Description
-Plagarism/ AI detection is used.
-use more than one source per paragraph/support towards point. Sources must be peer-reviewed. Use APA citation
-must include figure in article.
I have attached an example below and my outline for this paper. Feel free to change it if you see fit. If you feel the topic is too broad, consider focusing on one of the dietary factors that I mentioned is involved in acne development.
Instructions:
Length of final project: 2000+ words (most are 2500+)
Audience: Scholarly/Academic or Professional
Number of Sources Required: A minimum of 8, with 6 being scholarly (see below for more info)
Overview
With the Discourse Community Analysis assignments you have already begun to practice the skills you will use here. You have focused closely on particular forms of communication and have thought carefully about how the structure and form meet the needs of particular users/readers. For this project you will continue to closely examine the conventions of researched writing in your field. You will produce a document working with a specific model of researched writing in mind, which explores a research topic of your choosing. You will develop your skills as a researcher, both locating and evaluating the validity and relevance of sources. And you will stake out your own ground as a writer in the ongoing academic and professional conversation in your field.
What “counts” as scholarly researched writing can vary based on your own particular discipline. For many of you the model for this assignment will be a researched argument or literature review, the kind of analysis published in a Scholarly Journal in your field, and which you examined in the DCA. This type of researched writing works with a comprehensive review of the current scholarship in the field focused on a particular research question, and makes an argument or recommendation based on that research.
Such arguments often are made to forward a discussion in the field surrounding a particular issue, such as the development of drug therapies for orphan diseases, or the decision to surgically treat an injury in Physical Therapy. In others they may be offered to argue for the efficacy of a particular approach or technique, say the proper intake procedures for homeless youth at a mobile clinic, or the use of a newly refined diagnostic protocol in psychology, or the role of the pharmacist in Veterinary care. We will explore these types of arguments and the conventions for presenting them in the first assignments for this project.
For some of you, researched writing may take a different form than that of a traditional scholarly article. One common form of peer to peer research exchange in the field other than a scholarly article is through the professional articles and reports (white papers etc.) published through professional organizations like those some of you analyzed in the DCA project. There are also sites where there is peer to peer exchange through articles that do not necessarily fit the traditional mode of the scholarly article, but still rely on careful layering of research to support their claims. See, for instance: “Why are we so afraid of vaccines” at http://blogs.plos.org/speakingofmedicine/2013/06/11/why-are-we-so-afraid-of-vaccines/ (Links to an external site.) or some of the other PLOS articles there. Or perhaps “Managing Recurrent C difficile Infections: Past, Present, and Future” (January 2024) at https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/managing-recurrent-c-difficile-infections-past-present-and-futureLinks to an external site. or some of the articles you might find at http://www.medscape.com/nurses (Links to an external site.) or http://www.medscape.com/emergencymedicine (Links to an external site.) or one of the many other specialties addressed in that forum. These vary in depth, with the Medscape article being a bit more “newsy,” but I include them here to suggest that there are other types of researched writing in your fields. These articles may be less formally structured than a journal article, but still layer in links to research, effectively ‘citing’ a broad range of sources. And there are other genres and types of researched writing relevant to your fields that you may have encountered in your studies or on co-op that I have not listed here and that you may choose to explore, such as grants, detailed proposals, or lab protocols.
For this project you will write a researched writing project that follows a format and approach used widely in your field, and you will have some time to explore your options. Be sure to ask questions and suggest possibilities as they occur to you. It is important that you think openly throughout the process about what “counts” as researched writing in your field. If you are working at the business end of the sciences for instance, would it make more sense to write a sector or market analysis than it would to write a literature review? If you are interested in legal issues related to health care delivery – would you like to explore an issue related to that?
Important: You will choose a ‘model’ article/text to help guide your readers in understanding the particular genre in which you have chosen to write. You will likely choose an article or text that you are using in your own research, but it may be an outside source. This model is really important because it will establish the “genre”/type of article you are creating for your peers and myself as we work through the review process.
You’ll Explore:
Research. What does it mean to conduct research? In the health sciences, the answers to this may vary widely. Research may be completed as field work conducting interviews, or in a lab measuring reactions, or more abstractly it may involve applying a particular model to a problem, or conducting entirely secondary (“library”) research to further a particular conversation and/or pose a new question. For our purposes and given our time frame, it would be challenging (though not impossible!) to conduct field work. So most of you will work with secondary research.
Argument. Students often think of a research paper as an essay that presents information collected from massive amounts of reading. You’ll do a lot of reading here, to be sure; you’ll also cite sources carefully and showcase your reading in a deliberate fashion. But you are not developing this project solely to provide information; you will draw conclusions to make an argument, to stake your own ground.
The centrality of argument in professional and academic writing can be hard to recognize. Even the most seemingly neutral academic papers, such as a literature review, make evaluative arguments all the time simply by highlighting some texts and downplaying others; by their very existence, such texts argue for the importance of the questions they ask and the conclusions they draw. However, argumentative/combative elements tend to be toned down in academic and technical writing, and most often in professional researched reports as well. A tone of reasoned discourse usually prevails. Even if there are strong feelings on all sides, it’s the reasoned argument and evidence that must carry the day.
Audience. These projects will address different audiences. Many will address a scholarly audience, while some may address a professional audience, but in all cases, you will need to carefully assess the particular needs and knowledge base of your audience. It is especially important that you consider if your audience is very narrow in terms of area of specialization, or if you are addressing a community that is perhaps more interdisciplinary or made up of decision makers with varied backgrounds. You can best get a sense of this by carefully evaluating the research material you gather and modeling your approach with a similar audience in mind.
Keep in mind – all this happens in stages as you follow your curiosity and explore! You’ll first define a topic, then complete an Annotated Bibliography, and then draft this project.
Specific Project Goals
Identify and understand the conventions of a genre of researched writing used in your discipline.
Develop a well focused and current assessment of the research in your topic area.
Work with evidence based in comprehensive research on the subject in your field, relying primarily on the kinds of research materials used in the models you have chosen. Evaluate these sources for currency, relevance, and credibility. If you are writing a scholarly piece this will mean scholarly articles that are current and relevant. In other genres, other types of sources and data may be relevant. You will want to work with a minimum of 8 relevant sources, 6 of which should be scholarly.
Clearly express a valid argument or recommendation, staking out a position on the issue(s) you are addressing.
Model your project on the accepted standards for the type of document you are composing. To accomplish this you should:
Adopt an appropriate tone for your discussion.
Work with the kinds of evidence valued in your particular field, whether they be quantitative, qualitative, narrative, or a combination.
Work with the commonly accepted structures and elements of the type of researched article you have chosen to write
Incorporate images, tables, charts, etc, if they are commonly used in your discourse community and if they add meaningfully to your argument.
Adopt the formatting elements common to your field and appropriate to your particular citation system (headings, subheadings, etc.)
Work effectively with the research you have gathered by accurately and ethically quoting directly, paraphrasing, and summarizing. Maintain your own voice as the central voice of your project.
Understand and use the proper citation and formatting system for your discipline.
Unformatted Attachment Preview
Researched Argument
3618 words
Biosynthetic productions of artemisinin as well as
increased artemisinin yields through transgenic plants
are necessary to combat malaria
Abstract:
300 to 500 million people contract malaria every year and about 1 million people
die from the infection. Artemisinin, a compound extracted from the plant Artemisia.
annua, has been found to be extremely effective against malaria and is now one of the
key ingredients in anti-malarial combination therapies (ACTs). The price of the ACTs is
most dramatically affected by the high cost and low availability of artemisinin. The high
price of artemisinin is caused by the low yield from the A. annua plant, about .01% to 1%
of the dry weight (DW) of the plant1. To combat this low availability and high cost of
artemisinin, researchers have been working on multiple methods to increase yield of
artemisinin. The artemisinin content in transgenic A. annua can be increased by two or
three times the content in control plants and bio-synthesis can offer a yield of artemisinin
that is the same or greater than that available in the unaltered A. annua in a shorter
amount of time2 . Although the biosynthetic method can be argued to be the most
promising source of an efficient and cost effective way to produce artemisinin, the use of
transgenic plants, especially in teas, should also be given attention due to the
improvements in yield, socio-economic interests, and the strong use of traditional
medicine in developing countries. Both methods will be necessary to successfully combat
malaria in every part of the world.
Introduction:
Plasmodium falciparum causes “80% of all malarial infections and 90% of
malaria related deaths”3 pg 304. Most of these infections occur in rural Asia and Africa,
where life saving anti-malarial drugs and medical attention may not be immediately
accessible. Since the previous anti-malarial drug, Chloroquine became ineffective in the
treatment of malaria3,4, drugs made from artemisinin, a compound extracted from the
leaves of Artemisia annua, are being synthesized. Artemisinin based drugs used in antimalarial combination therapies (ACT) have nearly a 100% success rate in the treatment
of malaria, but the drugs cost more than the poor that live in areas with high incidences of
malaria can afford. Artemisinin is high priced because of the low yields in A. annua.
Artemisinin yields can range from .01% to 1.4% of the plants dry weight. The low
availability of artemisinin has forced researchers to think critically on the best method of
artemisinin production. Realistically, to significantly decrease the number of deaths
annually multiple methods of artemisinin production will have to be developed. Two
areas of scientific research that will help provide a solution in the fight against malaria
are biosynthesis of artemisinin and the genetic engineering of plants to produce higher
levels of artemisinin. There have been great strides in the production of artemisinin using
bio-synthetic methods that with further research and optimization can decrease the cost of
ACTs up to 60%; thus increasing the amount of people who can be treated and saving
millions of lives5. Although biosynthesis is the most promising solution that will increase
the availability and decrease the price of artemisinin, research should still be done on
transgenic plants that have increased artemisinin content. A robust form of transgenic A.
annua could save lives if grown for personal tea production by people living in rural
areas that have limited access to health care facilities. Since a tea is a more accessible and
culturally accepted form of treatment in many rural areas that practice traditional
medicine, it would be appropriate as a temporary first line of defense against malaria.
Since multiple methods are needed to fight malaria, research on both biosynthesis and
transgenic plants should be continued; however, these two methods for the increase of
artemisinin production will not have the same affect on malaria. Biosynthesis could
produce a sustainable supply of low cost drugs for malaria patients, while transgenic
plants could be used on a small scale in isolated rural areas to produce teas that would
increase the time one has to access medical care.
Discussion:
Biosynthetic methods increasing economical artemisinin production:
Biosynthesis of artemisinin can prove to be cost effective, environmentally safe,
and consistent source of artemisinin2,4,5 . The research being done presently has centered
on the use of E. coli and S. cervisiae to produce artemisinic acid, dihydroartemisinic acid,
and artemisinic alcohol which can all, through various chemical and biological steps, be
converted to artemisinin2,4,5. There has been a lot of success in chemically converting
artemisinic acid to artemisinin2,6 . In a study by Ro et al., a 95% yield of raw artemisinic
acid was achieved using silica gel column chromatographic separation to wash and then
purify the compound from its S. cervisiae host cell2. This resulted in artemisinic acid
levels of 76mg/l of purified artemisinic acid that can be converted through semi-synthesis
to artemisinin, which corresponds with those of A. annua2,6. However, many of the
chemical steps necessary to produce artemisinin from artemisinic acid can be avoided by
the use of S. cervisiae bioengineered to produce
dihydroartemisinic acid5.
The most economic solution to the low
availability of artemisinin is the use of
dihydroartemisinic acid producing S. Cervisiae
because “relatively few chemical steps and loses
can be tolerated”5(p,2884) when synthesizing
artemisinin. Dihydroartemisinic acid is
hypothesized to be a direct precursor to
artemisinin, as is shown in figure 1, unlike
artemisinic acid which is considered an
alternative route2,5,6 . Since fewer chemical steps
are needed to convert dihydroartemisinic acid to
artemisinin, it is the more viable solution in
decreasing the cost of anti-malarial drugs.
!
Figure 1 The precursors and pathway to artemisinin through biosynthesis.
Covello PS, Teoh KT. Polichuk DR. Reed DW. Nowak G. Functional
Genomics and the Biosynthesis of Artemisinin.
Phytochemistry.2007;68:1865.
!
Even if one is using S. cervisiae that produces artemisinic acid instead of
dihydroartemisinic acid, the desired compound can be extracted from the S. cervisiae
cells in 4 to 5 days rather than up to 12 months when extracting artemisinin from A.
annua2 . The time decrease to produce artemisinic acid and dihydroartemisinic acid and
in turn artemisinin in itself could reduce drug costs by 30 to 60%; however, to improve
synthesis for commercial production research into dihydroartemisinic acid, the more
direct precursor to artemisinin, and the optimization of biochemical synthesis of
artemisinin must continue5. Liu et al suggests that even though bioreactor technology is
expensive it will be vital in the large scale production of artemisinin1. Overall more
research needs to be done on how to mass produce artemisinin using bio-synthetic
methods since the materials used for these methods can become expensive.
The Benefits of Synthetic Artemisinin
By using biology and chemistry to synthesize artemisinin many of the problems
with the plant based extraction can be avoided. Drought, hurricanes, political climate, and
other factors that can affect the growth of A. annua as a crop are avoided when
artemisinin is produced in vitro2 . If an area that heavily grows A. annua encounters a
natural disaster that destroys all of the crops, then there will be a shortage of artemisinin,
which in turn reduces the amount of ACTs that can be produced. Although weather can
be very dangerous to crops, the most notable factor that will be reduced is the fluctuation
in artemisinin supply based on farmers’ potential income from the crop. A. annua is being
grown as a cash crop by farmers that are trying to increase business rather than to
increase the supply of artemisinin. If farmers do not believe that growing A. annua is
profitable in a given year, they will plant less of it. This causes yearly fluctuations in the
amount of artemisinin available for ACT production. These fluctuations cause ACT
shortages7 that result in “frequent stock-outs of anti-malarials especially at minor health
centers”8(p.7). These stock outs can be deadly for those infected and decrease the
likelihood that they will go to a medical facility for treatment8.
Also, bio-synthesis could potentially reduce prices enough so it is not a burden for
both non-profits and patients to pay for ACTs. To take a full course of the ACT of
artemether-lumefrantine a family must pay between $.9 and $1.4 per child and about $2.4
per dose for adults3. This is inexpensive by western standards, but extremely costly in
poor areas of Africa and Asia where “one full treatment course for a child takes 10% of
the monthly income”3(p.311); thus, it is necessary to find the least expensive for artemisinin
production.
Biosynthesis may become, with further research, the most cost- effective,
consistent, and environmentally safe way to produce artemisinin; however, there has been
considerable research done using transgenic plants. Economic and cultural factors may
make plant biotechnology a valuable and necessary solution to the low availability of
artemisinin in rural areas. One of these cultural factors is the use of A. annua based tea to
treat malaria.
Artemisinin in an herbal tea and the benefits of transgenic A. annua:
Artemisinin was first discovered by researchers in China studying traditional
Chinese medicines that supposedly combat malaria. These scientists discovered
artemisinin when researching the properties of a tea made from the leaves of A. annua.
Recently, experiments have been done to see whether or not the A. annua tea would be an
appropriate substitution for artemisinin based drugs. Rath et al found that the tea was not
a suitable alternative for conventional artemisinin based drugs due to lower
concentrations of artemisinin in the blood plasma. Although “up to 86% of the total
artemisinin could be extracted from the dried plant material with boiling water”9(p.129)and
the artemisinin in pill form and tea form have a similar rate of systemic metabolism,
when using the most efficient methods of tea preparation only up to 19%, 94.5 mg/l, of
the standard daily dosage of artemisinin was present in the tea. Although the minimum
artemisinin “concentration required for growth inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum in
vitro has been estimated as 9 ng/ml”9(p.131) and the tea from the A. annua leaves contains
an amount of artemisinin that exceeds this minimum, the tea was not found to be a
suitable alternative for conventional artemisinin based drugs due to lower concentrations
in the blood plasma9.
The use of an artemisinin tea as a monotherapy would result in the increased
likely hood of developing antibiotic resistant malaria3,9. The risk of P. falciparum
developing resistance to artemisinin is very serious and the main limiting factor to the use
of a tea to combat malaria. If drug resistance to artemisinin develops and becomes
widespread, then all ACTs will become obsolete. If the tea is to be used to treat malaria
many regulations will have to be put in place to stop and prevent the “indiscriminate use
of anti-malarials”3(p,310) that causes resistance to anti-malarial drugs. However, these
regulations need to be put in place for all anti-malarial drugs as inappropriate use of
ACTs is presently a problem.
A similar clinical trial, reported on by the World Health Organization, was able
to reduce malaria symptoms rapidly and significantly for the time that patients were using
the tea3,9 . Due to the findings the use of the tea alone to treat malaria is ill advised
because of the reoccurrence of malaria symptoms and infection after tea use had been
terminated. In spite of this, the use of a tea made with a transgenic plant that has
increased levels of artemisinin may contain enough artemisinin to be used as a first line
of defense against malaria with a decreased risk of developing resistance to artemisinin.
Recently there have been a few breakthroughs in increasing the artemisinin content in A.
annua, making the use of an anti-malarial tea closer to reality.
Increases in the artemisinin content of A. annua are the key to
producing an anti-malarial Tea:
Research done into the optimization of artemisinin content of A. annua by way of
transgenic plants has shown that the transgenic plants can produce up to three times more
artemisinin than the unaltered A. annua. A transgenic A. annua plant that produces two to
three times that of the control plants can be extremely beneficial in the production of an
artemisinin tea. Teas made from the transgenic A. annua plants could potentially contain,
per liter, 40% to 60% of the daily dosage of artemisinin based off of the study mentioned
previously that found that tea from an unaltered A. annua plant contained, per liter of tea,
19% of the daily dose of artemisinin9. In order to produce transgenic plants with high
levels of artemisinin the techniques of Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated
transformation and hair-pin mediated RNA interference were utilized10.
Zhang et al used the hair-pin mediated RNA interference to suppress the
expression of squalene synthase (SQS), which had been correlated with an increase in
artemisinin levels. These results coincide with the knowledge that SQS is a competitive
biosynthetic pathway with the artemisinin pathway. The suppression of SQS increased
the artemisinin levels in the plant from 10 mg/g DW in the unaltered A. annua to 31.4
mg/g DW at the most in the hpSQS transgenic plants. This, at the highest content of
artemisinin, is a threefold increase10.
Chen et al. inserted the FPS gene into A. annua using Agrobacterium tumefaciensmediated transformation and had similar results to the use of RNAi, but was performed
nine years earlier. The artemisinin levels increased to 8-10 mg/g DW which was two to
three times higher than that of the control/untransformed A. annua. Although the amount
of artemisinin in the Zhang et al. experiment was much larger than that observed in the
Chen et al. experiment, the amount of change is the same and the difference may be
because of differences in the cultivation of the A. annua9,10 . The amount of artemisinin
present in A. annua can range from 0.02% to 1.1% “depending on the plant source and
cultivation conditions”(9p.128). Further research into RNAi and Agrobacterium tumefaciens
mediated transformation will determine which method produces the most artemisinin for
the lowest cost.
Salinity stress was also used to increase the artemisinin content in A. annua4,10.
Instead of transgenically modifying the plant Qian et al. used a solution of 4-6 g/l of
NaCl in the cultivation of the A. annua in order to stress the plant, giving a higher yield
of artemisinin. The yield of artemisinin increased to 2% to 3% DW, but the stress made
the plants develop poorly greatly reducing their height proving that at this stage this
method was not viable4. In contrast to the use of concentrated NaCl to stress A. annua,
the use of RNAi to suppress SQS expression, did not have a significant effect on the
stability of plant growth when the SQS expression was suppressed by 60%10. Also, since
NaCl is essentially salt, using it in the soil can prevent growth of any kind, which would
be detrimental to both the growth of A.annua and any plants that would be grown in the
salted soil.
Although the best type of transgenic plant or enhanced conditions for artemisinin
production has not yet been determined, there have been promising results in these recent
studies. Since the ability to increase artemisinin content in plants has been observed in
multiple studies, focus should be placed on finding the transgenic plant species and/or
environment that is best suited for growth in agricultural fields in Africa, where the
climate can often be harsh. The only way that a tea with high artemisinin levels can be
produced and used regularly is if the transgenic plants are capable of growing in rural
areas. Transgenic plants are not going to be very useful if they cannot be grown outside
of a laboratory.
Ethnographical reasons for herbal tea use:
Research on transgenic plants should be further conducted in order to improve the
artemisinin content in tea due to the cultural impact of traditional medicine in developing
regions and to increase the amount of time one has to reach a hospital. The National
Malaria Medium Term Strategic Plan, 2002 to 2007, failed to meet the goal of 25%
reduction in malaria by 200711. The plan failed not only because of lack of ACTs and
resistance to anti-malarial drugs, but the lack of access to ACTs.
In Tanzania, like many areas in Africa, there is a low doctor to patient ratio in
comparison to traditional medical practitioner to patient ratio12. There are about 33,000
people to one doctor compared to 350 -450 people to one traditional medical practitioner
in Tanzania12 . Due to these ratios and the fact that 80% of the population of Tanzania
lives in rural areas12, traditional medicine is being used in place of or in addition to
primary care by 70% of the Tanzanian population11. Similarly, in Gambia “only 25% of
adults who reported being sick consulted a formal health facility”139(p.2).
The rural populations in economically disadvantaged regions of Africa do not
always use conventional health care systems due to the cost and distance of transportation
to a medical facility8,11,13. The cost of transportation to a hospital is more than just the
price of a bus ticket, many members of rural society cannot leave their household or
occupational responsibilities for the amount of time it would take to travel to a hospital
and receive treatment8,13. By traveling to a medical facility one would either lose wages
and/or the money needed to travel. Mobile clinics are often unable to reach small
secluded villages, specifically in Gambia, which limits ACT access based on how far a
person lives from a clinic8. In cases like these whether or not inexpensive synthetic
artemisinin compounds were used in the ACTs would not affect an infected person’s
ability to take anti-malarial drugs. Due to the high use of traditional medicine and the
lack of access to conventional medicine, a tea that could provide relief from malaria
could be a very effective way to reduce the death toll.
If those living in poor regions without access to adequate health care had the
ability to supplement their ACT treatments with a tea from transgenic A. annua or other
plants producing high levels of artemisinin, symptoms could be managed or treated,
based on the artemisinin content of the tea, until the person was able to access to proper
medical care. If malaria is not treated, especially in children, within the first few hours or
days of symptoms one risks becoming severely ill and potentially dying3. Lack of
transportation to medical centers, distance to medical centers, and cost of treatment often
prevent children from receiving the necessary care8,11,13. In fact, in Tanzania “recent
evidence indicates that only 34 percent of malaria cases in children under the age of five
are appropriately managed in biomedical facilities”11(p.2). Since adults and children in
some rural areas may not always be able to get to a medical center or facility where they
can get tested and receive anti malarial drugs within 24 hrs, a tea with a high
concentration of artemisinin could potentially save lives by increasing the amount of time
someone has to receive medical attention. Adults, caregivers, and the elderly also may
choose not to seek aid from medical facilities due to cultural reasons.
Occasionally people choose to go to traditional healers or self-treat instead of
going to a conventional medical center8,11-13 . Although in these cases conventional
medicine should always be encouraged over traditional, teas with higher levels of
artemisinin would be capable of complementing ACTs. Treatment plans that include a
combination therapy of traditional and conventional medicine could be developed in
order to improve treatment success rate by respecting cultural heritage. This could prove
effective in cases where caregivers will not bring their children or themselves to a
hospital due to fear of injections , beliefs that the illness is spiritual11 or when the elderly
believe that they are knowledgeable about traditional remedies and can treat
themselves13. Traditional medicine is already being used opposite conventional medicine
and is being integrated into official medical systems throughout Africa. In fact Ghana and
Mali have both fully accepted traditional medicines into their health care systems12. A tea
with high levels of artemisinin could be incorporated in ACTs. By increasing treatment
options ACTs will be able to reach a wider range of people.
The only way malaria can be eliminated is by taking into account the entire
populations access to and views on medical care. Most importantly focus needs to be
directed towards those who are not receiving health care. Having stores of inexpensive
pills will not help in rural areas if people cannot physically access the drugs in time or
choose not to.
Conclusion:
As biosynthesis becomes a more viable and cost effective way to produce
artemisinin, attention should still be given to transgenic plants with increased artemisinin
levels since small scale growth, in areas that do not have access to adequate medical care
or where traditional medicine is preferable to conventional, could potentially save lives
by producing an anti-malarial tea. The anti-malarial tea should not be used as a
monotherapy, but could be used in combination with conventional medicine or in short
term treatment when conventional drugs are unavailable for more than 24hrs. However,
before the use of transgenic plants for tea production or any of the bio-synthetic methods
for increasing artemisinin production can be implemented, research has to be done to
overcome the limitations of each. Further research should be done on the growth of
transgenic plants in agricultural fields to find out which species is most likely to survive
changes in weather and provide a sustainable source of artemisinin. Another area of
research that should be developed is the use of tea made with leaves of transgenic A.
annua plants in clinical trials. These trials could give a definitive indication of whether or
not the teas will be able to treat patients without causing antibiotic resistant malaria. Also,
now that the ability to bio-synthesize artemisinin has been confirmed, focus in the biosynthetic field should be on the best way to produce synthetic artemisinin commercially.
References:
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72: 11-20
2. Ro D. Paradise EM. Ouellet M. Fisher KJ. Newman KL. Ndungu JM. Ho KA. Eachus
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http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7086/abs/nature04640.html
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for Malaria in Developing Countries. Ethnopharmocology. 2008 Sept 27 [cited 2010 Jun
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Title: The Correlation Between Acne and Diet
Model format: Journal Article
Model Article:
Çerman, A. A., Aktaş, E., Altunay, İ. K., Arıcı, J. E., Tulunay, A., & Ozturk, F. Y. (2016). Dietary
glycemic factors, insulin resistance, and adiponectin levels in acne vulgaris. Journal of the
American Academy of Dermatology, 75(1), 155–162.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.02.1220
Outline:
1. Introduction
● Define acne: a common skin condition characterized by the presence of pimples,
blackheads, and whiteheads, affecting individuals of all ages but particularly
adolescents.
● Discuss the historical perspective on the link between diet and acne
○ highlight early beliefs and modern scientific exploration.
● Introduce the purpose of the article:
○ to provide a comprehensive review of recent research investigating the
correlation between diet and acne.
2. The Role of Diet in Acne Pathogenesis
● Explore various dietary factors implicated in acne development
○ specifically high glycemic index foods, dairy products, and saturated fats.
○ Review studies demonstrating the influence of diet on acne severity and
prevalence, including epidemiological data and clinical trials.
● Support using these sources:
○ Meixiong, J., Ricco, C., Vasavda, C., & Ho, B. K. (2022). “Diet and acne:
A systematic review.” JAAD International, 7, 95–112. This systematic
review offers insights into the existing literature on the relationship
between diet and acne, providing a comprehensive synthesis of findings
from multiple studies.
○ Madhav, M. (2023). “Correlation Between Diet and Acne?” Berkeley
Scientific, 27(1). This article may provide additional insights into recent
○
research on the correlation between diet and acne, potentially offering
perspectives on emerging trends or controversies in the field.
– Kostecka, M., Kostecka, J., Szwed-Gułaga, O., Jackowska, I., &
Kostecka-Jarecka, J. (2022). “The Impact of Common Acne on the
Well-Being of Young People Aged 15-35 Years and the Influence of
Nutrition Knowledge and Diet on Acne Development.” Nutrients, 14(24),
5293-. This study may provide insights into the relationship between
nutrition knowledge, dietary habits, and acne development among young
individuals.
■ All sources give info about the role of diet in acne pathogenesis
● use evidence from systematic reviews, original research
studies, and insights into the impact of diet on acne-related
outcomes.
3. Mediterranean Diet and Acne
● Delve into the components of the Mediterranean diet
○ highlighting its emphasis on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, and
olive oil.
○ Analyze the study by Bertolani et al. (2021)
■ examines how adherence to the Mediterranean diet correlates
with acne severity and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
levels.
4. Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) and Acne Inversa
● Explore the concept of the very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD)
○ Also discuss its potential therapeutic effects on acne inversa (hidradenitis
suppurativa), a severe form of acne.
■ Define and explain difference between acne
● Discuss the pilot study by Verde et al. (2024)
○ evaluates the efficacy and safety of VLCKD in improving the clinical
severity of hidradenitis suppurativa.
5. Metabolic Factors and Acne Vulgaris
● Investigate metabolic and dietary factors associated with acne vulgaris
○ include insulin resistance, hormonal fluctuations, and dietary habits
● Examine the study by Kozlowski et al. (2023)
○ assesses the efficacy of oral contraceptive-based therapies in treating
acne vulgaris in young adult women
6. Serum Adiponectin, Lipid Profile, and Food Quality
● Explore the role of serum adiponectin, lipid profile, and food quality in modulating
acne vulgaris severity
● Analyze the study by Ismael et al. (2022)
○
investigates the association between serum adiponectin levels, lipid
profile, food quality, and acne vulgaris severity.
7. Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and Acne
● Discuss the potential role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in acne
pathogenesis
○ Specifically discuss its impact on sebum production and follicular
hyperkeratinization
● Examine the study by Albalat et al. (2022)
○ explores the correlation between serum IGF-1 levels
○ Also discuss clinical response to metformin treatment in acne patients.
8. Nutritional Anemia and Acne
● Investigate the relationship between nutritional anemia and acne
○ consider potential mechanisms linking the two conditions
● Analyze the case-control study by Alharbi et al. (2023)
○ explores the association between nutritional anemia and acne
■ sheds light on possible nutritional deficiencies contributing to acne
development
9. Western Diet and Acne
● Trace the historical and contemporary influence of the Western diet on acne
prevalence
○ emphasize the role of high sugar, high dairy, and processed food
consumption
● Review the study by Zamil & Katta (2021)
○ discusses the evolution of dietary patterns and their impact on acne
incidence
○ highlight shifts in dietary habits and their consequences for skin health.
10. Systematic Review of Diet and Acne
● Provide an overview of recent systematic reviews
○ summarize the current evidence on the relationship between diet and
acne
● Analyze the systematic review by Meixiong et al. (2022)
○ synthesizes findings from multiple studies to offer insights into the
strength and consistency of the association between diet and acne
11. The Influence of Nutrition Knowledge and Diet on Acne Development
● Explore the influence of nutrition knowledge and dietary habits on acne
development, considering socioeconomic factors and cultural perceptions of diet
and skincare.
●
Discuss the study by Kostecka et al. (2022), which investigates the impact of
nutrition k
