Description
What does that mean?
A primary source is first-hand. That means that the person(s) writing the article
is the person(s) who conducted the study and reporting the procedures and the
results of the study.
A comparison to a primary source would be a secondary source. In contrast to a
primary, which gives original information, a secondary source provides
information that has been reported by other author(s). Examples of secondary
sources are descriptive articles, books, encyclopedias, histories, and a variety of
other sources.
Peer-reviewed means that the journal in which the article appears has been
reviewed by a committee of experts in the area.
If you use the Nova databases, click on peer-reviewed and only those article that
are in peer-reviewed journals will appear. Be sure to save your articles as .pdf files
and submit all articles with the assignment.
Primary, peer-reviewed articles will follow this format:
Abstract
Introductory information (a literature review)
Methods or Procedures (includes participants and materials)
Results (statistical analysis and data tables)
Discussion
The part that is important to you would be the methods and discussion sections, as
these sections will describe the participants and give an overview of the results of
the study
I uploaded the sample template that you need and the paper also so you know the type of articles that you need too look for .
Unformatted Attachment Preview
Quotation marks enclose material that has been copied from the article. Paraphrasing of
author words/concepts is noted with a page number location (the material was not copied)
EDU 708 Annotated Bibliography “Notecard”
Article Citation
Lochmiller, C. R. (2016). Examining administrators’
instructional feedback to high school math and
science teachers. Educational Administration
Quarterly, 52(1), 75–109.
doi:10.1177/0013161X15616660
Purpose of the study
Qualitative: administrator feedback to high school teachers (p. )
Participants (number,
ages, other
characteristics; and how
selected)
There were 12 administrators and 39 classroom teachers (p. ).
Description of the
intervention (what the
researchers did to the
participants)
There was no intervention as this was a qualitative study.
Method(s) for data
analysis (what tests did
the researches use and
how did they analyze the
data)
Results (findings by the
researchers)
Administrator and teacher interviews, audio recordings.
Coded data into three categories and then found three themes
emerging.
10. Relevance to the
problem/need
Second notecard
Third notecard
Fourth notecard
Fifth notecardd
Teacher feedback perspective in contrast to administrator.
Administrator feedback reflected their previous teaching
experience.
Quotation marks enclose material that has been copied from the article. Paraphrasing of
author words/concepts is noted with a page number location (the material was not copied)
EDU 708 Annotated Bibliography “Notecard”
Article Citation
Purpose of the study
Participants (number,
ages, other
characteristics; and how
selected)
Description of the
intervention (what the
researchers did to the
participants)
Method(s) for data
analysis (what tests did
the researches use and
how did they analyze the
data)
Results (findings by the
researchers)
10. Relevance to the
problem/need
Article Citation
Purpose of the study
Participants (number,
ages, other
characteristics; and how
selected)
Description of the
intervention (what the
researchers did to the
participants)
Method(s) for data
analysis (what tests did
the researches use and
how did they analyze the
data)
Results (findings by the
researchers)
10. Relevance to the
problem/need
Article Citation
Purpose of the study
Participants (number,
ages, other
characteristics; and how
selected)
Description of the
intervention (what the
researchers did to the
participants)
Method(s) for data
analysis (what tests did
the researches use and
how did they analyze the
data)
Results (findings by the
researchers)
10. Relevance to the
problem/need
Article Citation
Purpose of the study
Participants (number,
ages, other
characteristics; and how
selected)
Description of the
intervention (what the
researchers did to the
participants)
Method(s) for data
analysis (what tests did
the researches use and
how did they analyze the
data)
Results (findings by the
researchers)
10. Relevance to the
problem/need
Article Citation
Purpose of the study
Participants (number,
ages, other
characteristics; and how
selected)
Description of the
intervention (what the
researchers did to the
participants)
Method(s) for data
analysis (what tests did
the researches use and
how did they analyze the
data)
Results (findings by the
researchers)
10. Relevance to the
problem/need
Second notecard
Third notecard
Fourth notecard
Improving Performance in Mathematics of 7th-grade Students.
Performing Below Grade Level
by
Christelle Carly Litus
EDU708 CRN: 21944
Research Design in Education
Nova Southeastern University
October 29, 2023
Topic Description
Community
The community for this proposed project is a low to middle-class community in South
Florida. In the past 5 years, the community has seen many changes. New additions, such as a
gas station, fire department, new places to eat, supermarkets, a community library, a community
garden, and many afterschool activities. There are approximately 39,040 residents with an
average household income of $ 77,910 a year with a poverty rate of 19.31% (“ABC, Florida
population 2023,” n.d.).
School
Within this community, there are 17 pre-schools, 12 elementary and 6 middle schools, 3
high schools, 8 public district schools, 1 public charter school, and 13 private schools. The
elementary schools comprise kindergarten to Grade 5 classes, the middle school comprises
grades 6 through 8, and the high school comprises grades 9 through 12.
In the proposed target school, there are 60 classrooms along with a media center, band
room, special education class, and choir room. There are four administrators on staff including a
principal, three vice-principals; a teaching staff of 52, four tutors, three guidance counselors, a
nurse, one clerical staff, 10 janitorial staff, and one computer technician. The student population
has increased to approximately 854. All the teachers at this school are trained and have earned, at
minimum, a bachelor’s Degree in Education, while 15 have completed a Master’s Degree. There
are three teachers for every subject except music, Spanish, computer, art, and finance which have
specialized teachers. As such, the school has a student-teacher ratio of 25 (“ABC, School 2023”
nd.) .
The school has a website where they share a newsletter that both students and parents
frequently visit to keep up with the school’s goals, plans, and accomplishments. Subscribing to
Instagram is one way for the school to post new information and new events. Some functions
include parent night, Student Government Association, Honor Roll Ceremonies, and
Graduations. Every classroom has internet services and each teacher has a portable laptop. All
classrooms have a dry-erase board and a smartboard where you can display PowerPoints, LCD
projectors, and overhead projectors. Every student and teacher have access to technology, to
purposefully integrate some form of technology into the teaching and learning process.
Topic
Improving Performance in Mathematics of 7th-grade students is the topic for this
proposed project. The school consists of 333 7th graders but only 278 of them are taking regular
7th grade math. Based on the analysis of the student’s math proficiency results, it is clear there is
evidence of student learning gaps. 125 students out of 273 tested falls below learning
proficiency. 46% of the students score below the threshold. After carefully analyzing FSQ1, I
noticed the students struggle with rewriting rational numbers in different but equivalent forms
including fractions, mixed numbers, repeating decimals, and percentages to solve mathematical
and real-world problems. The goal for this school year is to increase students’ performance in
mathematics.
Table 1
Results of 7th-grade math 2023, FSQ Test.
Cut Band
Student Count
Percentage
Performance
Below Threshold
125
45.8%
25.7%
Meets Threshold
57
20.9%
56.14%
Meets Mastery
91
33.3%
89.42
Total
273
100%
53.3%
Data presented in Table 1 reflect the achievement scores of all 268 students in the
proposed seventh-grade target class. Of the 268 students, 91 students met mastery, 57 students
met the threshold which is below 75% but above 50%, and 125 students scored below the
threshold. The expectation is that all students will meet the threshold or meet mastery on the
final exam (PerformanceMatters, n.d.).
Rationale for Selecting the Topic
I identified significant weaknesses among the students scoring below the benchmark scores
in math performance, especially in MA.7.NSO.1.2 (rewriting numbers in different but equivalent
forms), and MA.7.NSO.2.3, solving real-world problems any of the operations with rational
numbers. The students need to understand the topic because every lesson in the seventh grade
builds upon the one before it. You won’t be able to comprehend the next topic if you don’t grasp
the previous. Based on the data analysis, the student’s needs, and the instructional practices
among the educators, professional planning and development is a central approach to enhancing
the teaching experience and overall student achievement outcomes. This development plan is
integral for the educator’s capacity building to help them improve student achievements by
offering relevant feedback and ensuring their instructional designs, and assessments align with
the relevant standards for professional learning (Learning Forward, 2022).
Proposed Target Group
The examination of the data showed that many of these students were struggling to
rewrite rational numbers in different but equivalent forms including fractions, mixed numbers,
repeating decimals, and percentages to solve mathematical and real-world problems. It shows
that out of the 273 7th graders who took the FSQ assessments, 125 of them were below the
threshold. 57 of them meet the threshold and 91 of them meet mastery. Any student below the
threshold requires intervention. The math coach created a spreadsheet to analyze each student’s
result. After carefully analyzing the data, it was determined that the students were having
problems with standard MA.7.NSO. 1.2 “Rewrite rational numbers in different but equivalent
forms including fractions, mixed numbers, repeating decimals and percentages to solve
mathematical and real-world problems” and MA.7.NSO. 2.3. “Solve real-world problems
involving any of the four operations with rational numbers.” Based on the result, the standards
were reviewed to identify ways to improve students’ scores and reach students learning targets
(PerformanceMatters, n.d.).
The target group consists of 125 students. Out of the 125 students, 30 students receive
services in the Exceptional Student Education (ESE) program, and 65 students receive services
in the English for Other Speakers of Language (ESOL),30 students receive no help. The
expectation was that students would score 50% or higher on topic 1; however, the target students
did not meet that expectation (see Table 2).
Table 2
Description of Target Group
Cut Band
Student Count
Percentage
Performance
Below Threshold
125
100%
25.7%
Totals
125
100%
25.7%
The data displayed in Table 2 shows that there is a need to provide some type of intervention to
improve the target student’s scores.
Research ethics
In conclusion, based on the identified areas of concern, the curriculum will be examined
to see where process improvements might be implemented into instructional lesson plans. New
tests will be used to gauge how well the students have mastered various portions of the standard,
and instruction will be adjusted accordingly. We will be conducting a Research Methodology for
us to understand this particular problem. Research methodology discusses and explains the data
collection and analysis methods you used in your research (McCombes, 2023). Mixed methodsbased research brings both, qualitative and quantitative research It uses qualitative research to
explore a situation and develop a potential model of understanding, which is also called a
conceptual framework, and then uses quantitative methods to test that model empirically. We
will also use formative assessments for teachers to get immediate feedback from students. At the
end of the school year, 90 % of the students will be able to solve and Rewrite rational numbers in
different forms.
References.
Riviera Beach, Florida population 2023. (n.d.). World Population by Country 2023 (Live).
https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/riviera-beach-fl-population
PerformanceMatters. (n.d.). Performance matters. Performance Matters.
https://unify.performancematters.com/core/report/sia/index.jsp?samTestId=3043398&sa
mTestEventId=3044585&unifyTestId=3154935
Lochmiller, C.R., & Lester, J.N. (2017). An introduction to educational research: Connecting
methods to practice. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publishing
Mertler, C. A. (2016). Introduction to educational research. Los Angeles, CA: Sage
Publications, Inc.
McCombes, S. (2023, June 22). What is a research methodology?: Steps & Tips. Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/methodology/
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