Description
Instruction: Read Chapter 2 in its entirety and
1. Provide two definitions of an organization.
2. Discuss the evolution of organizational theory:
a. Discuss scientific management
b. Discuss human relations management
c. Discuss systems management
d. Discuss bureaucratic management
3. Discuss organizational structure and list and explain the primary principles of organizational structure.
4. Discuss span of control and unity of command.
5. Discuss closed versus open systems.
6. Define communication and discuss communication within a criminal justice organization.
7. Compare and contrast oral communication and written communication
Unformatted Attachment Preview
NINTH EDITION
JUSTICE
ADMINISTRATION
POLICE, COURTS, AND CORRECTIONS
MANAGEMENT
Kenneth J. Peak
University of Nevada, Reno
Andrew L. Giacomazzi
Boise State University
330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Justice Administration
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Control Number: 2017030716
1
17
ISBN 10:
0-13-487140-5
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-487140-0
Dedication
To the late Sam Chapman—longtime professor, police practitioner, and true
expert in the field. Sam was notably an enduring friend and associate of the great
August Vollmer; indeed, it was Sam who, while on duty, would be summoned
to Gus’ backyard and hold him as Vollmer neared death. A more true, loyal,
interesting, and dedicated friend I have never known. Thanks for everything, Sam.
—K. P.
To my mother, Monika Giacomazzi. While not planned, I wrote the last of my
words to this edition on the 8th anniversary of her passing. From my mother,
I gained a great appreciation for hard work and a thirst for knowledge, not to
mention a sometimes wicked sense of humor. To you, mom; I know you’re
already reading! “Always Loving, Always Loved.”
—A. G.
This page intentionally left blank
Brief Contents
PA R T 1
Justice Administration 1
Chapter 1
The Study and Scope of Justice Administration 2
Chapter 2
Organization and Administration: Principles and Practices 21
Chapter 3
Rights of Criminal Justice Employees 54
PA R T 2
The Police 83
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Police Organization and Operation
Police Personnel Roles and Functions
Police Issues and Practices
84
108
131
PA R T 3
The Courts 157
Chapter 7
Court Organization and Operation 158
Chapter 8
Court Personnel Roles and Functions 185
Chapter 9
Court Issues and Practices 213
PA R T 4
Corrections 243
Chapter 10
Corrections Organization and Operation 244
Chapter 11
Corrections Personnel Roles and Functions 282
Chapter 12
Corrections Issues and Practices 309
PA R T 5
Issues Spanning the Justice System 337
Chapter 13
Ethical Considerations 338
Chapter 14
Special Challenges: Labor Relations, Liability, and Discipline 362
vii
▼
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Financial Administration
Chapter 17
Technologies and Tools: Toward Addressing Crime
and Disorder 439
Appendix
Writings of Confucius, Machiavelli,
and Lao-Tzu 458
GLOSSARY
INDEX
394
Protecting the Homeland: Foremost Challenges for
Police Chief Executives 420
460
467
Brief Contents viii
▼
Contents
P R E FAC E
xxi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
PA R T 1
xxv
Justice Administration
Chapter 1
1
The Study and Scope of Justice Administration
Introduction 3
Why Study Justice Administration? 3
Purpose of the Book and Key Terms
Organization of the Book 4
A True System of Justice?
2
3
5
A Criminal Justice Process? 6
A Criminal Justice Network? 6
A Criminal Justice Nonsystem? 8
Or, Is It a True Criminal Justice System? 10
From Nonsystem to System: Redefining Performance Measures 10
The Foundations of Justice and Administration: Legal
and Historical Bases 11
The Consensus versus Conflict Debate 11
Crime Control through Due Process 12
Public versus Private Sector Administration 13
Planned Change and Policymaking in Justice Administration 14
Planning Interventions 14
Force-Field Analysis 16
Consequences of Not Planning for Change
17
Summary 17 • Key Terms and Concepts 18 • Questions for
Review 18 • Deliberate and Decide 18 • Learn
by Doing 19 • Case Study 19 • Notes 20
Chapter 2
Organization and Administration: Principles and Practices
Introduction 22
Defining Organizations 22
The Evolution of Organizational Theory 23
Scientific Management 23
Human Relations Management 24
Systems Management 25
Bureaucratic Management 25
Organizational Inputs/Outputs 26
ix
▼
21
Organizational Structure
26
Primary Principles 26
Span of Control and Unity of Command
Closed versus Open Systems 30
28
Communication within the Organization
31
Import and Consequence 31
Process and Characteristics 31
Communicating in Police Organizations: Consequence, Jargon,
and the Grapevine 34
Oral and Written Communication 35
Other Barriers to Effective Communication 35
Cultural Cues 35
External Communications: Use of Social Media 36
Primary Leadership Theories
36
What Is Leadership? 36
Trait Theory 37
Style Theory 38
Situational Leadership Theory
39
Characteristics and Skills of America’s Best Leaders
40
“Good in Their Skin” 40
Katz’s Three Skills 41
Motivating Employees
41
The Hawthorne Studies 42
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 43
McGregor’s Theory X/Theory Y 44
Ouchi’s Theory Z 45
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory 45
Expectancy and Contingency Theories 45
Motivation through Job Enrichment 46
Preparing for Employees Now and in the Future: Generation Y
47
Changing Demographics and Mind-Set 47
Coming Challenges 47
Becoming a Learning Organization 48
Summary 49 • Key Terms and Concepts 49 • Questions
for Review 49 • Deliberate and Decide 50 • Learn by Doing
Case Study 50 • Notes 51
Chapter 3
Rights of Criminal Justice Employees
Introduction 55
Overview 55
The Employment Relationship 57
54
Recruitment and Hiring 57
Disparate Treatment 57
How Old Is “Too Old” in Criminal Justice? 59
Criminal Justice and Affirmative Action 59
Property Rights in Employment 60
Pay and Benefits 61
Criminal Justice and a Safe Workplace 62
Constitutional Rights of Criminal Justice Employees
Freedom of Speech and Association
Contents x
▼
63
63
50
Searches and Seizures 66
Self-Incrimination 66
Religious Practices 67
Sexual Misconduct 68
Residency Requirements 69
Moonlighting 69
Misuse of Firearms 69
Alcohol and Drugs in the Workplace
Drug Testing 71
Rights of Police Officers 72
Workplace Harassment 72
Family and Medical Leave Act
70
74
Eligibility Requirements 74
Amendments to the Act 74
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 75
Related Laws—And Possible Changes in the Offing 75
Addressing Grooming and Appearance: Uniform Codes, Beards,
and Tattoos 76
Employers’ Rights 76
Employees’ Rights: Tattoos and Millennials
PA R T 2
The Police
Chapter 4
76
Summary 77 • Key Terms and Concepts 77 • Questions
for Review 77 • Deliberate and Decide 78 • Learn by
Doing 78 • Case Study 79 • Notes 79
83
Police Organization and Operation 84
Introduction 85
No More “Business as Usual”: Changing Police Culture
85
A Change in Mind-Set 86
Adopting Procedural Justice 87
A New Professionalism 87
Are We “Guardians” or “Soldiers”? 88
Related Concepts: Constitutional Policing and Legitimacy 89
Changing “Optics” and Responding to Mass Demonstrations 90
Achieving Harmony 90
Police Agencies as Organizations
The Grouping of Activities
The Division of Labor 91
91
91
Elements of Police Organizational Structure
Examples of Police Organization 93
The Basic Organizational Structure
92
93
Organizational Guidelines: Policies, Procedures, Rules, and Regulations
Existing and Emerging Paradigms in Policing 98
Community Policing and Problem Solving 98
The SARA Process 98
Contributory Strategies: CompStat, Smart Policing, Intelligence-Led Policing,
Predictive Policing 99
Contents
▼
xi
96
Moving a Police Organization from “Good” to “Great” 102
Agency Accreditation 103
Summary 104 • Key Terms and Concepts 104 • Questions
for Review 104 • Deliberate and Decide 105 • Learn by
Doing 105 • Case Study 106 • Notes 106
Chapter 5
Police Personnel Roles and Functions 108
Introduction 109
Roles of the Police Executive: The Mintzberg Model for CEOs
109
The Interpersonal Role 109
The Informational Role 110
The Decision-Maker Role 111
Preparing for a Career as Law Enforcement Executive
111
Vying for a Law Enforcement Executive’s Position: What Works
Tips and Preparation for the Assessment Center 112
Chiefs of Police
111
113
Expectations and Advocacy 113
Who Is Today’s Police Chief: A Profile 114
Promote from Within, or Hire from Outside? 114
Navigating the Political Arena 115
Today’s Chief: Under Fire and Being Fired 116
The Sheriff 117
Middle Managers: Captains and Lieutenants 118
First-Line Supervisors: The Patrol Sergeant 120
Seeking the Gold Badge 120
Assuming the Position: General Roles and Functions
Basic Tasks 122
Types of Supervisors 122
121
Should Police Leaders Give Credence to a “Ferguson Effect”?
The Patrol Officer 124
Basic Tasks 124
What Traits Make a Good Officer? 125
Addressing a Front-End Problem: Recruiting Quality Officers
123
125
Sexual Harassment: Enigma Wrapped in Anachronism 127
Summary 127 • Key Terms and Concepts 127 • Questions
for Review 127 • Deliberate and Decide 128 • Learn
by Doing 128 • Case Study 128 • Notes 129
Chapter 6
Police Issues and Practices 131
Introduction 132
Police Shootings: Conundrum and Controversy
132
America’s Angst 132
Wanted: A National Use-of-Force Database 133
The Importance of Use-of-Force Policymaking 133
Posting Information about Police Shootings 134
The Cry Heard Round the Country: “Wear Body Cameras!”
De-escalating Crises: No “Line in the Sand” 136
134
Managing the Use of Force: Issues, Practices, Controversies
Power to Be Used Judiciously
137
Contents xii
▼
137
A Typology of Abuse of Authority 137
Use-of-Force Continuums 138
Does a Particular “Type” of Officer Use More Force? 139
Use of Force on Persons with Mental Disorders 140
Vehicle Pursuits 141
The Early Intervention System: Identifying Problem Employees
Dealing with Officers’ Pain: PTSD 143
Civilian Review Boards: Blessing—Or Curse?
Extent and Rationale
Police Distrust 143
142
143
143
Fostering Constitutional Policing: Use of the Consent Decree
New Approaches to Active Shooters: A Sea Change 145
Officer Wellness and Safety: A Top Priority 146
144
An “Uneasy” Time 146
Occupational Hazards: The Issues 146
A Wellness and Safety Plan—and Change of Agency Culture 147
Need for Training, Policy, Technology 149
What Cities Are Doing: Selected Case Studies 150
Summary 151 • Key Terms and Concepts 151 • Questions
for Review 151 • Deliberate and Decide 152 • Learn
by Doing 152 • Case Study 152 • Notes 153
PA R T 3
The Courts
Chapter 7
157
Court Organization and Operation 158
Introduction 159
Inside the Courts: Decor, Decorum, Citizens 159
Hallowed Places 159
Justice in the Eye of the Beholder 160
Seeking Truth in an Adversarial Atmosphere
A Dual Court System 162
161
Federal Courts: Organization and Administration
162
The U.S. Supreme Court: Its Jurists, Traditions, and Work
U.S. Courts of Appeals 164
U.S. District Courts 166
Judicial Conference of the United States 167
Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts 167
Comparing Federal and State Court Systems 168
State Courts of Last Resort and Appeals 169
Courts of Last Resort 169
Intermediate Courts of Appeals
Trial Courts
171
172
General Jurisdiction: Major Trial Courts
Limited Jurisdiction: Lower Courts 173
172
“Unification,” “Consolidation,” “Reform”: By any Name,
a Century’s Attempts to Streamline the Courts 175
Courts in Early England: A Desire to Unify
Contents
▼
xiii
175
162
The United States: An Historical Hodgepodge
As It Stands Today 176
Two Examples at the Extremes 177
176
The Influence of Courts in Policymaking 178
Summary 179 • Key Terms and Concepts 180 • Questions
for Review 180 • Deliberate and Decide 180 • Learn
by Doing 181 • Case Study 181 • Notes 182
Chapter 8
Court Personnel Roles and Functions
Introduction 186
Defining Judicial Administration 186
The Jurists 188
185
Methods of Judicial Selection 189
Judicial Benefits and Problems 191
Good Judging, Courtroom Civility, and Judicial Misconduct
195
What Makes for “Good Judging”? 195
Problems of Their Own: Types of Judicial Misconduct 196
A Revised Model Code of Conduct for State and Local Judges 197
A Thorny Issue: Judges’ Use of Electronic Social Media Sites 198
What Does “Appearance of Impropriety” Mean? An Example
Judges as Court Managers 201
Court Clerks 202
Trained Court Administrators 203
Development and Training 203
General Duties 205
Evaluating Court Administrators
200
205
Jury Administration 206
Summary 207 • Key Terms and Concepts 207 • Questions
for Review 207 • Deliberate and Decide 208 • Learn
by Doing 208 • Case Study 209 • Notes 209
Chapter 9
Court Issues and Practices
Introduction 214
Is There a “CSI Effect”? 214
Courthouse Violence 216
213
Shooters in the Courthouses 216
General Types of Court Violence 217
Conducting a Threat Assessment 218
Problem-Solving Courts
219
Origin, Functions, and Rationale 219
A New Role for the Courtroom Work Group 220
Drug, Mental Health, and Veterans Courts 220
The Dilemma of Delay
225
“Justice Delayed—” 225
The Consequences 225
Suggested Solutions and Performance Standards
Case Scheduling: Two Systems 227
226
Decreasing Litigation: Alternative Dispute Resolution
Contents
▼
xiv
228
Supreme Court Decisions on Federal Sentencing Guidelines
Courts’ Media Relations 230
Other Issues and Practices 231
Are “851 Notices” Being Overused and Abused?
Time to Rethink Juvenile Waivers? 232
Should the Exclusionary Rule Be Banned? 234
Cameras in the Courtroom 235
230
231
Summary 236 • Key Terms and Concepts 236 • Questions
for Review 237 • Deliberate and Decide 237 • Learn
by Doing 237 • Case Study 238 • Notes 238
PA R T 4
Corrections
243
Chapter 10
Corrections Organization and Operation
Introduction 245
Correctional Organizations 246
244
Employment and Expenditures 246
Declining Prison Populations: Reasons and Some Caveats
General Mission and Features 248
Prisons as Organizations
246
248
The Central Office 249
Individual Prisons 250
The Controversy of Supermax
254
Definition and Operation 254
Effects on Inmates 255
Constitutionality 256
A Boon to Public Safety? 256
Policy Implications 257
Constitutional Rights of Inmates
257
From Hands Off to Hands On: A Shift in Prisoners’ Rights, Law,
and Philosophy 257
A “Slave of the State” 258
Prison Regulations and Laws vis-à-vis Inmates’ Constitutional Rights
Legal Remedy and Access to the Courts 258
First Amendment 259
Fourth Amendment 260
Eighth Amendment 260
Fourteenth Amendment 261
Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons
Inmate Litigation 264
263
Prior to the Twenty-First Century: “Hair-trigger” Suing
The Prison Litigation Reform Act 265
Jails as Organizations
258
264
266
Podular/Direct Supervision Jails
Community Jails 269
266
A New Supreme Court Decree: Collecting DNA at Point of Arrest
Contents xv
▼
270
Corrections Accreditation 270
Probation and Parole Agencies as Organizations
270
Agency Organization, Armed and Sworn Status of Officers
Probation Systems 272
Parole Systems 274
271
Summary 276 • Key Terms and Concepts 276 • Questions
for Review 276 • Deliberate and Decide 276 • Learn by Doing
Case Study 277 • Notes 278
Chapter 11
Corrections Personnel Roles and Functions
Introduction 283
Prisons 284
282
The Warden: A Profile 284
Preparing New Wardens for Success 287
Principles of Good Prison Leadership 287
Administering the Death Penalty 289
Achieving Racial Balance 290
Middle Managers and Supervisors 290
“Thy Brother’s Keeper”: Evolving Roles and Types of COs
Managing staff Deviance 292
Staff–Inmate Relationships 293
291
Jail Personnel 294
Jail Administrators’ Functions 294
A Few Comments on “Jail First” Policies and Detention
as a Career Path 295
Employee Training 296
Probation and Parole Officers
298
Duties and Orientation 299
Probation Management Styles
301
Addressing Stress, Burnout, and Attrition
Stressful Prisons 302
Stressors in Jails 302
Stress in Probation and Parole
301
303
Summary 304 • Key Terms and Concepts 304 • Questions
for Review 304 • Deliberate and Decide 305 • Learn
by Doing 305 • Case Study 306 • Notes 307
Chapter 12
Corrections Issues and Practices 309
Introduction 310
Issues Concerning Inmate Populations 310
Juvenile Justice: An End to Death and Life without Parole Sentences
Sexual and Physical Violence: Facts of Institutional Life 311
The Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 312
A Dilemma: Should Inmates Be Issued Condoms? 313
Hostage Taking in Detention Facilities: An Overview 313
Mentally Ill Offenders 316
The Aging of Inmates: Problems and Approaches 318
Inmate Classification: Cornerstone of Security and Treatment 319
Drug Use in Prisons: Interdiction and Treatment 320
Can a “Therapeutic Community” Work? 322
Contents
▼
xvi
310
277
The Controversy of Private Prisons
323
Emergence of the Concept 323
Comparing Public versus Private Prisons
323
Alternatives to Incarceration: Intermediate Sanctions
Intensive Supervision in the Community
House Arrest/Electronic Monitoring 327
Shock Probation/Parole 328
Boot Camps/Shock Incarceration 329
Day Reporting Centers 329
325
325
Summary 330 • Key Terms and Concepts 331 • Questions
for Review 331 • Deliberate and Decide 331 • Learn
by Doing 332 • Case Study 332 • Notes 332
PA R T 5
Issues Spanning the Justice System
Chapter 13
337
Ethical Considerations 338
Introduction 339
Food for Thought: Six Ethical Dilemmas
Ethics, Generally 341
339
Philosophical Foundations 341
Types of Ethics 341
Noble Cause Corruption 342
Challenges for Administrators, Managers, and Supervisors
Ethics in Policing
343
343
The Root of the Problem: Greed and Temptation 343
A Primer: The Oral Interview 344
Accepted and Deviant Lying 344
“Brady Material” 345
Gratuities: A Model for Gauging Degrees of Corruption
Training, Supervision, and Values 348
Ethics in the Courts
347
349
Evolution of Standards of Conduct
The Judge 349
Lawyers for the Defense 351
Prosecutors 352
Other Court Employees 352
349
Ethics in Corrections 353
Guiding Decision Making 354
Ethics Tests for Justice Professionals 355
Is Workplace Loyalty Always Good? 356
Summary 357 • Key Terms and Concepts 357 • Questions for
Review 357 • Deliberate and Decide 358 • Learn by
Doing 358 • Case Study 359 • Notes 359
Chapter 14
Special Challenges: Labor Relations, Liability, and Discipline
Introduction 363
Collective Bargaining, Generally 363
Contents xvii
▼
362
The Nature and Principles of Shared Governance
Organizing for Collective Bargaining 364
Negotiation 364
In the Event of an Impasse… 365
Job Actions 366
Labor Relations in Criminal Justice
367
The Movement Begins: Policing Then and Now
Corrections Follows the Precedent 368
Unionization in the Courts 369
Civil Liability: A Primer
363
367
369
Definitions and Legal Foundation 369
Torts and Negligence 370
Section 1983 Legislation 370
Lawsuits Against the Police Generally 370
Liability of Police Leadership 371
Duty of Care and Failure to Protect 372
Vehicle Pursuits 373
Liability of Corrections Personnel 375
Disciplinary Policies and Practices
376
Due Process Requirements 378
A Tradition of Problems in Policing 379
Automated Records Systems 379
Determining the Level and Nature of Action 379
Positive and Negative Discipline 380
Making a Determination and Disposition 383
Alerting to Problems: The Early Intervention System 386
Not to Be Overlooked: Internal Complaints and Problems 386
The Recreational Marijuana Conundrum: To Smoke
or Not to Smoke? 387
Summary 389 • Key Terms and Concepts 389 • Questions
for Review 389 • Deliberate and Decide 389 • Learn by
Doing 390 • Case Study 390 • Notes 391
Chapter 15
Financial Administration 394
Introduction 395
First Things First: Enhancing Budgets and Financial Stewardship 395
Knowing What the Job Entails—and What the Competition Is Doing
Strategies for Enhancing the Bottom Line: Growth, Grants,
and Civilianization 396
Other Causes of Budget Expansion: Sensational Incidents,
Mobilized Stakeholders, Strategic Planning 398
Courts’ Budgets, Generally 399
Thinking about Fiscal Reform: California Voters Reduce,
Reinvest Prison Expenditures 399
The Budget 400
A Working Definition
400
Key Elements: The Budget Cycle, Formulation, Approval,
Execution, Audit 401
Contents
▼
xviii
396
Budget Formats
407
The Line-Item Budget 407
The Performance Budget 410
The Program Budget 411
PPBS and ZBB Formats 413
Summary 416 • Key Terms and Concepts 416 • Questions
for Review 416 • Deliberate and Decide 416 • Learn by
Doing 417 • Case Study 417 • Notes 418
Chapter 16
Protecting the Homeland: Foremost Challenges for Police
Chief Executives 420
Introduction 421
An International Problem 421
Two Faces of U.S. Terrorism: Homegrown and Lone-Wolf Extremists
The Ultimate Threat: Weapons of Mass Destruction 424
Nuclear Weapons 424
Biological Weapons 425
Chemical Weapons 425
Conventional Weapons 425
Cyberterrorism—and the Asian Threat
425
Law Enforcement Roles and Strategies 426
Other Approaches in the Law Enforcement Toolkit
429
Legislative Measures 429
Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: How to Balance Security and Privacy
The Role of Local Police
422
429
430
Need for Vigilance 430
Having Plans in Place 431
Engaging the Community and Using Social Media
433
Summary 434 • Key Terms and Concepts 434 • Questions
for Review 434 • Deliberate and Decide 435 • Learn by
Doing 435 • Case Study 435 • Notes 436
Chapter 17
Technologies and Tools: Toward Addressing Crime
and Disorder 439
Introduction 440
Police Technologies 440
Which IT Tools to Use in Policing? Consider the Type of Task Involved
IT for Problem-Oriented Policing: A Conceptual Framework 442
Crime Mapping 442
Real-Time Crime Centers 443
Applying Social Media 444
Civic Apps for Crime-Fighting 445
Some Caveats: Legal, Moral, Practical Considerations 445
Selected Technologies and Policies to Watch For 447
Court Technologies
448
Why Go Paperless? Save Paper, Space, and Time 448
Will IT Ever Make Court Reporters Extinct? 450
Other IT Trends in Courts: Case Management Systems
Contents xix
▼
450
441
Corrections Technologies
451
Now in Limited Service 451
Lessons Learned about IT Adoption: The Woes of RFID 451
The Continuing Problem of Cellphones in Prisons 452
Use of Telemedicine 453
Summary 454 • Key Terms and Concepts 454 • Questions
for Review 455 • Deliberate and Decide 455 • Learn
by Doing 455 • Case Study 455 • Notes 456
Appendix
GLOSSARY
INDEX
Writings of Confucius, Machiavelli, and Lao-Tzu
460
467
Contents xx
▼
458
Preface
▶▶ New to This Edition
In addition to the general updated information provided throughout the book, the following
are other substantively new additions to this revised ninth edition:
Chapter 1:
Redefining performance measures in the criminal justice system; expanded material on strategic planning; consequences for not planning
for change
Chapter 2:
Closed versus open systems; external communications: use of social
media; situational leadership theory; Ouchi’s Theory Z; motivation
through job enrichment; expanded discussion of Generation Y in the
workforce
Chapter 3:
Updates on federal laws, generally; Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act;
impact of Affordable Care Act; dress codes, tattoos, and Millennials
(material concerning uniforms moved here from Chapter 6)
Chapter 4:
New materials on procedural justice; a new professionalism; constitutional policing and legitimacy; responding to mass demonstrations;
achieving harmony; CompStat
Chapter 5:
Preparing for a chief executive career; profile of today’s police chief;
navigating the political arena; chiefs under fire and being fired; a
chief’s apology to minorities; debating the “Ferguson effect” (also,
material concerning diversity and sexual harassment has been moved
here from Chapter 6)
Chapter 6:
Police shootings—need for a national database, posting related information, demand for and pros/cons of body cameras, and de-escalating
crises; dealing with officers’ PTSD; civilian review boards; use of consent decrees; hazards confronting officers and developing a formal,
agency-wide wellness program (previous edition’s terrorism material
is now moved to new Chapter 17)
Chapter 7:
Comparing federal and state court systems; expanded material on court
unification
Chapter 8:
Expanded section on methods of judicial selection; what makes for
good judging; expanded material on court clerks and evaluating court
administrators
Chapter 9:
Updated research on the CSI effect and courthouse violence; new
material on mental health courts; expanded information on alternative
dispute resolution; use of reverse waiver
Chapter 10:
Updated new trends in California’s decarceration effort; the controversy
of the supermax; updated cases in “Constitutional Rights of Inmates”;
community jails
xxi
▼
Chapter 11:
New research on prison wardens; Boston Marathon bomber update;
traits of successful corrections officers/supervisors; added material on
stressors in jails
Chapter 12:
Hostage rescue protocol; latest information on the state of solitary confinement; expanded section on the aging of inmates; video visitation;
private prisons in Trump Era; effectiveness of house arrest/electronic
monitoring
Chapter 13:
Seven case studies and ethical dilemmas (including one based on the
federal investigation of Ferguson, Missouri)
Chapter 14:
New material concerning the “blue flu,” civil lawsuit settlements,
police unions, and early intervention systems; possible issues concerning legalized recreational use of marijuana; example of agency policy
governing officer conduct
Chapter 15:
Enhancing budgets, stretching resources; performing job analyses and
surveying similar agencies; utilizing growth, grants, civilianization,
sensational incidents; mobilizing stakeholders; strategic planning;
uniqueness of court budgets; methods of reforming corrections (reducing prison populations and expenditures)
Chapter 16:
Entirely new chapter on homeland security
Chapter 17:
Selecting proper police technologies based on functions performed;
pros and cons of body-worn cameras; crime mapping and real-time
crime centers; using social media and civic apps; legal, moral, and
practical considerations involving IT in policing; status of electronic
control devices, drones, facial recognition, fingerprinting, robots, and
apps for crime-fighting; technologies and ECDs, drones, robots, cold
cases; the courts’ goal of becoming paperless; new technologies found
in a model courtroom; technology replacing court reporters; how unified management systems are making courts more efficient; corrections’ uses of biometrics, inmate scanning; how not to adopt IT; the
continuing problem of contraband cellphones in prison
▶▶ Introduction
Famed educator John Dewey advocated the “learn by doing” approach to education, or
problem-based learning. Another contemporary, popular learning method, espoused by
Benjamin Bloom and known as “Bloom’s taxonomy,” called for “higher-order thinking
skills”—critical and creative thinking that involves analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
This ninth edition of Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections Management attempts, to the extent possible, to adhere to such philosophy and practice from start
to finish while continuing to examine all facets of the criminal justice system as well as
several related matters of interest to prospective and current administrators. The authors
have held numerous administrative and academic positions in their criminal justice careers;
thus, this book’s 17 chapters contain a palpable real-world flavor not found in most textbooks. Furthermore, this edition’s continuing use of the exercises in Learn by Doing and
the Case Study sections in nearly all chapters greatly enhance the text’s applied nature as
well as the reader’s problem-solving capabilities and the practical application of information provided in the chapters; furthermore, these scenarios and activities place the reader in
hypothetical—yet typically real-world—situations, creating opportunities to practice skills
Preface
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xxii
in communication and examining and addressing current community issues. Again, readers are encouraged to become engaged in some or all of these scenarios and activities.
In addition to the chapters concerning police, courts, and corrections administration,
the book includes chapters on personnel and financial administration, rights of criminal
justice employees, discipline and liability, ethics, homeland security, technologies. A practice continued in this edition is the listing of chapter learning objectives, which appear at
the beginning of each chapter, and key terms and concepts at each chapter’s end.
There is an appendix at the book’s end that provides some writings of three noted early
philosophers: Confucius, Machiavelli, and Lao-Tzu.
Criminal justice is a people business. This book reflects that fact as it looks at human
foibles and some of the problems of personnel and policy in justice administration. Thanks
to many innovators in the field, a number of exciting and positive changes are occurring.
The general goal of the book is to inform the reader of the primary people, practices, and
terms that are utilized in justice administration.
Finally, there may well be activities, policies, actions, and our own views with which
the reader will disagree. This is not at all bad, because in the management of people and
agencies, there are few absolutes. From the beginning to the end of the book, the reader is
provided with a comprehensive and penetrating view of what is certainly one of the most
difficult and challenging positions that one can occupy in the United States: the administration of a criminal justice agency. We solicit your input concerning any facet of this textbook; feel free to contact us with recommendations for improving it.
▶▶ Instructor Supplements
Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank. Includes content outlines for classroom discussion,
teaching suggestions, and answers to selected end-of-chapter questions from the text. This
also contains a Word document version of the test bank.
TestGen. This computerized test generation system gives you maximum flexibility in creating and administering tests on paper, electronically, or online. It provides state-of-the-art
features for viewing and editing test bank questions, dragging a selected question into a
test you are creating, and printing sleek, formatted tests in a variety of layouts. Select test
items from test banks included with TestGen for quick test creation, or write your own
questions from scratch. TestGen’s random generator provides the option to display different text or calculated number values each time questions are used.
PowerPoint Presentations. Our presentations are clear and straightforward. Photos,
illustrations, charts, and tables from the book are included in the presentations when
applicable.
To access supplementary materials online, instructors need to request an instructor
access code. Go to www.pearsonhighered.com/irc, where you can register for an instructor access code. Within 48 hours after registering, you will receive a confirming e-mail,
including an instructor access code. Once you have received your code, go to the site and
log on for full instructions on downloading the materials you wish to use.
▶▶ Alternate Versions
eBooks. This text is also available in
