Article Critique

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Use the University Library databases to do research on peer-reviewed journal articles on the topic of Management Information Systems (do not use Google or Wikipedia). Choose an article that includes all parts listed in the Article Critique Rubric located on the Moodle course page. Download the file in the attachment below to type in your responses, then upload the completed file.*After downloading the word document below, type your responses directly into the word file. Articles from library is attached

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ARTICLE CRITIQUE
Parts of Article Critique
Your First and Last Name
Author(s) First and Last Name
Article Title
Publication Date: Year (within last 10 years)
Journal Name
Journal Volume
Journal Number
Journal Pages (range, ex. 1-10)
Article Abstract: highlight and copy the exact
abstract from the article chosen and paste
the abstract here
Takeaway: In a bulleted list, write complete
sentences about three things you have
learned from the article.
*The takeaway should be written in your
own words with no similarity.
Student Responses
•
•
•
Penn et al. BMC Public Health
(2019) 19:105
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6363-z
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Management information systems for
community based interventions to improve
health: qualitative study of stakeholder
perspectives
Linda Penn1,2* , Louis Goffe1,2, Anna Haste1,2 and Suzanne Moffatt1,2
Abstract
Background: Community based providers are well place to deliver behavioural interventions to improve health.
Good project management and reliable outcome data are needed to efficiently deliver and evaluate such
interventions, and Management information systems (MIS) can facilitate these processes. We explored stakeholders
perspectives on the use of MIS in community based behavioural interventions.
Methods: Stakeholders, purposively selected to provide a range of MIS experience in the delivery of community
based behavioural interventions to improve health (public health commissioners, intervention service managers,
project officers, health researchers and MIS designers), were invited to participate in individual semi-structured
interviews. We used a topic guide and encouraged stakeholders to reflect on their experiences.: Interviews were
recorded, transcribed and analysed using five steps of Framework analysis. We applied an agreed coding framework
and completed the interviews when no new themes emerged.
Results: We interviewed 15 stakeholders. Key themes identified were: (i) MIS access; (ii) data and its function; (iii)
MIS development and updating. Within these themes the different experiences, needs, use, training and expertise
of stakeholders and the variation and potential of MIS were evidenced. Interviews advised the need to involve
stakeholders in MIS design and development, build-in flexibility to accommodate MIS refinement and build on
effective MIS.
Conclusions: Findings advised involving stakeholders, early in the design process. Designs should build on existing
MIS of proven utility and ensure flexibility in the design, to incorporate adaptations and ongoing system
development in response to early MIS use and evolving stakeholder needs.
Keywords: Qualitative, Interview study, Behavioural intervention, Public health, Community based, Management
information system, Stakeholder, Data collection, Evaluation, Commissioners, Administration, Data-base
Background
The National Health Service (NHS) Five Year Forward
View [1] emphasised the importance of disease prevention and outlined how behavioural interventions can
support people to make healthy behaviour choices to improve their health and prevent disease [2]. It is
* Correspondence: [email protected]
1
Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Baddiley Clark Building,
Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
2
Fuse, UKCRC Centre for Translational Research in Public Health, Newcastle
upon Tyne, UK
recognised that good project management with reliable
outcome data are needed to provide information for policy makers [2] and modern information technology, including access to web-based hosting, can facilitate good
administration and robust data collection through
well-designed MIS Voluntary and community sector organisations are well place to deliver behavioural health
interventions, but [2] good MIS may be difficult to
achieve where intervention providers are working on a
small scale or to a tight budget.
© The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Penn et al. BMC Public Health
(2019) 19:105
The design and implementation of health information
systems goes beyond the technical aspects [3] of the system and can incur, “unforeseen costs, unfulfilled promises, and disillusionment (Anderson & Aydin 2005, page
vii)” [4]. In one conceptual model the technical aspects,
design and implementation consequences of a management information system (MIS) are assumed to be
within the control of a single organisation, with MIS design responsive to the information needs of that organisation and its management [4]. However, situations
regularly occur where MIS are required to function
across different organisations and stakeholder groups
[5], thus design and implementation should ideally be
responsive to multiple management and information
needs [6]. For example intervention providers may use
MIS for administration, public health commissioners
may access MIS data to monitor and commission interventions and researchers may use these data to evaluate
intervention effectiveness.
Different evaluation methodologies can be used to
examine MIS design and implementation including surveys, observational methods and qualitative interviews
[3]. In this study we used qualitative research and individual interviews to investigate the perspectives of stakeholders, who had a range of relevant roles and
experience, on the design and use of MIS in delivery and
evaluation of behavioural interventions to improve
health. We aimed to explore stakeholders perspectives
on the use of MIS in delivery and evaluation of community based behavioural interventions and examine their
views on how to optimise the design, provision and utility of MIS where these are required to function across
different organisations.
Methods
Data collection and analysis
To identify stakeholders and recruit study participants
we initially focussed on two empirical research studies:
‘Ways to Wellness,’ a social prescribing intervention targeting people in socio-economically deprived communities with long-term health conditions [7, 8] and ‘New
life, New you’ a small scale intervention for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults at high risk, which included a cultural adaptation of the intervention that was
specifically designed to engage local black and ethnic
minority communities [9, 10].
‘Ways to Wellness’ social prescribing intervention
Ways to Wellness social prescribing intervention is available to people aged 40 to 74 years, with one or more
long-term health condition (diabetes, heart disease, lung
disease, osteoporosis, asthma, epilepsy) living in an urban
area of high socio-economic deprivation. Patients are referred to the service by their doctor and allocated to a link
Page 2 of 8
worker, trained in behavioural techniques, who supports
their clients to improve their health behaviours, self-care,
condition management and social integration. ‘Ways to
Wellness’ takes account of the wider determinants of health
and aims to improve clients health related outcomes.
‘New life, New you’ intervention for prevention of type 2
diabetes
‘New life, New you’ behavioural intervention is available
to people at high risk of type 2 diabetes, living in an
urban area of high socio-economic deprivation. Clients
are recruited from the community and there is a specific
focus on recruitment of people of Black and UK minority ethnic populations. ‘New life, New you’ is delivered
by fitness trainers as group supervised physical activity
sessions, with space for reflection, behavioural techniques and nutritional advice. ‘New life, New you’ aims
to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
From these studies we identified different stakeholder
roles in the provision and evaluation of interventions to
improve health as: public health commissioners, voluntary and community sector service managers, project officers (administration and intervention delivery staff ),
independent researchers and MIS designers. We used
purposive sampling to provide a spread of experience
across these roles and invited stakeholders to participate
in individual semi-structured interviews. Initially we focussed recruitment on the two empirical studies outlined
although all study participants had relevant MIS experience beyond these specific studies. To ensure balance
across the different stakeholder groups we also accessed
other research contacts from within the Institute of
Health and Society at Newcastle University. Interviews
were conducted face to face or by telephone using a
topic guide that covered views on MIS use generally and
detailed consideration of MIS use in one or more specific behavioural interventions. All interviews were digitally audio recorded and transcribed for analysis. We
used the five steps of Framework analysis: (1.
Familiarization, 2. Identifying a thematic framework, 3.
Indexing, 4. Charting and 5. Mapping / interpretation),
to analyse transcripts and identify anticipated and emergent themes [11, 12]. Researchers LP, LG and AH each
coded two different interview transcripts and then met
to discuss and agree a coding framework. We used constant comparison to ensure the robustness of the coding
framework which was then applied to these six transcripts [13] NVivo 11 software was used to facilitate data
management and a further two transcripts were independently coded by LP and AH to further check and validate the framework. We completed the interviews when
no new themes emerged from the analysis (data saturation was reached) and the final coding framework was
applied to all transcripts.
Penn et al. BMC Public Health
(2019) 19:105
Page 3 of 8
Researchers LP, LG and AH conducted a total of 15 interviews, (n = 6 face to face and n = 9 by telephone), between August 2016 and November 2017. Interviews
lasted between 20 min and 59 min, with a mean duration
of 41 min. Participant roles and demographics are summarised in Table 1.
Results
From our thematic analysis of interview data we identified
three key themes as: (i) access to MIS; (ii) data and its
function; (iii) development and updating of MIS. These
themes and sub-themes are summarised in Table 2 and
then described in detail, with brief supporting quotations
below. More detailed quotations are also provided in
Additional file 1.
Access to MIS
The key theme of access to MIS encompassed different
stakeholder access requirements and included the
sub-themes: collecting and inputting data, setting and
time of access, reasons for access by different stakeholders, perspectives of MIS value and usability, and
support and training in the use of MIS. Each of these
sub-themes are detailed, with supporting quotes, below.
Collecting and inputting data
Participants spoke about data collection as a predominantly paper based exercise. This was seen as a pragmatic,
but not an ideal strategy and there was support for more
digitally facilitated data collection.
Table 1 Participant demographics
Participant
Role
Age category
Gender
1
Service manager
2
F
2
Project officer
1
F
3
Service manager
2
F
4
Project officer
2
F
5
Commissioner
2
F
6
Commissioner
1
F
7
Project officer
1
M
8
Researcher
1
F
9
Researcher
1
F
10
Commissioner
2
F
11
Database designer
1
F
12
Database designer
2
F
13
Service manager
2
F
14
Commissioner
1
M
15
Service manager
2
F
Age category 1) 20 to 40 years; 2) > 40 years
“If you worked out how much it cost for an iPad versus
having someone’s time cost to sit and enter things
twice it probably saves money.” (researcher 8)
Direct input to an electronic system, and a workable
strategy for this, was also described.
“They’ve got laptops, [and] when they’re back at base
they can sync it all back up.” (commissioner 14)
There was concern over the impact of onerous data collection on service user experience, for both paper based
and electronic data collection methods.
“The service user is either going to disengage with the
service completely or we are only going to get partial
data”. (service manager 15)
Often those inputting the data were different from those
who had collected the data and this could lead to delay
and frustration as described below.
“It [data] will come in in dribs and drabs.” (service
manager 3)
In a different situation the ultimate adverse consequences of a paper based data collection strategy were
explained.
“I think it [data]’s sitting on pieces of paper in a draw
somewhere.” (researcher 8)
In contrast an automated system where intervention
participants entered some of their data directly to an online hosting facility was described.
“You can just give it [tablet] to the patient, they type
the stuff in themselves.” (database designer 12)
Setting and time when the MIS was accessed
We asked about when and where stakeholders accessed
the MIS and found that this was related to their reason
for access. Where MIS access was to enter data, this was
usually described as an office based procedure.
However, for data review and analysis, web-hosting facilitated access from other settings, including working
from home.
The benefit of new technology, was also described in
terms of facilitating multiple simultaneous use. For example an old system might only allow one person to access at any one time whereas a new system could allow
multiple access.
Penn et al. BMC Public Health
(2019) 19:105
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Table 2 Summary of themes and sub-themes in thematic analysis
Main themes
Minor categories
Explanation
Access to MIS
Collecting and inputting data
Participants spoke about data collection as a predominantly paper based exercise,
although this was seen as pragmatic and cost driven, rather than ideal.
Setting and time of MIS access
Data entry was usually an office based procedure, whereas review and analysis might
rely on remote access. Modern technology facilitated multiple simultaneous use
Reasons for stakeholder access
Access for data input, administration, monitoring and evaluation was described
Support and training in MIS use
Both formal and informal training were reported with the need for training to be
an ongoing process.
Usability and value of MIS
Ease of use and ability to accommodate different levels of expertise and confidence
were explained.
Confidence in the data
Data quality was a frequent theme that included accurate and secure data
with consistency of MIS use, safeguards and ‘back –up’
Data processing
Data cleaning, extraction, analysis and linkage were explored
Use of the data
Use of MIS data in administration, monitoring the progress of individual
participants and monitoring the progress of the entire project were described.
Procurement of the MIS,
The cost complexity and ownership of procured MIS were important aspects
of this theme
Specificity of the MIS, degree to
which it is bespoke or generic
Both fairly simple (built on generic platforms) and complex, bespoke MIS were described.
Stakeholder involvement in
the development of the MIS
There was consensus on the need to involve different stakeholders in
MIS development from the outset. And the complexity of preserving data integrity
within a ‘live’ data collection environment was acknowledged.
Data and its function
Development and
updating of the MIS
“It’s [MIS] been set up for .. [name] study, where multiple
people can be in it [MIS] at once.” (researcher 9)
“They [clients] are each provided with a key with a
programme on and what it does, it records what
they’ve done. They can compare week by week whether
they’ve improved” (commissioner 5)
Access to the MIS, reason for stakeholder access
Stakeholders described their different MIS access needs,
knowledge and permissions. Reasons for accessing the
MIS were for data input, administration of the intervention programme and for monitoring and evaluation.
Some MIS were set up to alert administrators to
non-attendance of intervention clients, which might be
linked to applications, such as mail-merge or text messaging to send participant reminders.
“We want to track as patients drop off the
programme.” (service manager 1)
“If somebody hasn’t attended, we send out a nonattendee letter notifying them.” (commissioner 5)
In contrast, those responsible for external evaluation might
not need access to client contact details and MIS access
was set up accordingly as explained in the different levels
of access permissions and how these had to be justified.
Support and training in use of the MIS
Training consisted of both formal and more informal
procedures, and the need for training to be an ongoing
process was evident. A training pathway, from formal
introduction to self-supportive user groups, was described by some participants.
“We had half a day [training] at the very beginning
with everyone who was new … .. then it was about
week three or four where we came together for another
half a day [training] [Now staff] convene their own
user groups … they’re training one another” (service
manager 1)
“The people pulling it [data] off at the other end, it
[data] was completely anonymous.” (service manager 3)
The collaboration and supportive role of MIS users was
a frequent theme.
Some people, especially if they were not involved in all
aspect of MIS use, spoke about wanting to understand it
better and particularly how an appreciation of different
data functions might help stakeholders to appreciate the
importance of the data to different end-users.
In one scenario client access to their own data, as a selfregulatory part of the intervention, was described.
It would be good if there was someone like the
evaluation team coming in to do something … around,
Penn et al. BMC Public Health
(2019) 19:105
“This is why it’s important. This is what a validated
measure means.” (project officer 4)
Others, especially if they had responsibilities for data extraction and analyses spoke about the need for training
to support data quality.
“You can’t remove the human factor. I think the staff
need continual training. It’s hard because some of
them have been using this system [MIS] for years, even
though it’s a new service [intervention] they think they
know it all.” (researcher 8)
Usability and value of MIS
Designers of MIS spoke about making the system easy
for people to use and the need to accommodate different
levels of expertise and confidence in MIS use and the
ways in which interface design could make systems better for end-users.
“You’re going to have people there who are good with
computers and people who are like, “I don’t want to
touch it. If you can make it [screen] look like what they
see in front of them on paper, it’s just better.”
(database designer 12)
However, the value of MIS might not be properly appreciated.
“The expectation within a project that that it
[MIS} is a valued part – an absolutely integral
part – of what is being developed, alongside,
obviously, the high priority around the actual
service that’s being delivered. From my experience,
it’s [MIS] never really had a high enough priority.”
(service manager 15)
Data and its function
This key theme included: confidence in the data (quality,
security and accuracy), data processing (cleaning, extraction, analyses and linkage), and use of data (administration, monitoring, evaluation).
Confidence in the data, including data quality, security and
accuracy
The need for data to be accurate and secure was a frequent theme. Respondents spoke about accuracy in
terms of data input, the need to make sure all those inputting data were using the MIS in the same way to ensure consistency, and ways in which MIS design could
facilitate accuracy in data input. The safeguards to prevent data input error were clearly important for
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managing quality, for example drop down boxes could
improve consistency by limiting field choice. However,
mandatory fields (which meant that there was no distinction between a ‘not answered’ and ‘no’ response)
were an issue. The quality of self-report data was questioned, with particular reference to a situation where
participants reported their own weight over the phone,
after a weight loss intervention, and the weight loss was
greater than expected.
“I was thinking, “Well that will explain why the BMI
looks so great at follow up.” (project officer 7)
Data security was a major issue, especially where
systems included NHS patient data Details of a security procedure was explained as:
“ ‘Two-factor authentication’, so two levels of encryption,
and two passwords to get in.” ( project officer 2)
Different levels of access contributed to the data security.
“We’ve got reviewer access, which means we can see
everything but it’s all anonymised.” (researcher 8)
Also, the need for data ‘back –up’ was seen as important.
“Having a backup as well … making sure you’ve got the
databases backed up.” (project officer 7)
Data processing, including data cleaning, extraction,
analysis and linkage
Ensuring data was ‘cleaned’ and ready for analysis was
raised as essentially a planning issue.
“It can be that the amount of work taken to look over
some data, clean it and get it in a nice, presentable
fashion, is a lot more than anticipated at the design
stages of a study” (database designer 12)
The difficult of data linkage and, “trying to get different
systems to talk to each other” (commissioner 5) was mentioned. The need to complement pre-set queries with
manual calculations was seen as important to identify
data trends and one respondent spoke about transferring
data to a ‘monitoring and evaluation database’ to follow
trends. (commissioner 5)
Some of the security issues impacted on data analyses,
especially with NHS data. Difficulties with individual
level data, even when data were anonymised, were
raised.
Penn et al. BMC Public Health
(2019) 19:105
Use of the data, including administration, monitoring and
reporting
Data was used for administration purposes, such as
sending reminders when people failed to attend the
intervention or when they needed to come for their
follow-up appointment or review, which often involved
collection of outcome data. Monitoring the progress of
individual participants was seen as an important use of
data, as well as monitoring the progress of the entire
project, both in terms of overall participant progress and
in comparison with other projects and areas.
“From the commissioner perspective, it gives them
assurance that what they are commissioning is having
an impact on the outcomes, the indicators and the
performance measures of the services that they’re
commissioning.” (commissioner 14)
Development and updating of the MIS
Which included: procurement (cost complexity and
ownership), specificity (bespoke or generic) and stakeholder involvement (degree of stakeholder input).
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can provide them with a basis to be able to build up
that knowledge of management information system
and prove what they’re doing is successful and get
them in a position to be able to bid for more work.”
(commissioner 14)
Whereas the problems of a new, complex system were
to some extent considered inevitable.“There are lots of
very legitimate, kind of, bugs you need to work out
with a new system” (service manager 1)
However, participants identified a clear link between size
and complexity of service and MIS needed.
The opportunities to co-ordinate services through the
use of complex and co-ordinated MIS were described.
“They [managers] took the ambitious view that what we
needed was one [MIS} for [the lead provider
organisation] and to be able to layer it so each delivery
organisation had the right system, information storage
and reports that they needed.” (commissioner 10)
Stakeholder involvement in the development of the MIS
Procurement of the MIS, including cost complexity and
ownership
Procurement rules for public service MIS were mentioned.
The cost of MIS development was a strong theme and
there was clearly a balance between ideal and pragmatic
solutions.
“That was a very, very expensive, tailored database.
Where the one we’ve got is fine.” (project officer 4)
Ownership of the MIS was raised by one manager. The
intellectual property was not always clear-cut, especially
when MIS development had evolved.
“I think it is our intellectual property, I think anyone
who goes into this probably would want to make sure
that it is their IP, if they ever need to move it
[platform].” (service manage 1))
Specificity of the MIS, degree to which it is bespoke or
generic
Stakeholders described MIS that were fairly simple and
built on generic platforms, such as Microsoft Access and
MIS that were complex and bespoke. There was some
support for simple platforms.
“I think the simple platforms have their place … and
probably work well particularly with the volunteering
community and social enterprise sector. For them it
Amongst all respondents, there was consensus about the
need to involve different stakeholders in MIS development from the outset.
“Bring everybody together, the people who are going to
be using it every day.” (project officer 2)
Sometimes stakeholder involvement, although agreed to
be desirable, was hampered by practicalities of delivery
timescales.
“I would rather have sat down and done it together, …
… But because our study was very busy, everything was
needed now, now, now, so we didn’t have that time to
be able to do it.” (researcher 9)
The need for MIS development to be multi-stage was
also described along with the tendency for MIS importance to be overlooked.
“Yes, it definitely is multi-stage. If you develop a database for capture of data for a study, you don’t just
build it. You have lots of drafts, and it’s expected that
the whole study team could comment and make useful
suggestions..” (database designer 12)
How MIS updates are managed
The difficulties of complex MIS were reflected in the
many references to ‘updating’ in stakeholder interviews.
Penn et al. BMC Public Health
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The need to make the system user friendly was complicated by the need to preserve data integrity within a ‘live’
data collection environment.
“We have been trying to make it more usable for
[delivery staff] but I think it will be ever-evolving,
really, to adapt to their needs and to make data entry
easier and more efficient for them” (project officer 2)
The need for in-built flexibility was described, with the
facility for stakeholder feedback, but the approach to
feedback was seen as variable.
“You need to have the functionality to continue to
grow and develop.” (service manager 13)
Discussion
Main findings
Stakeholders appreciated the value of well-designed MIS
and evidenced the need to involve a range of stakeholders,
taking into account their different information requirements, to improve MIS design and utility. Training in the
use of MIS as an evaluation tool was viewed as important
to maximise the accuracy and utility of data collected. The
potential for inputting data at the point of patient engagement, thus making use of developments in information
technology, was highlighted by stakeholders.
MIS design that builds on existing systems of proven
utility, with in-built flexibility to accommodate revisions
and refinement in response to early use, was regarded as
most likely to provide optimal MIS for delivery and evaluation of community based behavioural interventions.
Strengths and limitations
The rapid development of information technology
means that MIS opportunities are constantly evolving
and some of the procedures and perspectives evidenced
here, such as a reliance on paper based data collection,
may be superseded by new options, including data input
by intervention participants. However, the general principles of stakeholder involvement, building on effective
systems and providing system flexibility are likely to be
resilient to technological innovation.
Comparison with other studies and implications
In their paper on stakeholder roles and perceptions in
health information systems Pouloudi et al. [14] discuss
the development and implementation of information
systems in the UK National Health Service. They cite a
commonly used definition of a stakeholder in relation to
an organisation as, ‘A stakeholder in an organization is
(by definition) any group or individual who can affect or
is affected by the achievement of the organization’s
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objectives’ [15] However, Pouloudi et al. then go on to expand this definition, extending the scope and shifting the
focus beyond a single organisation, and defining information systems stakeholders as, ‘The individuals, groups, organizations or institutions who can affect or be affected by
an information system.’ [14] This broad definition is applicable to our study, where the intra-organisational use of
MIS is the research focus.
At a macro level, the World Health Organization explains the importance of, ‘Sound and reliable information’
as the ‘foundation of decision-making across all health
system building blocks’. [16] (WHO report page 1). It is
reasonable to assume that information collected locally is
similarly important at a local level. There has long been
interest in the use of design science to inform information
systems [17] and a distinction has been made between
natural and social sciences, which have ‘understanding
reality’ as their focus, and design science, where the focus
is more towards ‘solving problems and making things that
are useful in human service’ [18]. In this study we used
standard qualitative research techniques and, by understanding different stakeholder perspectives on their experience of MIS, we explored how to optimise the design,
provision and utility of these MIS.
Unanswered questions and future research
The need to shift the health care focus more towards
prevention, was identified in the NHS Five Year Forward
View [1]. Community based services are well placed to
support this shift in focus, but the value of such services
cannot be assessed without reliable and accessible information. In particular there is a pressing need to evaluate
the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of preventive interventions to inform decisions on the allocation of resources for health improvement. Any such evaluation
relies on the quality and completeness of information
and data collection. In turn efficient service administration is needed to facilitate good data collection. Stakeholders interviewed in this study all valued the MIS
data, collected through the interventions that they were
involved with, for their different information requirements. We suggest further research on use of MIS in
community based organisations is needed to inform the
efficient development of secure systems with optimal
utility. In particular there is a need to explore the linkage
between health service (e.g. NHS) data and data collected by community based organisations.
Conclusion
Well-designed MIS were appreciated by a range of stakeholders, with experience of many projects, for their various information needs. Involving a range of stakeholders,
at an early stage in the process, could improve MIS design
and training in the use of MIS as an evaluation tool was
Penn et al. BMC Public Health
(2019) 19:105
considered important to maximise data utility.. MIS design that builds on existing systems of proven utility, with
in-built flexibility to accommodate revisions and refinement in response to early use, was regarded as most likely
to provide optimal MIS for delivery and evaluation of
community based behavioural interventions.
Additional file
Additional file 1: Results with detailed quotations. The appendix provides
more detailed results with more extensive quotations. (DOCX 20 kb)
Abbreviations
MIS: Management Information Systems; NHS: National Health Service in the
United Kingdom
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank all participants in this study for their interest and for their
time spent in being interviewed. We wish to thank the management of
‘New life, New you’ intervention for prevention of type 2 diabetes and ‘Ways
to Wellness’ social prescribing intervention for allowing us to approach their
staff and invite their interview participation.
Funding
This study was funded by Newcastle University Institute for Ageing. The
funder had no influence on the content of the manuscript. Linda Penn is a
member of Fuse,