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المملكة العربية السعودية
وزارة التعليم
الجامعة السعودية اإللكترونية
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Education
Saudi Electronic University
College of Administrative and Financial Sciences
Assignment 1
Business Ethics and Organization Social Responsibility (MGT
422)
Due Date: 9/3/2024 @ 23:59
Course Name: Business ethics and
organization social responsibility
Course Code: MGT 422
Student’s Name:
Semester: Second
CRN:
Student’s ID Number:
Academic Year:2023-24-2nd
For Instructor’s Use only
Instructor’s Name:
Students’ Grade:
Marks Obtained/Out of 10
Level of Marks: High/Middle/Low
General Instructions – PLEASE READ THEM CAREFULLY
• The Assignment must be submitted on Blackboard (WORD format only) via allocated
folder.
• Assignments submitted through email will not be accepted.
• Students are advised to make their work clear and well presented, marks may be reduced
for poor presentation. This includes filling your information on the cover page.
• Students must mention question number clearly in their answer.
• Late submission will NOT be accepted.
• Avoid plagiarism, the work should be in your own words, copying from students or other
resources without proper referencing will result in ZERO marks. No exceptions.
• All answered must be typed using Times New Roman (size 12, double-spaced) font. No
pictures containing text will be accepted and will be considered plagiarism).
• Submissions without this cover page will NOT be accepted.
Learning Outcomes:
No
CLO-6
Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
Write coherent project about a case study or actual research about ethics
The content is available for free download in knowledge resource from the SEU
homepage:
Read – Yilmaz, N. (2021). Business Ethics: The Changing Face of Working Life. In M.
Taskiran & F. Pinarbaşi (Eds.), Multidisciplinary Approaches to Ethics in the Digital
Era (pp. 184-219). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4117-3.ch012
https://0y11jjshw-y-https-www-igi–globalcom.seu.proxy.deepknowledge.io/gateway/chapter/full-text-pdf/274113
available in SDL and answer the following questions:
1. Write a short summary of the article “Business Ethics: The changing face of Working
life” and the Significance of ethical codes discussed by the author. (Not less than 400
words) 2.5 Marks.
2. Discuss the ethics and the ethical values addressed by the author. (not less than 500
words) 3.5 Marks.
3. Discuss the approaches mentioned by the author to make ethical decisions. (not less
than 500 words) 4 Marks.
• Note: All answers should be supported with proper references.
184
Chapter 12
Business Ethics:
The Changing Face of Working Life
Neslihan Yilmaz
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3302-8598
Istanbul Medipol University, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Ethics is about the behaviors that people enact on a social scale and that have consequences affecting
others and the thinking processes that shape them. Business life is a part of social life and it has to
develop principles compatible with value judgments in society. Increasing professional corruption is a
situation where there is a complexity of values within the society and utilitarianism overcomes everything
over time, and an ethical process is required. This can only be achieved through effective leadership.
INTRODUCTION
The concept of business ethics has recently become a concept that all organizations are closely interested in. The effect of globalization forces organizations to operate within the framework of ethical
principles. Creating ethical codes of organizations in this respect is among the most common methods.
The most important factor that pushes organizations towards such a method is that businesses operating
in compliance with business ethics principles believe that they will be successful in the long term. Ethical breakdowns of businesses that do not comply with business ethics reveal the necessity of business
ethics. The result of this has revealed an ethical collapse that has been exposed to business scandals in
America and Europe. Interesting and known of all accounting scandals from the past; ancient and middle
ages, 17th-18th. centuries can be listed as 19th century (Jones, 2011: 115), 20th century and 21st century
scandals (Yardımcıoğlu& Ada, pp.44-52).
The business community has clearly understood the necessity and importance of business ethics
through ethical collapses. In addition, the ethical collapse in the businesses has been examined in terms
of its causes and consequences.
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4117-3.ch012
Copyright © 2021, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
Business Ethics
The delay of legal arrangements in parallel with technological and social developments in business
life, the lack of knowledge of laws, rules and methods, material and moral dissatisfaction cause professional corruption and weaken professional ties.
We have separated generations while studying work ethics. We examined the effects of generational
differences on business life and the relationships between business ethics. When we examined the effects, we evaluated them both as employers and employees. Without an ethical climate, we cannot talk
about success.
ETHICS AND ETHICAL VALUES
Ethics, Ethical Principles, and Ethical Systems
Ethics is about the behaviors, actions, thinking processes that the ethical person performs on a social
scale and that affects others. Within the framework of this related formation, the concrete emergence of
ethics occurs in three forms:
1.
2.
Ethics as a main area of philosophy addresses the issue of what good is and what is good in the
context of behavior and aims to formulate the ideal behavior of man.
A set of rules for ethics in social life, what people should do and avoid in their relationships with
each other; briefly it is general morality.
Professional ethics, in which the rules to be followed by those who are active in a certain field are
determined and the desired behaviors in the practices specific to that field are examined; It is newer than
the first two and in a way is a synthesis of them.
Ethics refers to a historical, social and dynamic process based on various factors of societies including history, social, political, economic and cultural factors. The principles and rules created within the
framework of ethics are not created by law but by social reactions (Kutlu,2015, pp.2).
Business life is a part of social life and it must develop principles that are compatible with value
judgments in society. It has a very broad meaning as it covers the activities carried out by all professions.
The “business life” that is spread in such a wide area cannot be considered devoid of ethical principles.
Although it is possible to increase the number of these principles, we can list the ethical principles that
should exist in business life as follows.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Obey the laws. The first basic principle of social responsibility and managerial morality is to believe
in the benefit of the law and obey its power.
Say the truth. Telling the truth is very effective in gaining the trust of interest groups.
Respect people. The philosophy of treating people with respect has a long history in ethics studies.
Ste up the rule of “doing everyone a favor”. The idea of “doing a favor to others so that others can
do a favor to you” is a measure to evaluate the ethical dimensions of business activities.
First of all, do not harm anything. This principle is seen as the basic idea of ethical thinking and
easily adapts to the job.
Adopt participation in practice, say no to fatherly management. This principle aims to learn what
their needs are, rather than making decisions about what is good for interest groups.
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Business Ethics
7.
Always act when you are responsible. Managers should have the responsibility to take action when
they have the capacity and resources to do something.
8. Employ the right people. This feature is seen as an important part of the business’s own qualities.
9. Set standards rather than rules. It is not possible to write a transaction code that will contain every
result, there will be always be something missing. An individual prone to erroneous and unethical
behavior will, in any case, refrain from considering the code. Therefore, time should not be spent
on extremely strict and comprehensive regulations. Instead, clear standards should be put in place.
These are essential for high-level performance.
10. Do not isolate yourself as management. If executives act in a dream world far from the realities of
the world, they may not be able to analyze their market and lose track of their competitors. They
may also not be able to see what’s going on in their own businesses.
11. Easily establish a relationship and interact with different internal and external interest groups.
The purpose of this principle is that the business sees the benefit of its interest groups as part of
its own benefit, that is, to consider and take into account the interests of others as much as their
own.
12. Always be an ethical example. Managers should be aware of the signals they send to those around
them. This understanding will motivate employees and spread the notion that their success is hidden in the details. Mark Twain says below on the subject.
“Always do the right thing, this will be a surprise for some people. However, doing the right thing will
trigger others over time” (Kutlu,2015, pp.90).
The approaches that are based on the development of ethical principles are the principle of equity,
human rights, utilitarianism, and individuality. Fairness emphasizes that all decisions are consistent, impartial and factual. Human rights focus on the existence, integrity and basic human rights of individuals.
Utilitarianism undertakes the decision that will be good for everyone. Individuality advocates that the
main goal of the individual is to increase his personal earnings in the long run. Different perspectives
represent different ethical systems. Each of the ethical systems alone is not enough to solve the ethical
problems and dilemmas encountered in all situations.
Instead of a single ethical system, it is necessary to develop effective thinking skills that will enable
individual behaviors to be directed towards the correct and the good with different ethical systems.
Intended Outcome Ethics: It is often known as utilitarianism. It brings a practical solution to the
problems and focuses on the results to be achieved. Its most important representative is John Stuart
Mill. According to this ethical system, it is necessary to determine what the possible consequences and
effects may be in order to decide whether an action is right or wrong. It is emphasized that on behalf of
all parties that will be affected by the results of an action, the individual who makes the decision should
be an independent observer. This ethics is built on seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. What makes an
action “good” according to Mill is that it provides happiness with the benefit it brings. He argues that
happiness, which is the criterion of “good”, is the happiness of all humanity, not only of the actor but
of everyone concerned. The practical approach to the problems of the intended outcome ethics and the
utilitarian approach, which requires individuals to be taken into consideration in the decision made, can
help to solve daily problems.
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Business Ethics
Table 1. Ethical System and Definitions
Ethical Systems
Definitions
Intended Outcome Ethics
The moral correctness of an action is determined by its intended
results.
Rule Ethics
The moral correctness of an action is determined by standards and
laws.
Social Contract Ethics
The moral correctness of an action is determined by the norms and
traditions of a society.
Personal Ethics
The moral correctness of an action is determined by one’s
conscience.
Social Life Ethics
Social and ecological rules that must be followed in one’s life.
Rule ethics: There are rules to be followed in daily life. Some of these are written rules. These are
called laws. Criminal sanctions for non-compliance are in question. However, not every ethical behavior
is legal and not every legal thing is ethical. True ethics is above what is legal. Rule ethics was developed
by Immanuel Kant. This understanding led by Kant says to all people, “Behave in the same way as you
want everyone to behave.”
Social contract ethics: Adopting the principles and standards generally accepted by society as an
individual can be beneficial in resolving the conflicts brought about by living in society. Its forerunner
is Jean Jack Rousseau. The most important fact for him is the balance between authority and freedom.
The rules that regulate the relations between individuals and society and that are obligatory to follow are
called the rule of law. It is argued that the rules of law are put forward as a result of people’s reconciliation
with each other. People have to abide by the rules of law they set by a contract called “social contract”.
According to the basic principles of Rousseau’s ethical understanding,
1- When people live alone and primitive in nature, they disappear. For this, they need to become a society
and be governed by agreed principles.
2- The transition from natural life to civilized life gives a moral character to actions and instincts that
were not needed before.
3- It is important to act in accordance with the general procedures of the society.
4- The standards of the community help the individual decide what to do.
Personal ethics is determined by one’s conscience. Martin Buber, the most important representative
of the personal ethics system, argues that the source of personal ethics is the sound coming from within
the individual. Personal ethics determines one’s individual stance in society. It is the reactions and attitudes of the individual against the incidences that he/she goes through and that happens around him.
According to this;
1.
2.
3.
4.
Personal ethics defends the reality and truth not only come from intelligence but also from the
individual himself.
Truth and ethical behavior exist in everyone and is the sound coming from within the individual.
Personal ethics enables the individual to return to himself.
The behavior that will lead the individual to the goal should be ethical.
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Business Ethics
5.
6.
7.
8.
Life has no specific formula, anything can happen.
Since the individual is in a group, he does not tolerate injustice.
As the individual becomes free, he develops his own ethical standards.
Since individuals develop throughout their lives, they also acquire new values and beliefs.
Social life ethics: It is a set of rules that one must follow in the relationships established in social life.
According to this;
1.
2.
3.
4.
People maintain their relationships with each other within the framework of mutual respect and
courtesy rules.
All parties act in an awareness of their rights and responsibilities required by their duties.
Pressure methods such as the use of influence and power cannot be used.
Colleagues, students, and employees are not directed in any interest (Kutlu,2015, pp.46).
The Effect of Business Ethics and Business Ethical Conditions on Employees
What is right and what is false or wrong has been discussed since the day the world was founded. It is
natural that the conclusions reached will vary according to geopolitics, religion, morality, and mode of
administration. Thus, by trying different legal rules, it tried to appreciate the right or wrong within the
framework of the law and to base the verdict on state power.
What is good in working life? What are the ethical rules based on business life?
In working life; work ethic is intertwined in this direction. In other words, in cultures where work
ethics are high, work ethics has also developed substantially. The figures showing that the sales volume
and market values of the American industrial organizations in the top ranks are several trillion dollars
shows not only the importance of business ethics but also whom it concerns.
There are of course moral problems that may arise in businesses, and Tierney lists what these could
be as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
Whether you will accept an expensive weekend holiday gift from one of the companies which you
bought goods from.
When communicating the research results to your customers, you will tell them the facts or what
they want to hear.
Will you sell a product that your customer really needs or that will bring you more commissions?
Whether you will play over the year-end figures to show that the targets have been achieved.
Whether you would want your staff to hide certain information.
In addition to the aforementioned problems, Tierney looks for an answer to the question of “What
would you do if any of the following happened to you?”:
•
•
•
188
You notice that one of your products is faulty. The product manager knows about the situation, but
he hasn’t said anything.
You notice that one of your superiors is using company materials for personal purposes.
One of your superiors is constantly pressuring you to mislead the customer.
Business Ethics
•
Your general manager’s brother-in-law sells goods to your company. He invites you to a fancy golf
club, and you know he’s sending defective supplies to the company.
The degree of implementation of ethical rules is different in every business. With Downey’s definition,
corporate culture is formed as “values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a company”. (Stephan M. Downey,
“The Relationship Between Corporate Culture and Corporate Identity,” Public Relations Quarterly,
Vol. 31, No.4 (Winter,1986/87, pp.7). This culture is the fundamental invariant of the corporate vision.
The corporate culture can be ethics-oriented, or only profit can be pursued. For example; Bill Hewlett’s
friend and business partner David Packard said after his death: “The biggest thing he left behind for the
company was the set of ethical rules known as the Hewlett-Packard Style.” The core ideology that has
been guiding Hewlett-Packard since its foundation more than 50 years ago includes its dedication to the
individual, its commitment to providing enough quality and reliability, its social responsibility (Packard
himself left Hewlett-Packard shares worth $ 4.3 billion to a charity) and the opinion that the company
exists to make a technical contribution to humanity’s progress and prosperity (Türel,1999, pp.32).
Business Ethics and Institutionalization of Ethics
It is observed that the concept of business ethics came into prominence in the periods when moral philosophy was replaced by law and philosophy of law (Hegel,1991, pp.7) along with social modernization
and democratization. From the last quarter of the 20th century onwards, it is observed that it has been
used more frequently, awareness of business ethics has increased, and business ethics has become a
separate field of study (Freelance, 2002, pp. 2).
Business ethics is a concept closely related to the management of people, justice, honesty and equality (Maclagan, 1995, pp.85). It includes the values that form the basis of human relations and specific
behaviors, rules and norms developed for special groups (Tansal, 2002, pp.10).
In organizations, ethical principles can be institutionalized in different ways. For example, according
to Nan Demars, there are three ways to institutionalize ethical values in an organization:
1.
2.
3.
Company awareness,
Not compromising on the principle that everyone is responsible for their own behavior,
Continuous communication on ethical issues.
The roles to be created depending on the size of the organization will be very useful for managing
ethics in the workplace. These roles are respectively a top management that fully supports the program,
an ethics committee at the level of the board, ethics board, ethics expert, complaint follower (Acar, 2000,
pp.3). Senior management should believe in the necessity of ethics, show leadership, do preparatory
work, pursue a long-term perspective, take a comprehensive approach (TUSİAD, 2009, pp.4). If the
top management does not fully support the program, the employees will definitely realize this, and this
will make them feel that they are faced with hypocrisy. The important thing is that the top management
continues to consistently lead this program (Acar, 2000, pp.4).
We can also evaluate corporate business ethics with the concept of corporate social responsibility. We
can think of corporate social responsibility as an organization’s ethical and responsible behavior towards
all stakeholders, both internal and external, taking decisions and implementing them in this direction.
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Business Ethics
One of the reasons for the commitment between business ethics and social responsibility concepts
is the understanding of social responsibility that develops with public pressure for businesses to work
ethically. The second reason is knowing that good morality is identical to good work. The third reason
is that the discussions about ethics and business life for managers are not perceived as a weakness but as
a natural extension of today’s enterprises’ efforts to reach high quality. The other reason is the need to
balance the interests of some interest groups. Because business ethics is built on values such as freedom
and responsibility towards interest groups.
Individual responsibility is also important here. Being aware of their own responsibilities brings along
issues such as environmental awareness. Businesses are institutions that have responsibilities towards
their internal and external environment.
When we analyzed historically, in the 1950s when the concept of social responsibility first appeared,
this concept was perceived as the business’s fulfillment of its responsibilities towards employees, shareholders, and customers, and today, the concept of responsibility has been expanded and some factors
have influenced this.
Globalization has placed social responsibilities on businesses, and human resources practices here
have increased the interest in social responsibility issues such as environment, health, and safety.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
National and international organizations have developed conventions, codes of conduct, and
guidelines on social responsibility issues.
The development of communication technologies has facilitated the monitoring of the activities
in the enterprises.
Support for responsible commercial activities has increased day by day.
Corporate governance, transparency, accountability and the necessity of ethical standards have
become important due to the unethical transactions performed by the enterprises.
The awareness of societies has increased in terms of businesses fulfilling their social and environmental responsibilities.
It is understood that the issues regarding social responsibility cannot be subject to legal regulations.
It has been realized that corporate social responsibility practices will be a source of image and
reputation for businesses.
Research Studies and Findings on Business Ethics
Human Resources Management policies and practices should be considered in conjunction with moral
issues that require HRM’s functioning and careful handling of HR managers while building the culture
of an organization, as it affects the lives of every job candidate or employee. It is the universal moral
responsibility of individuals and organizations to create an organizational culture, to achieve goals that
benefit customers and society, or not to harm human relations, and to create value in the short and long
term (Caldwell & Anderson, 2018). (Bennington, 2007) draws attention to the importance of acting correctly in recruitment for ethical human resources management, equal pay for equal work, fair policies,
and avoiding invalid and discriminatory selection practices. Foremost among these, equal opportunity
in employment is a basic human right.
The sample of this research consists of supervisors working as managers or specialists in the HR
units of 120 companies participating in the Antalya Employment Fair held between 15-18 March 2018
and operating in Antalya or unit supervisors who carry out the personnel affairs and operations of the
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Business Ethics
business. The questionnaires used as a data collection tool were answered by the company representatives who agreed to participate in the research. While creating the sample cluster, one participant to
represent each company was tried to be included in the research study, and as a result, the final number
of participants who agreed to participate in the research was reached. Therefore, in order to investigate
ethical attitudes in the business life, it is aimed to take the opinions of people who have an important
position in terms of realizing the interests of both the employee and the employer in accordance with the
purposeful sampling design (Sencer, 1989, pp. 386), not from a universe consisting of all enterprises.
In addition to the factual and demographic questions, the questionnaire of the research study also
included the Ethical Values Assessment (EVA) —Short Form developed by Padilla Walker and Jensen, (2016) and translated into Turkish by Ayfer Dost Gözkan, and Ethical Trends Scale developed by
Koçyiğit and Karadağ (2017). In addition to these scales, the one-item job satisfaction scale developed
by Scarpello and Campbell (1983) was also added to the survey questionnaire. Wanous et al. (1997) state
that single-item job satisfaction scales present highly compatible results with multi-item scales (Wanous
et al., 1997); (Aktaran & Orhan, 2011 pp.165).
RESULTS
Labor Relations and Ethics: On Mainstream Human
Resources Management Perspective
Table 2. Findings Regarding Demographic Characteristics of Observation Units
Community Ethics
Frequency
Current data
Lost data
Religious Ethics
109
109
Autonomy Ethics
109
0
0
0
Average
4,5798
3,9702
4,6972
Median
4,6000
4,2500
5,0000
Standard deviation
,37707
,91460
,46157
It is seen that the human resources managers and unit supervisors participating in the research study
have autonomy ethics (4.69), community ethics (4.57) and religious ethics (3.97) respectively. According to this, the autonomy ethic values that include taking responsibility for the individual’s actions,
being physically and psychologically good, pursuing their own goals, being fair, reciprocity, respecting
the rights of individuals emerged as the most intense values in most of the participants. In the second
place, the values of social ethics are observed in terms of ensuring justice and equality in society, living
together, building social cohesion and revealing the role and status in society as a member of the society.
Religious ethics, on the other hand, was in the third rank as reaching spiritual salvation, not sinning,
living life with sacred values, and following the creator’s orders.
When it was examined whether the gender of the participants in the study caused a difference in
values ethics orientation, it was seen that the p-value was above the significance level of 0.05, therefore
191
Business Ethics
Table 3. Correspondence of the Values Ethics Scale in the Sample
Frequency
Percent
Gender distribution
Woman
55
50,5
Male
54
49,5
Total
109
100
Age distribution
Between 20-29 years old
39
35,8
30-39 years old
41
37,6
Between 40-49 years old
24
22,0
Between 50-59 years old
5
4,6
Total
109
100
HR Manager
34
31,2
HR Specialist
30
27,5
Job
Unit manager / supervisor outside HR
45
41,3
Total
109
100
21
19,3
Working time in the current workplace
Less than 1 year
1-5 years
60
55,0
6-9 years
10
9,2
10-15 years
11
10,1
16-20 years
3
2,8
21 and over
4
3,7
Total
109
100
30
27,5
Monthly fee charged
Between 1000-2000 TL
Between 2001-3000 TL
35
32,1
Between 3001-4000 TL
23
21,1
Between 4001-5000 TL
9
8,3
Between 5001-6000 TL
4
3,7
6001 TL and above
8
7,3
Total
109
100
1
,9
Satisfaction from work
I am extremely dissatisfied
I am not satisfied
1
,9
undecided
17
15,6
satisfied
27
24,8
I am completely satisfied
63
57,8
Total
109
100
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Business Ethics
Table 4. Gender Difference and Values Scale T-Test Results
Gender of the Interviewer
Community
Ethics
Religious Ethics
Autonomy Ethics
Number
Average
Standard
Deviation
Standard
Deviation
Error
t
P
Woman
55
4,5491
,40409
,05449
-,858
,393
Male
54
4,6111
,34840
,04741
-,859
,392
Woman
55
3,8182
,94337
,12720
-1,768
,080
Male
54
4,1250
,86568
,11780
-1,770
,080
Woman
55
4,6545
,43962
,05928
-,975
,332
Male
54
4,7407
,48312
,06574
-,974
,332
there was no significant difference in the values ethics orientation between men and women. On the
other hand, it is possible to say that men are grouped at higher levels in terms of community, religion
and autonomy ethics.
Table 5. Positions and Values Ethics in the Workplace ANOVA Test Results
Average
Community
Ethics
Religious Ethics
Autonomy Ethics
Standard
Deviation
Standard
Error
HR Manager
4,5471
,33866
,05808
HR Specialist
4,6600
,35292
,06443
Officer of Unit
Managers other
than HR
4,5511
,41812
,06233
Total
4,5798
,37707
,03612
HR Manager
3,9706
,91859
,15754
HR Specialist
3,8917
1,08811
,19866
Officer of Unit
Managers other
than HR
4,0222
,79562
,11860
Total
3,9702
,91460
,08760
HR Manager
4,6912
,52245
,08960
HR Specialist
4,6000
,44334
,08094
Officer of Unit
Managers other
than HR
4,7667
,42104
,06276
Total
4,6972
,46157
04421
F
Sig.
0,9360
0,3950
0,1810
0,8350
1,1820
0,3110
In the analysis of whether monthly income and values ethics tendencies differ, it is seen that α value
is greater than 0.05. Accordingly, there is no difference between the wage groupings received in terms
of values ethics.
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Business Ethics
Table 6. Age Distribution and Values Ethics ANOVA Test Results
Average
Community
Ethics
Religious Ethics
Autonomy
Ethics
Standard
Deviation
Standard Error
Between 20-29
years old
4,5846
,41393
,06628
Between 30-39
years old
4,5902
,36318
,05672
Between 40-49
years old
4,5417
,36106
,07370
Between 50-59
years old
4,6400
,35777
,16000
Total
4,5798
,37707
,03612
Between 20-29
years old
3,7949
1,05268
,16856
Between 30-39
years old
4,1341
,84428
,13185
Between 40-49
years old
3,9792
,77641
,15848
Between 50-59
years old
3,9500
,94207
,42131
Total
3,9702
,91460
,08760
Between 20-29
years old
4,6667
,36873
,05904
Between 30-39
years old
4,6707
,56579
,08836
Between 40-49
years old
4,7708
,41649
08501
Between 50-59
years old
4,8000
,44721
,20000
Total
4,6972
,46157
04421
F
Sig.
0,13
0,94
0,92
0,44
0,38
0,77
In the ANOVA test carried out, it was observed that there was no statistically significant difference
in the values ethics trends between the age groups. However, it is observed that community ethics values
are predominantly preferred in the 50-59 age group, religious ethics tendency in the 30-39 age group and
autonomy ethics in the 50- 59 age group. Accordingly, people at older ages may be making their ethical
assessments based on autonomy and by giving importance to cooperation and harmony with others with
the sense of autonomy provided by their experiences.
When we look at whether ethical perceptions differ by gender or not, it is seen that ethical perceptions do not present a statistically significant difference between gender distributions. However, unlike
the values ethics approach given in Table 3, it can be seen that women take a more intense approach in
all ethical trend areas compared to men (Aksoy & Koçancı, 2019, pp.359).
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Business Ethics
Table 7. Gender Differentiation and Ethical Trends Scale T-Test
Gender of the Interviewer
Deontological
Ethics
Teleological Ethics
Virtue Ethics
Frequency
Average
Standard
Deviation
Standard
Deviation
Error
t
P
Woman
55
3,1727
,38222
,05154
-1,721
,088
Male
54
3,3130
,46502
,06328
-1,718
,089
Woman
55
2,9636
,49223
,06637
-,114
,910
Male
54
2,9745
,51014
,06942
-,113
,910
Woman
55
3,0932
,36421
,04911
-,981
,329
Male
54
3,1736
,48468
,06596
-,978
,330
BUSINESS ETHICS AND ETHICAL PROBLEMS
Development of Business Ethics and Distinguishing Features
Business ethics remains an important issue that concerns all businesses at all levels. Corporate governance
scandals that have examples such as “Enron” and “WorldCom” have led to a rapid increase in ethical
laws and regulations, especially in the United States and other world countries. Although the complex
relationship between ethics and strategic management goes back to ancient times, today’s conditions
make this relationship even more imperative. For example, in the USA, although the Sarbanes-Oxley
Act came into force in 2002, ethical scandals about businesses continue and social stakeholders’ expectations for businesses to be more ethical are increasing. On the other hand, because ethics is a difficult
