the sections above for the approval.
Proposed Project Framework
Methodological approach is clearly defined and includes constructs, phenomena, variables, and
population.
Methodological Approach
Provide a description and explanation of the methodological approach. The methodological
approach must align to the topic, problem, supporting evidence, and data sources. Suggested
length 2-3 paragraphs.
Population and Sample (including site if necessary)
Describe the general target population (e.g., size, characteristics). Suggested length 1-2
paragraphs.
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Project Plan
Constructs, Phenomena, Variables
Present evidence and explanation for the final choice of framework. Constructs, phenomena,
and/or variables must align to the topic, problem, gap, and project questions. Suggested length
2-3 paragraphs.
Proposed Data Sources
Instrumentation and data collection tools address project concepts; ethical threats and their
mitigation are detailed.
Measures or Artifacts to be Reviewed
Present a description of instrumentation or data collection tools. Measures or artifacts must
closely align with the methodological approach. Suggested length 3-4 paragraphs.
Detailed Procedures
Present a description of the processes needed to complete the instruments by the participants
or observers. Suggested length 3-4 paragraphs.
Validity/Reliability/Credibility/Dependability
Identify and present the potential threats to reliability and validity (quantitative techniques) or
trustworthiness (qualitative techniques). Include a proposed plan to mitigate the noted threats.
Suggested length 1-2 paragraphs.
Proposed Data Collection
Describe sampling, recruitment, data collection procedures, and potential ethical considerations.
Sampling Strategy, Number participants
Describe, explain, and justify the sampling strategy to be used. Suggested length 2-3
paragraphs.
Recruitment Procedures
Provide a recruitment process to identify, screen, and recruit participants as it aligns with the
methodological approach. Present the inclusion and exclusion criteria for participating in the
project. Suggested length 2-3 paragraphs.
Data Collection Process
Provide a logical step-by-step data collection process as it aligns with the methodological
approach. Suggested length 3-4 paragraphs.
Ethical Considerations
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Project Plan
Identify potential ethical issues and provide a proposed plan to adhere to strict ethical
standards. Include details regarding privacy, confidentiality, and data security procedures and
concerns. Suggested length 1-2 paragraphs.
Proposed Data Analysis Plan
Articulate data analysis techniques appropriate to project framework.
Present a plan to analyze and present data with techniques that are appropriate to the project,
framework, data sources, and sample size. Suggested length 3-4 paragraphs.
References
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Caprara, G. V., & Cinque, L. (2018). Job burnout: The contribution of emotional stability
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Bebbington, P. E., McManus, S., Coid, J. W., Garside, R., & Brugha, T. (2021). The mental
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Colonnello, S., & Herpfer, C. (2021). Do courts matter for firm value? evidence from the US
court system. The Journal of Law and Economics, 64(2), 403–438.
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Domino, M. E., Gertner, A., Grabert, B., Cuddeback, G. S., Childers, T., & Morrissey, J. P.
(2019). Do timely mental health services reduce re‐incarceration among prison releasees
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litigating the administrative procedure act. SSRN Electronic Journal, 75(3), 429–477.
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Gayman, M. D., Powell, N. K., & Bradley, M. S. (2017). Probation/parole officer psychological
well-being: The impact of supervising persons with mental health needs. American Journal
of Criminal Justice, 43(3), 509–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-017-9422-6
Givens, A., & Cuddeback, G. S. (2021). Traumatic experiences among individuals with severe
mental illnesses on probation. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 31(5), 310–320.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2212
Givens, A., Jacobs, L. A., Canada, K. E., & Edwards, D. (2022). Mental illness‐related stigma
among probation officers. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 32(2), 138–147.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.2235
Graf, A. S., Cohn, T. J., & Syme, M. L. (2020). Social cognitive theory as a theoretical
framework to predict sexual risk behaviors among older adults. Clinical
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Harris, H., Clarkin, C., Rovet, J., Crawford, A., Johnson, A., Kirvan, A., Gruszecki, S., Wang,
S., & Soklaridis, S. (2023). Meaningful engagement through critical reflexivity: Engaging
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Hawks, L. C., Horton, N., & Wang, E. A. (2022). The health and health needs of people under
community supervision. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science, 701(1), 172–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027162221119661
Heese, J., Krishnan, R., & Ramasubramanian, H. (2021). The Department of Justice as a
gatekeeper in whistleblower-initiated Corporate Fraud Enforcement: Drivers and
Consequences. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 71(1), 101357.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2020.101357
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Hills, W. E. (2019). Virtual treatments in an integrated primary care-behavioral health practice:
An overview of synchronous telehealth services to address rural-urban disparities in
mental health care. Medical Science Pulse, 13(2), 1–18.
https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5239
Humphreys, C., Heward‐Belle, S., Tsantefski, M., Isobe, J., & Healey, L. (2021). Beyond
co‐occurrence: Addressing the intersections of domestic violence, Mental Health and
Substance Misuse. Child & Family Social Work, 27(2), 299–310.
https://doi.org/10.1111/cfs.12885
Kaylor, L., Feinberg, M. K., Katsman, K., Allan, C., Greene-Colozzi, E., Johnson, D., & Jeglic,
E. L. (2022). Input from the Frontlines: Parole and probation officers’ perceptions of
policies directed at those convicted of sexual offenses. Psychiatry, Psychology and
Law, 29(6), 900–925. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2021.1995521
Koutra, K., Mavroeides, G., & Triliva, S. (2021). Mental health professionals’ attitudes towards
people with severe mental illness: Are they related to professional quality of
life? Community Mental Health Journal, 58(4), 701–712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597021-00874-x
Lohani, G., & Sharma, P. (2023). Effect of clinical supervision on self-awareness and selfefficacy of psychotherapists and counselors: A systematic review. Psychological
Services, 20(2), 291–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000693
Manchak, S. M., Warner, J. J., Farringer, A. J., Pate, S., & Anderson, V. R. (2023). Interpersonal
process features of collaboration between probation and Behavioral Health
Practitioners. Psychological Services. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000813
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Project Plan
Martinez, R. N., Galloway, K., Anderson, E., Thompson, C., & Chappelle, W. L. (2023).
Perspectives of mental health professionals on the delivery of embedded mental health
services for U.S. Air Force airmen. Psychological Services, 20(4), 988–1000.
https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000727
Merkt, H., Haesen, S., Eytan, A., Habermeyer, E., Aebi, M. F., Elger, B., & Wangmo, T. (2021).
Forensic Mental Health Professionals’ perceptions of their dual loyalty conflict: Findings
from a qualitative study. BMC Medical Ethics, 2
