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Check out the pic. Sudents are to submit a minimum of 2-3 page essay (not including Refferance page) answering the following question in as much detail as possible from Dempsey and use at least 2 other source to display the depth of reading.Essay 1 Question. Discuss the ethical issues that may be endemic to the security industry’s concept, business, and operations from Dempsey.Essay format. APA Format25 points towards over all gradeSubmitted through Turnitin
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The History and Professionalization
of Private Security
1
CHAPTER 1
Rick Michelson, M. A.
Grossmont College
Public Safety and Security Programs
2010
Chapter 1 Learning Objectives
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
To acquaint you with the rich, colorful history of
private security in Rome and England
To explore the history of private security in the
United States
To familiarize you with the relatively recent
movement to achieve professionalism in the private
security industry
To explore college programs in private security
To acquaint you with current ethical standards in
the private security industry
2010
Introduction
3
The word security comes from the Latin word
“securus” (without care, free from care, free from
danger, safe, etc.)
The security industry in the United States consists
of publicly-funded local, state, and federal law
enforcement agencies, as well as private security
organizations
2010
Early Development of Private Security
4
• Maintaining order and dealing with lawbreakers
was initially a private matter
• Citizens were responsible for protecting themselves
and maintaining an orderly society
• Nomadic tribes banded together and used guards
and security methods to protect themselves and
their families and livestock
• True police roles did not appear until the 14th
century in France and the 19th century in England
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Private Security in Ancient Rome
5
In the 5th century BCE, Rome created the first
specialized investigative unit, called questors, or
“trackers of murder”
The Romans may have created the prototypes that
led to some of our modern physical security devices
to protect homes and business entrance doors, the
Bard locking device, and the padlock
The Romans also used humans, primarily slaves
(referred to as “janitor”) to protect their buildings
Geese were used as “early warning systems”
2010
Private Security in England
6
The American system of law and security was
borrowed from the English
The European Feudal system provided a high
level of security for individuals and society
Law enforcement was perceived to be the duty
of all citizens
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Private Security In England (cont’d)
7
In 16th-18th century France and England, private
citizens called “thief-takers” were paid by the king for
every criminal arrested, although many were corrupt
In the mid 1700s in England, Henry Fielding, the
novelist, is credited with laying the foundation for the
first modern private investigative agency called the
Bow Street Runners
Fielding established relationships with pawnbrokers
and provided them lists and descriptions of recently
stolen property; soliciting details from citizens to
create the first crime reports
2010
Private Security in England (cont’d)
8
• During the Industrial Revolution, both business
and industry were involved in private policing –
yet crime was rampant
• Sir Robert Peel drafted the Metropolitan Police
Act, which was passed by Parliament in 1829
• Peel established the first large-scale, uniformed,
organized, paid, civil police force in London;
known as “Bobbies”
2010
Private Security in the United States
9
Colonial Experience: By the 17th Century, Town
Marshals and County Sheriffs were the chief law
enforcement officials, aided by Constables and
night watchmen
When serious breaches of the peace occurred,
governors called on colonial militia or the British
army
Law enforcement was still mainly the
responsibility of individual citizens; which led to
vigilantism
2010
The 18th and 19th Centuries
10
American policing attempted to control the brutal
and corrupt crime and disorder in both urban and
frontier environments
The first organized, paid, public police department
was in Boston in 1838
By the start of the Civil War in 1861, many cities
had their own police departments
However, policing in the U.S. did not reach the
professionalism of Peel’s London police for some
time
2010
The 18th and 19th Centuries (cont’d.)
Allan Pinkerton
11
Today’s private security industry owes much of its
origins to Allan Pinkerton (born Scotland 1819)
Pinkerton was the 1st detective in the Chicago
police department
Later formed the Pinkerton National Detective
Agency; gave rise to the term “private eye”
Pinkerton established the practice of handwriting
examination in U.S. courts and proposed a plan to
centralize criminal identification records
2010
The 18th and 19th Centuries
Allan Pinkerton (cont’d)
12
Pinkerton pioneered numerous investigative
techniques, such as shadowing or suspect surveillance
and undercover operations
In 1856, Pinkerton’s agency hired the nation’s first
female detective, Kate Warne, who successfully
prevented at least one assassination plot against
President Lincoln
After the Civil War, his agency focused on railroad
robberies and security and “rode shotgun” on
stagecoaches in the West.
2010
13
Alan
Pinkerton
Pinkerton served as head
of the Union Intelligence
Service in 1861–62 and,
thanks to “Kitty” Warne,
foiled an alleged
assassination plot while
Lincoln was traveling to
his inauguration.
The Intelligence Service
was the predecessor to the
Secret Service.
Pinkerton (Left), Lincoln,
and General John
McClernand on the right.
October 3, 1862
Antietam
©Private Collection/Peter Newark American Pictures/The Bridgeman Art Library Nationality/copyright status: American/out of copyright
2010
The 18th and 19th Centuries (cont’d)
14
Other agencies competed with Pinkerton:
Rocky Mountain Detective Association
Wells, Fargo & Co.
In 1865, the Railway Police Acts were established
in many states which gave railroad industry the
right to establish a proprietary security force
Companies began to use in-house and contractual
private security forces to protect company assets
and perform strikebreaking roles
2010
The 18th and 19th Centuries (cont’d.)
15
The middle of the 19th century saw advances in
modern technology and business improvements in
the private security industry
In 1850, Edwin Holmes invented the first electric
burglar alarm system
In 1874, Samuel FB Morse invented the telegraph
which led to the ADT Security Protection Company
In 1917, Brinks introduced armored cars to carry
money and valuables
2010
The 18th and 19th Centuries (cont’d)
16
Studying the rise in private security in the 19th
century, The National Advisory Committee on
Criminal Justice Standards and Goals published
the Report of the Task Force on Private Security
(1976), attributing it to:
Ineffective public police protection
Increased crimes against expanding railroads
Increased industrialization
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The 20th Century and the New Millennium
17
Rapidly increasing industrialization created a
growing need to address labor and management
problems
During World War II, President Roosevelt issued
an executive order to take appropriate measures to
protect national defense–related industries and
premises from sabotage
The federal contract guidelines required
mandatory security programs
2010
The 20th Century and the New Millennium (cont’d.)
18
Wartime concern for prevention and detection of
espionage and sabotage led to a government decision to
bring plant watchmen and security personnel into the
U.S. Army
In 1952, during the Korean War and the Cold War, the
Industrial Defense Program was established to protect
defense-related industries and facilities; it is now known
as the National Industrial Security Program
In 1955, the American Society for Industrial Security
(ASIS) was created as the first professional association
for private security professionals
2010
The 20th Century and the New Millennium (cont’d.)
19
Increased and more sophisticated crime led
companies and industries to focus on security
programs to protect their property and personnel
Cooperative central repositories of criminal
information were formed to share intelligence
Following 134 aircraft-hijacking attempts and bomb
threats from 1968-1972, focus shifted to crime on our
nation’s airlines
Prior to the al-Qaeda hijacking of 9/11, most airport
passenger security was performed by each airline’s
own private security
2010
The 20th Century and the New Millennium (cont’d.)
20
The events of 9/11 prompted Americans to turn to security
professionals for help with increasing safety in our changed
world
The federal government–sponsored task force on private
security defined the private security industry as:
Those self-employed individuals and privately funded business entities
and organizations providing security-related services to specific clientele
for a fee, for the individual or entity that retains or employs them, or for
themselves, in order to protect their persons, private property, or
interests from various hazards.
National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals, Report of the Task Force on Private Security
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976), p. 4. property, or interests from various hazards.
2010
Hallcrest Reports
21
In 1980, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) hired
Hallcrest Systems Inc. security consultants to
conduct a three-year national study of the roles and
resources of the private security industry
1985 – Hallcrest I (The Hallcrest Report: Private
Security and Police in America) is published
1990 – Hallcrest II (The Hallcrest Report II: Private
Security Trends: 1970–2000) is published
Essentially, they demonstrated the growing and
superior role of private security as compared to
public law enforcement
2010
The Hallcrest Reports
22
Hallcrest believed there were four interrelated
factors that lead to greater employment and
expenditure shift from public police to private
security during the 1980s and 1990s:
(1) an increase in crimes in the workplace
(2) an increase in fear (real or perceived) of crime
(3) the limitations on public protection imposed by the
“fiscal crisis of the state”
(4) an increased public and business awareness and use of
the more cost-effective private security products and
services
2010
Professionalization of Private Security
23
In the early 1950s, five private security
professionals met to conceptualize a
standardized professionalism in the private
security industry in terms of certification,
training, employment standards, and ethics
By 1955, they had recruited 254 charter members
to the inaugural meeting of the American Society
for Industrial Security (ASIS)
2010
Professionalization of Private Security
24
ASIS is the preeminent international organization
for professionals responsible for security, including
directors and directors of security
ASIS has three certification programs:
Certified Protection Professional (CPP)
Professional Certified Investigator (PCI)
Physical Security Professional (PSP)
Post-9/11, ASIS became an educational organization
with an advocacy mission to affect government
decisions in Homeland Security
2010
Professionalization of Private Security (cont’d.)
25
In December 2004, President George W. Bush
signed Senate Bill 2845, popularly known as the
Intelligence Reform Bill and the 9-11
Implementation Bill
Includes the Private Security Officer Employment
Authorization Act of 2004, giving employers the
ability to request criminal background checks from
the FBI’s database for applicants and holders of
security positions
2010
Professionalization of Private Security (cont’d.)
26
As of 2009, ASIS International—the preeminent
international organization for professionals
responsible for security—has more than 36,000
members worldwide
Other professional associations and organizations
such as IACP, NSA, IFPO, ACFE, ISO and ANSI,
have entered into joint cooperative ventures to
professionalize standards related to minimum
standards, ethics, values, education and training,
and membership in a professional organization
2010
College Education and Private Security
27
In 1976, only five colleges in the U.S. offered a
bachelor’s degree in private security, and no master’s
programs were available
By 1990, 46 colleges offered a bachelor’s degree and
14 offered a master’s degree, showing an increasing
value of college in private security
The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, the
largest professional organization in the field of
criminal justice education, research, and policy
analysis, has a membership subsection devoted to
security and crime prevention
2010
College Education and Private Security (cont’d.)
28
Joseph W. Koletar, Director of Forensic and Investigative
Services for Deloitte and Touche LLP, proposed the
development of a researched body of knowledge in
academia to equip the security practitioners of the future.
Koletar advised the following coursework should be
required as part of a security degree:
oral and written communication
criminal justice operations, criminal and civil law and procedure,
statistics and quantitative methods,
business operations and risk management,
business economics, marketing, and
technical courses such as access-control systems or fire and safety
Today, PhD programs in security are increasing
2010
Ethical Conduct of Security Firms
and Their Employees
29
Basic ethics are the broad moral principles that
govern all conduct; however, ethical decisions are
not always governed by existing laws
Applied ethics focuses those broad principles on
specific applications
Consider some practical applications of ethical
standards as they relate to the following situations:
1.
2.
3.
An anonymous letter regarding employee theft
A vendor/contractor ethical issue
An off-duty police officer moonlighting as a private security
officer
2010
Ethical Conduct of Security Firms
and their Employees (cont’d.)
30
Violations of ethics can be criminal if:
A criminal statute is violated
If the violation is noncriminal, but in violation of
ethical or value standards, including policy and
procedural violations, the violator can be subject to
Administrative sanctions and termination
According to the Law Commission of Canada, four
core principles ought to support democratic
policing (both public and private): justice,
equality, accountability, and efficiency
2010
Ethical Conduct of Security Firms
and Their Employees
31
The quality of professional security activity
depends upon the willingness of practitioners to
observe special standards of conduct in their day to
day behaviors
Many private security organizations and
associations have issued their own ethics codes or
values statements to guide members of their
organizations
2010
Homeland Security and the
Professionalization of Private Security
32
The tragic events of 9/11, the terrorist attacks on the
United States of America, brought about the creation
of the Department of Homeland Security and the
Transportation Security Administration and a
dramatic increase in homeland security measures by
federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies
and private security agencies
2010
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