Description
please try to get straight 4’s the last assignment, i got 2 out 4 and the other # got 3’s so try your best i attach the comments of the professor in the attachments for your reference and i understand that i need to send it to you before so you could do your best but it is a group project and they said they will do it but now no one answers i will not get bad grade because of them so do your best and i will make sure that you get a good tip and please no ai as the assignments before
#EvidenceBased
Identify and appropriately structure the information needed to support an argument effectively.
A written or spoken communication that is intended to make a specific point should clearly present relevant and persuasive evidence. Doing this well is a two-step process. First, one must identify the evidence relevant to supporting the conclusion. The argument must be formulated to be consistent with the supporting evidence and should address apparent contradictions. Second, one must arrange evidence effectively. This means anticipating where one’s audience will notice a need for evidence, determining how much evidence will be needed given the strength of the conclusion, and deciding on how best to present the evidence (e.g., as a set of claims, a figure, a quote, or a paraphrase). In all cases, written and spoken, evidence should support underlying assumptions and show that implications of the argument are consistent with established facts and principles.
Example
You have a proposal for how to help your elementary school students learn math, and need to convince your academic supervisor that it is worth implementing. While preparing your presentation, you organize evidence to support two main lines of reasoning: interventional studies that showed the efficiency of the method and results of similar programs in other cities that were able to learn more complex materials with a curriculum involving this method. You select the best original figures and results, interpret them and add overarching conclusions from the individual examples and the evidence as a whole. You evaluate the studies you present, explaining the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence you use and explaining why it is generalizable to your school. Finally, you mention potential counterarguments to the method such as the associated capital and labor costs, but explain why the advantages that the implementation offers outweigh the disadvantages.
Rubric
0
Did not submit the assigned item, or submitted something that does not meet the minimum standard.
1
Does not identify or use evidence to support an argument when prompted, or does so mostly or entirely ineffectively.
2
Identifies or uses evidence to support an argument only somewhat accurately or presents evidence in a confusing manner; (when applicable) ineffectively evaluates the appropriateness or effectiveness of evidence presented by others.
3
Identifies or uses appropriate evidence to support an argument; presents evidence in a clear and accessible manner; (when applicable) effectively evaluates the appropriateness or effectiveness of evidence presented by others.
4
Explains or justifies the appropriate identification and use of evidence to support an argument; (when applicable) effectively evaluates the presentation of evidence for a given purpose by others and provides justification for the evaluation.
#Professionalism
Ensure that your communication follows established guidelines and use a careful editing process.
Part of effective communication involves presenting yourself and your work in an appropriate and professional manner. To communicate effectively, consider the norms for presenting yourself to others, including tone, forms of address, and the use of slang or informal speech. Always proofread written work for errors, properly attribute quotations, ideas, data and other sources, and follow conventional practices regarding attribution and formatting for the type of communication you are crafting. Different academic disciplines have different formatting conventions, and it is important to use the expected standards. More broadly, ensure that your approach to communication, whether verbal or written, meets or surpasses the expectations relevant to the context.
Example
Your new marketing firm has submitted a proposal to a chain of grocery stores that is seeking a fresh approach to its branding. Before you submitted your proposal, you asked several people to proofread it, verified design and font choices were kept consistent throughout, ensured figures and images were readable, formatted all titles and subtitles uniformly, and took great care that every aspect of it was presented according to the highest professional standards for your field. You made sure to properly attribute any information about behavioral economics research to the authors of the respective articles, using proper APA-style in-text citations and adding a bibliography. The grocery chain’s CEO later remarked that he was very impressed by the professionalism of your proposal, noting that it reflected well on your attention to detail, honesty, and interest in the project.
Rubric
0
Did not submit the assigned item, or submitted something that does not meet the minimum standard.
1
Does not communicate or present work products professionally, by using inappropriate tone, forms of address, or informal speech, failing to attribute quotations and ideas, using improper formatting, not following guidelines, or failing to proofread to correct obvious grammatical or spelling errors in the text.
2
Communicates or presents work products only somewhat professionally by using some inappropriate forms of speech, failing to attribute some quotations and ideas, using some improper formatting, not following some guidelines, or failing to proofread to correct some obvious grammatical or spelling errors in the text.
3
Communicates or presents work products professionally by using appropriate forms of speech given the context, attributing quotations and ideas, using proper formatting, following guidelines, and proofreading to correct grammatical or spelling errors in the text.
4
Demonstrates a deep grasp of how to communicate appropriately or present work products in a professional manner by following nuanced conventions for the audience, context, or discipline.
#SystemAnalysis
Analyze and apply decompositions of systems into constituent parts at multiple levels of analysis.
Complex systems can be deconstructed in a variety of ways that define both the scope of the system as well as the relevant attributes of its components (in social systems, most commonly, people). Thus, the key part of deconstructing a system is conceptualizing its constituent parts in several ways in order to choose or synthesize the ‘mapping’ of the system that is most appropriate for addressing the explanatory challenge. To understand and explain the characteristics and behavior of complex systems, one may conduct this research on different scales, or levels of analysis. Of particular interest are social systems, which can roughly be divided into an individual, or micro level, a group, or meso level, and a system, or macro level. For many of the questions we’re interested in, an explanation that is situated on one level of analysis may be insufficient on its own to address the explanatory challenge, and a multilevel analysis is necessary.
Example
You work at a hospital that’s trying to reduce spending. Your manager asks you to make a diagram showing the structure of the organization to identify inefficiencies. You are contemplating how to create this diagram. You first choose to represent the organization by separating it into different departments because the employees within each work together closely, and therefore are expected to share some norms and views about the organizations. While this decomposition reveals the dynamics of interactions between large groups such as the lack of communication between the medical staff in different departments or between the medical and cleaning staff, there are no obvious inefficiencies. You then decide to deconstruct the system by focusing on the roles of individuals and find that each department has its own educational campaigning function and that there is little communication between those working on educational campaigns in different departments. It turns out that there is a large amount of money being spent on educational campaigns overall. This was not obvious when the system was deconstructed by department because education campaigns are funded by each department separately, at relatively low cost. You advise making educational campaigns a central process, consolidating common costs and being able to prioritize what should be budgeted.
Rubric
0
Did not submit the assigned item, or submitted something that does not meet the minimum standard.
1
Fails to deconstruct a system when prompted; deconstructs a system mostly or entirely inaccurately, without regard to the explanatory challenge; or distinguish an appropriate level of analysis.
2
Deconstructs a system only somewhat effectively or does so in ways that fail to address the explanatory challenge; distinguishes an appropriate level of analysis only somewhat accurately by failing to identify some relevant levels or addressing a level that is not contextually salient.
3
Deconstructs a system into plausible component parts in ways that are useful for addressing the explanatory challenge; describes why the deconstruction is useful. Distinguishes appropriate levels of analysis given the explanatory context; (when applicable) identifies the significance of multi-level analysis.
4
Deconstructs a system into plausible component parts and explains how the deconstruction best serves to address a clearly articulated explanatory challenge; (when applicable) effectively compares multiple deconstructions of a system. Analyzes and explains one or more appropriate levels of analysis that are relevant to the explanatory context; justifies focus on one or more particular levels; (when applicable) explains specific interactions between levels and justifies their relevance to the explanatory challenge or context; (when applicable) explains the significance of multi-level of analysis.
#BehaviorExplanation
Analyze the relations among interacting motivating factors that shape behavior.
Within complex social systems, each human agent is a complex system. Thus, interacting with complex social systems requires understanding multiple aspects of human psychology at multiple levels of explanation, how they interact, and how they give rise to emergent properties. Many aspects of human psychology, including rational thoughts, unconscious biases, emotions, biological drives, features of personal identity, and internalized social norms can lead to different individual behaviors. The core of this LO is applying complex systems thinking to explain individual or group behavior within a complex system.
Rubric
0
Did not submit the assigned item, or submitted something that does not meet the minimum standard.
1
Does not identify factors that shape behavior and analyze interactions among them when prompted or does so mostly or entirely inaccurately; fails to apply a relevant theory or principles of psychology to explain behavior.
2
Uses theories or principles of psychology to identify factors that shape behavior and analyzes interactions among them only somewhat accurately or in ways that fail to address the relevant behavior; ineffectively evaluates explanations of behavior provided by others.
3
Accurately uses theories or principles of psychology to identify factors that shape behavior and explain interactions among them; (when applicable) evaluates explanations of behavior provided by others mostly or entirely effectively using theories or principles of psychology.
4
Effectively evaluates theories or principles of psychology to identify and analyze the interactions among the most relevant factors that shape behavior; (when applicable) effectively uses explanations of behavior grounded in theories or principles of psychology to predict individual actions and group dynamics; (when applicable) effectively and clearly justifies an evaluation of an explanation of behavior given theories or principles of psychology.
#Purpose
Identify and evaluate underlying goals and the values on which they are based, as well as the guiding principles that determine how an individual or group will try to attain these goals.
Projects and initiatives frequently fail when they lack a clear and principled purpose. Identifying the purpose of an individual or group (including, but not limited to, formal organizations) is critical for evaluating their actions—or one’s own. To construct an individual’s or group’s purpose, it is useful to articulate the underlying values that guide and constrain our goals. Moreover, successful outcomes also depend on articulating operating procedures, or guiding principles, consistent with the values and goals.
Example
The purpose of the non-profit organization that you want to volunteer in is “to create a radically inclusive, just and loving community, mobilized to alleviate suffering and break the cycles of poverty and marginalization.” As you interrogate the organization and talk to its founders, you learn that one of their core values is the notion that all people deserve to be respected and empowered equally (‘radically inclusive’), as well as a commitment to kind and pleasant interactions (‘loving community’). Another core value is an egalitarian conception of social justice, according to which the way to respect and empower everyone equally is to ensure there are social conditions in place that prevent people from succumbing to poverty (‘breaking the cycle of poverty and marginalization’). These values underlie their monthly goal of serving at least 60,000 meals to those who may otherwise go hungry. Likewise, their operating procedures reflect these values and goals as they give out free meals daily to anyone who comes to their walk-in center.
Rubric
0
Did not submit the assigned item, or submitted something that does not meet the minimum standard.
1
Does not identify or evaluate underlying goals, values, or guiding principles when prompted or does so mostly or entirely inaccurately.
2
Identifies or evaluates underlying goals, values, or guiding principles only somewhat accurately or in ways that are not relevant.
3
Accurately and effectively identifies or evaluates underlying goals, values, or guiding principles.
4
Effectively explains the connection between underlying goals, values, or guiding principles; (when applicable) justifies an evaluation of an individual or organization’s purpose.
#Utility
Consider different types of costs and benefits for all stakeholders.
Rubric
0
Did not submit the assigned item, or submitted something that does not meet the minimum standard.
1
Does not demonstrate knowledge of utility when prompted or does so mostly or entirely inaccurately; interprets or applies utility functions or expected utilities mostly or entirely inaccurately; fails to identify biases affecting one’s utility in a given decision-making context, or does so mostly or entirely inaccurately.
2
Analyzes a decision using utility only somewhat accurately; interprets or applies utility functions or expected utilities only somewhat accurately; identifies biases affecting one’s utility in a given decision-making context only somewhat accurately.
3
Analyzes a decision using utility mostly or entirely accurately; (when applicable) interprets or applies utility functions or expected utilities mostly or entirely accurately; (when applicable) identifies biases affecting one’s utility in a given decision-making context mostly or entirely accurately.
4
Accurately analyzes a decision using utility with well-justified clear explanation; (when applicable) effectively interprets or applies utility functions or expected utilities with well-justified clear explanation; (when applicable) accurately identifies and explains the biases affecting one’s utility in a given decision-making context and proposes effective and well-justified strategies to avoid these biases.
