Description
Any topic Related to any nursing practice. Please be sure to follow the rubric instructions so I can get full credit.
Examples of libraries or websites that use can use:
PubMed
CINHAL
Medline – Advanced Search.
Using MeSH for More Targeted PubMed Searching.
Or any other peer review sources.
** Please use your own words ** also please double check when you write the references, i will present them and use them in class
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U N I V E RS I TY
1847
NURS 321 Critique of Quantitative Research Study Guidelines
Assignment Instructions:
• Students choose a topic of interest for a quantitative study.
• The study may be experimental, quasi-experimental, or nonexperimental.
• Submit the paper and a copy of the research study to the instructor.
The paper will have four parts, written in APA 7th edition format:
Introduction
• Cite the study using APA format.
• Describe the search description including: inclusion and exclusion criteria, key words,
and databases searched.
• How does the author describe the purpose of the research study?
Body—Answer the following critique questions, giving the rationale for each question using
individual APA headings:
• What research design was used?
• Is the research design appropriate for the study?
• How are randomization, control, and manipulation applied?
• How are human subjects protected in this study?
• What statistical analysis was used?
• Are the statistical tests appropriate for this study?
• How was the sample chosen?
• Are all threats to internal validity addressed?
• Are all threats to external validity addressed?
• Are the study limitations described in full?
• Are there reasons to believe that there are alternative explanations for the findings?
• Are the findings generalizable to the larger population of interest?
Conclusion
• What suggestions do you have for making changes in practice based on this article?
• What suggestions do you have for further research?
• What barriers exist that may prevent the implementation of the recommended
changes?
• How can interprofessional teams be used to make improvements based on evidence?
References
• Provide a reference list in APA format including all references cited in the paper.
CR SP24
1
U N I V E RS I TY
1847
NURS 321 Critique of Research Study Rubric
Criteria
Excellent Work
Content
Knowledge
Needs Improvement
Not Acceptable
6 Points
4 Points
-Follows all requirements for the
-Follows all requirements for the
assignment.
assignment.
-Conveys well-rounded knowledge of -Major points of topic are mostly
the topic.
covered in the required
-Excels in fully presenting what is
assignment areas.
known about the topic.
2 Point
-Knowledge of topic is
partially covered.
-Key information is missing
from 2 or more assignment
areas.
1 Point
-Knowledge of topic is
general and does not cover
all the required assignment
areas.
Flow of Content 5 Points
3 Points
-Well-organized.
-Organized.
-Information flows in logical and
-Information flows in logical and
interesting sequence.
interesting sequence.
-Easy to read, follow, and understand -Easy to read, follow, and
throughout.
understand through most of
-Captures the reader’s attention.
presentation.
2 Point
-Organization, sequence, and
flow of presentation are
difficult to follow at times.
-Information is difficult to
read or understand in a few
areas.
1 Point
-Paper is not well
organized.
-Information is difficult to
read, understand, and
follow throughout most of
the paper.
Clarity, Critical 5 Points
3 Points
Thinking
-Concisely explains the topic.
-Explains the topic.
– Consistently analyzes information, -Presents information about the
offers insight, and draws conclusions. topic.
-Excels in presentation of ideas.
-Some analysis, insight, and
-Scholarly work.
conclusions offered.
-Scholarly work.
2 Point
-Major aspects of the topic
are presented, but content
lacks insight and analysis.
1 Point
-Information is basic.
-Major aspects of the topic
are missing or inadequate.
-Lacks insight, analysis, and
conclusions.
-Reader gains little
understanding of the topic.
CR SP24
Meets Expectations
Total Points
1
U N I V E RS I TY
1847
Criteria
Excellent Work
Writing
Composition
(Spelling,
Grammar,
Sentence
Structure)
3 Points
2 Points
-An occasional error may occur, but -Some minor errors (1-3 errors)
writing, grammar, spelling,
may occur with spelling,
transitions, readability, and sentence grammar, transitions, and
structure are essentially error free. sentence structure but are not
consistent throughout.
-Errors do not interfere with the
readability or comprehension of
information.
References
3 Points
2 Points
1 Point
-Information gathered from a variety -Information gathered
-Information gathered from a
of nursing journals and nursing
from a variety of relevant
variety of relevant sources.
and/or medical organization
sources.
(Not all are professional
websites.
-Includes scholarly source within sites).
-Includes scholarly source within the the last 7 years.
-References are greater than
last 5 years.
7 years old.
0.5 Points
-Not all references are
appropriate; not from
scholarly sources.
-No reference(s)
APA Format
3 Points
-An occasional error may occur, but
the paper is essentially error-free,
following APA format in the body of
the paper and reference page.
0.5 Points
-Numerous errors occur
with APA format
consistently throughout the
paper.
CR SP24
Meets Expectations
2 Points
-Some minor errors (1-3 errors)
may occur with APA format, but
errors are not consistent
throughout the paper.
Needs Improvement
Not Acceptable
Total Points
1 Point
0.5 Points
-Frequent errors (4-5 errors) -Numerous errors (>6
occur with spelling, grammar, errors) occur with spelling,
transitions, sentence
grammar, transitions, and
structure, and readability
sentence structure,
throughout.
throughout, which make it
very difficult to read and
understand the
information presented.
1 Point
-Frequent errors (4-5 errors)
occur with APA format
throughout the paper.
2
1
Change from APA 6: No Running head
Every page has a page number in the header
Student Paper Example
Based on the Seventh Ed. of the
Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association
Writing in APA Style 7th Edition Example Paper
Use same font size
for everything in the
entire document
Student Name
Antioch University Santa Barbara
Course Name
Instructor Name
January 8, 2020
APA 7 no longer requires
12-pt. Times New Roman.
Permitted fonts:
12-pt. Times New
Roman
11-pt. Georgia
11-pt. Calibri
11-pt. Arial
10-pt. Lucida Sans
Unicode
Title in bold, Capitalize All
of the Major Words; no
word limit.
One blank double-spaced
line under title.
Student Name, Institution,
Course Name & Number,
Instructor, and Due Date,
all on separate lines
Entire document should be
double-spaced.
Page number
1 inch margin
2
Level 1 heading
(see box below)
Abstract
This paper describes some basic parts of writing in APA style 7th Edition. These components
include seven major areas: the title page, abstract, formatting concerns for student writing, use
of language, in-text citations, the references page, and titles and figures. This paper also
provides examples of specific changes that are required by APA style 7th Edition.
Keywords: APA style, citations, frustration
No period
Indent ½ inch.
An abstract is a brief
comprehensive summary of the
contents of the paper, typically
no more than 250 words.
Abstracts are not usually
required for student papers.
Check with your instructor to
see if an abstract and/or
keywords are required for your
paper.
If you’re not required to
include an abstract, begin the
main text on this page.
Keywords are words, phrases,
or acronyms that describe the
most important aspects of your
paper. They are used for
indexing in databases and help
readers find your work during a
search.
If required for your paper,
provide 3–5 keywords.
Keywords can be listed in any
order.
Headings: Use headings in your paper to distinguish between
main sections and sub-sections.
Main sections (divisions)
of the body of your
paper
Sub-sections
Format for the Five Levels of Headings in APA Style
Level Format
1
Centered, Bold, Capitalize Major Words
Text begins as a new indented paragraph.
2
Left Align, Bold, Capitalize Major Words
Text begins as a new indented paragraph.
3
Left Align, Bold Italic, Capitalize Major Words
Text begins as a new indented paragraph.
4
Indented, Bold, Capitalize Major Words. After a
period, text begins on the same line and continues.
5
Indented, Bold Italic, Capitalize Major Words. After
a period, text begins on the same line and continues.
Title is bolded and
centered, Capitalize
All of the Major Words
3
Repeat title from Title page
Writing in APA Style 7th Edition Example Paper
Level 1 heading
(see p. 2)
Writing in the style of the American Psychological Association (APA) is a regular practice
for students of higher degree programs in psychology and many programs in science. The new
edition of the manual has made several changes, such as endorsing the use of the singular they,
as exemplified in the next sentence. Each student writer who applies the new APA student
writing standards may encounter different challenges, however, they may use the resources
Use singular
“they”
provided by the AUSB Writing Center for support in learning the relevant new rules.
According to the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (2019), the style’s broad applicability “helps authors present their
ideas in a clear, concise, and organized manner” that “uniformity and consistency enables
1 inch
margins on
all sides
readers to (a) focus on the ideas being presented rather than formatting and (b) scan works
quickly for key points” (p. xvii). Since this paper is mostly written in the seventh edition of APA
style, attentive readers will note that it has many examples of changes from the sixth edition.
Most of the rules demonstrated here are those a student will need to have some acquaintance
with in order to write easily according to the student writing guidelines, which are distinct from
APA’s new journal article reporting standards (Paiz et al., 2013).
Level 1 heading
(a main section)
The Structure of a Paper in APA Style
New in APA 7:
Use “et al.” for three
or more authors
The APA style guidelines are designed for primary research papers that usually contain
the following sections: (a) introduction, (b) method, (c) results, (d) discussion, and (e)
references. However, the actual headings may vary depending on the type of paper one is
writing (American Psychological Association, 2019). For example, papers that do not describe
primary research or original experimental data may omit the method, results, and discussion
One
space
after a
period
4
sections (Xyers, Young, Zucherman, & Anne, 2019, p. 291). Some sections may be broken into
subsections, in which case the authors must use the appropriate headings and subheadings
(Xyers, Young, Zucherman, & Roberts, 2019, para. 4).
Organizing the Main Body
Level 2
heading
(a subsection)
Exception to “et al.” rule for 3 or more authors:
Include as many authors as needed to distinguish
between sources with the same first author(s).
Most APA style papers written by students are not experimental; the organization of
headings and subheadings within the main body of the paper is therefore particularly
important. In certain cases, the author might use additional major sections, such as a literature
review, to introduce their own material.
Organizing the Main Body When There are Additional Content Concerns
Short
papers
usually
only
need
Level 1
and 2
headings
Level 3 heading (a
sub-section of the
Level 2 sub-section)
In some common graduate assignments, students are instructed to compare therapeutic
models, provide possible interventions given specific presenting problems, or engage in case
study analyses. These papers may have particular sections (such as presenting problem, or
socio-cultural considerations of a given model).
Level 4
heading
(see
p. 2)
Language Concerns in the Body of the Paper. Sometimes, writers who are just
becoming comfortable with APA style, or with academic writing in general, will mimic academic
language in ways subtly less clear than writers who use academic register fluently. For example,
one might write the following sentence, which sounds academic to the mental ear, but in which
If a quotation
is 40 words
or more, use
during the preparatory process of elucidating the critical and fundamental elements of
a block quote
format: new
this theory for analysis, it would be observed that certain subjective elements of theline, indent ½
inch, double
theory would be excessively situational to the point of being non-applicable outsidespace,
of no
quotation
the theorists’ particular circumstances. (Goodwin, 2012a) For block quotes,
marks.
period comes
before citation.
almost everything is done poorly:
5
We observe that such a sentence serves little use beyond parody. The same sentiment can be
expressed in appropriate academic register in the following fashion: this theory is based on
subjective components and thus is not widely applicable (Goodwin, 2012b).
Level 4
heading
2 Styles of Intext Citations:
Narrative &
Parenthetical:
Language Concerns as Issues of Unstated Academic Expectation. Writers for whom the
distinction between the two earlier examples is unintuitive should not be dismayed. Graham Narrative
and Harris (1997) have shown that an academic style of writing is slowly learned, and is not
Paraphrase
often intuitive. Often, the rules of academic English, and American academic English in
citation style
Parenthetical
citation style
particular, are presented as assumptions rather than with explicit guidance (Graham & Harris,
1997). A student may look at their peers and see no one else asking questions about unclear
elements of an assignment, or unclear expectations, and try to muddle through on their own
No
page #
(see
box
below)
rather than raising the issue. However, most academic expectations need to be explicitly taught
at some point, so students should not feel bad asking for clarification. Often, if one writer has a
question about the expectations, many others do also (S. Harter, personal communication,
September 30, 2018).
Level 1
heading
Personal communication formatting example. Cite
in text but not on References page. (see p. 7)
In-Text Citations and References
The American Psychological Association (APA) encourages authors to cite any works
that have impacted their own (APA, 2019). In general, the style guide recommends
paraphrasing sources rather than using too many direct quotes, “because paraphrasing
allows you to fit material to the context of your paper and writing style” (APA, 2019, p. 270).
A direct quote is best employed when the original author has stated a point particular
memorably, concisely, or effectively, or when the original author is providing a technical
About page numbers:
Use for direct quotes
Use for paraphrases of information on a specific page
o Otherwise, optional for paraphrases
Cite the
specific page
number of
direct
quotes.
6
definition or explanation of a term. Under other circumstances, a paraphrase is usually more
efficient than a direct quotation. Both paraphrased ideas as well as quotations need to be cited,
though; only common knowledge does not require a citation. A good general rule of thumb
might be: “when in doubt, cite it, and if you don’t have a citation, double-check” (S. Chase,
personal communication, August 12, 2017).
Personal communication formatting example. Cite
in text but not on References page. (see p. 7)
Writers using APA style should be careful to format their citations appropriately. Most
in-text citations follow the format of author and year in parentheses, providing page numbers
(or paragraph numbers) for every direct quotation. For paraphrases/summaries in your own
words, include a page number when information is from a specific page of a source; otherwise
a page number is optional, but may be helpful. The formatting of references in the references
list, however, is more complicated, and writers should check their work to ensure that they
have used the appropriate format for each citation, depending on the type of source.
Figures and Tables
As shown in Table 1, the seventh edition of APA has made some changes to the
formatting of figures and tables. For example, figures now use the same title format as tables
(see Figure 1).
Use table and figure numbers to refer the reader to tables
and figures. Do not write “see the table above/below”.
Final Recommendations
APA style is an effective way of formatting and presenting complex material. APA can be
time-consuming to learn; visit us in the AUSB Writing Center for help with any of your APA
questions.
7
References should be in
alphabetical order and
double spaced.
Level 1 heading
References
American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (7th ed.).
When publisher & author are the same, omit that info.
Goodwin, J. (2012a). Made up examples of bad academic writing. Academic Writing, 343(1),
Same author,
same year:
use a & b
1006–1010. http://doi.org/11.1136/acadbad.12345
Include DOI as
hyperlinked URL
Capitalize only
Goodwin, J. (2012b). Good reading is hard writing: Another made-up journal article about the first word
of a journal
article and
subtitle.
academic writing. Reading & Writing, 25(3), 143–152.
http://doi.org/10.1234/readwrite.123456789
Graham, S., & Harris, K. R. (1997). It can be taught, but it does not develop naturally: Myths and
realities in writing instruction. School Psychology Review, 26(6), 414–424.
Paiz, J. M., Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, G., Franks, M., Paul, R.,
Include
up to 20
authors
Keech, E., Ruiz, G., Allison, A., Caterelli, B., Zhou, M., Soong, R., Nguyen, Y., Bedo, O.,
Use a
hanging
indent
Sanders, B., Howard, C., Denny, H., … Keck, R. (2013). Online writing: The challenges of
learning APA. Journal of Psychotherapy. http://doi.org/10.4567/apa-style.67810
Xyers, K., Young, G., Zucherman, F., and Anne, A. (2019). Example with multiple authors. In G. Y.
Iwamasa & P. A. Hays (Eds.), Big Book of Examples (2nd ed., pp. 287–314). CRC Press.
Xyers, K., Young, G., Zucherman, F., and Roberts, B. (2019, June 1). Example citation for multiple
authors. BBC News. http://www.bbcnews.com/example-for-multiple-authors.html
The References provides the information necessary for a reader to
locate and retrieve any source you cite.
Every source you cite must appear on your References page.
References page only includes sources cited in the body of your paper.
Exception: Do not include personal
communication on your References
page, e.g., emails or interviews, since
they are not recoverable. Instead,
cite them in-text. (See p. 6.)
New in APA 7:
No place of publication for books
Leave hyperlinks
Do not use “retrieved from” or a retrieval date unless the website content updates often by
design (e.g., social media)
8
Limited shading and borders now
preferred. (Do not use vertical
borders to separate data.)
Table 1
An Example of an APA Style Table
Table or Figure
Table
Change from 6th Edition
Mostly the same for simple tables, but avoid unnecessary
borders or shading in a table
Figure
Now uses same title format as tables
Note. A table note may optionally be included under the table to clarify the contents of the
table for the readers of the manuscript.
Figures and
tables are
left-aligned
Place each table on a separate page,
followed by each figure on a
separate page
Figure 1
Figure titles now parallel to table titles
(above the figure)
Writing in APA Style
Note. A figure note may optionally be included under the figure to clarify the contents of the
figure for the readers of the manuscript.
7th Edition
Student Paper Setup Guide
This guide will help you set up an APA Style student paper. The basic setup directions apply to the entire
paper. Annotated diagrams illustrate how to set up the major sections of a student paper: the title page
or cover page, the text, tables and figures, and the reference list.
Basic Setup
Seventh edition APA Style was designed with modern word-processing programs in mind. Most default
settings in programs such as Academic Writer, Microsoft Word, and Google Docs already comply with
APA Style. However, you may need to make a few adjustments before you begin writing.
• Margins: Use 1-in. margins on all sides of the page (top, bottom, left, and right).
• Font: Use a legible font. Many fonts are acceptable, including 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, 12point Times New Roman, and 11-point Georgia. The default font of your word-processing program
is acceptable.
• Line spacing: Use double-spacing for the entire paper (including block quotations and the reference
list). Do not add blank lines before or after headings. Do not add extra spacing between
paragraphs.
• Paragraph alignment and indentation: Align paragraphs of text to the left margin. Leave the right
margin ragged. Do not use full justification. Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5 in.
using the tab key or the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program.
• Page numbers: Put a page number in the top right corner of every page, including the title page or
cover page, which is page 1. Student papers do not require a running head on any page.
Title Page Setup
Title Page Elements
• The affiliation consists of the department of the course and the name of the university.
• Write the course number and name and instructor name as shown on course materials.
• Use the date format used in your country for the assignment due date.
• Page number 1 appears in the top right of the page in the page header.
• No running heads are required for student papers.
Title Page Line Spacing
Title Page Alignment
Title Page Font
Text Setup
Text Elements
• Repeat the paper title at the top of the first page of text.
• Begin with an introduction to provide background and context.
• Use descriptive headings to identify other sections (e.g., Method, Results, Discussion for
quantitative research papers).
• Sections and headings vary depending on paper type and complexity.
• Text can include tables and figures, block quotations, headings, and footnotes.
Text Line Spacing
Double-space all text, including
• headings and section labels
• paragraphs of text
• block quotes
Text Alignment
Block Quotation Alignment
Text Font
• Use the same font throughout the entire paper.
• Write body text in standard (nonbold, nonitalic) font.
• Use italics sparingly, for instance, to highlight a key term on first use (see Concise
Guide to APA Style Section 4.15).
Headings Format
Level
1
Format
Centered, Bold, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph.
2
Flush left, Bold, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph.
3
Flush Left, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph.
4
Indented, Bold, Title Case Heading, Ending With a Period. Text
begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.
5
Indented, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading, Ending With a Period. Text
begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.
• Alignment: Center Level 1 headings. Left-align Level 2 and Level 3 headings. Indent
Level 4 and Level 5 headings like a paragraph.
• Font: Boldface all headings. Also italicize Level 3 and Level 5 headings.
• Tip: Create heading styles using your word-processing program (built into Academic
Writer, available for Word via sample papers on the APA Style website).
Tables and Figures Setup
• Only some papers have tables and figures.
• Tables and figures share the same elements.
Table Elements
Figure Elements
Table Line Spacing
Figure Line Spacing
Table Alignment
Figure Alignment
Table Font
Figure Font
Placement of Tables and Figures
You can embed tables and figures in the body of the paper.
This guide shows options for placement. If your instructor requires tables and figures to be
placed at the end of the paper, see examples in the Publication Manual and in the
professional sample paper on the APA Style website.
• Embed tables and figures in the text.
• Call out (mention) the table or figure in the text before embedding it.
• Place the table or figure after the callout
o at the bottom of the page
o at the top of the next page
o by itself on the next page
• Avoid placing tables and figures in the middle of the page.
Embedding at the Bottom of the Page
Embedding at the Top of the Page
Embedding on Its Own Page
• Embed long tables or large figures on their own page if needed.
• Text continues on the next page.
Reference
List Setup
Reference List Elements
• View reference examples on the APA Style website
• Consult Chapter 10 for even more examples.
Reference List Line Spacing
Reference List Alignment
Reference List Font
Final Checks
Check Page Order
• Start each section on a new page.
• Arrange pages in the following order:
o Title page (page 1)
o Text (starts on page 2)
o Reference list (starts on a new
page after the text)
Check Headings
• Check that headings accurately reflect the content in each section.
• Start each main section with a Level 1 heading.
• Use Level 2 headings for subsections of the introduction.
• Use the same level of heading for sections of equal importance.
• Avoid having only one subsection within a section (have two or more, or none).
Check Assignment Instructions
• Instructors’ guidelines supersede APA Style.
• Students should check their assignment guidelines or rubric for specific content to
include in their papers and to make sure they are meeting assignment requirements.
Tips for Better Writing
• Ask for feedback on your paper from a classmate, writing center tutor, or instructor.
• Budget time to implement suggestions.
• Use spell-check and grammar-check to identify potential errors.
• Proofread the paper by reading it slowly and carefully aloud to yourself.
• Consult your university writing center if you need extra help.
More information on student papers can be found in the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) and in
the Concise Guide to APA Style (7th ed.).
SOURCE: American Psychological Association. (2020).
Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Last updated 10/21/2020
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