Description
hello, i need help with writing a paper about how does pollution in lakes affect species. attached is the instructions.
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Getting Started on
Research
General guidelines, finding and citing sources
Today’s Discussion Overview
–
Attendance
–
General Guidelines for Research
–
Group Assignments
Report General Guidelines
►
Paper should encompass the following aspects of your topic
►
History/causes of the disturbance
►
Direct effects on organisms
►
Effects on trophic interactions
► Competition, predation, symbiosis, facilitation, etc.
►
Effects on the biodiversity of the system
►
Effects on nutrient cycling
►
Avoid discussing effects of your topic on humans or human society
►
Each student in a group must have a unique ecosystem
Research Paper Format
► 7-10 pages double-spaced, Times New Roman, 1-inch margins,
12pt font
► Does not include figures, tables, reference page(s)
► Tone should be professional
► Avoid colloquialisms, slang, or poetic language
► Proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation
► Citations placed both in text (parenthetical) and in a works cited
section at the end of the paper (ecology citation style)
References
► Must provide at least 10 citations
► Realistically, 15-20 will be more likely
► At least 8 of those citations must come from peer-reviewed
scientific journal articles
► More is better
► Other sources can include textbooks or government
documents on the subject
► Like an IPCC report, or an endangered species recovery plan
► For other sources (newspaper/magazine articles, websites,
and yes, Wikipedia), follow the citation trail until you find
the original document
How to Find Scientific Journal Papers
►
SDSU Library Website
► OneSearch
► Useful for conducting general searches on a
topic
► Guaranteed access to the papers found
► Use SDSU VPN for off campus access
► https://it.sdsu.edu/security/operationsservices/vpn-connection
►
Google Scholar
► Good for finding articles you know the name
of
► Caution: will find papers that you might not
be able to access
► Make sure to connect to SDSU VPN if off
campus
Citations in Ecology Format
► On the references page
► Last name, First Initials. Year. Title of the article with first letter and proper
nouns capitalized. Journal name volume #: pg#-pg#.
► For multiple authors, all after the first one use First Initials then Last Name
► Include “and” before the final author
► For books: Last name and Initial(s) of author, [followed by Initials and Last
name of additional authors if any]. Year of publication. Title of book.
Edition number if any. Name of publisher, City, State, Country of publisher.
► Examples:
► Dayton, P.K. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organization:
the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky intertidal
community. Ecological Monographs 41: 351-389.
► Menge, B.A. and J.P. Sutherland. 1976. Species diversity gradients: synthesis
of the roles of predation, competition and temporal heterogeneity. The
American Naturalist 110: 351-369.
Citation Format
►
In-text examples:
► One author:
► … creatures exposed to rapid changes in environmental conditions
displayed heightened aggression, likely as a result of physiological
stress (Kukui 2016)…
► Two authors:
► … demonstrating a rare occurrence of a virus forming a mutualistic
relationship with its host organism (Joy and Elm 1999)…
► Three or more authors:
► … bird populations have been in decline as a result of overharvesting
for human consumption (Oak et al. 1996)…
Using a Citation Manager
► Help you store and manage your references
► Several that you can use
► Mendeley, EndNote, Zotero
► You can also download the Mendeley Cite plug-in for
Word (If you are not using an SDSU version of
Microsoft)
Mendeley Reference Manager
Mendeley Reference Manager – Tools
Mendeley in Word
Mendeley Reference Manager Plug-in for Word
Writing Scientific Names
► Scientific name format
► Capitalize genus, lowercase species
► Italicize (underline when handwritten)
► Examples: Homo sapiens, Ursus maritimus, Clione
limacina
Key Paragraphs
●
Abstract
○
○
●
Parallels the paper
Goes over what the question is, what the methods were, the main results, and
significant conclusions.
First Paragraph of the Introduction
○
Places the paper’s issue in the context of some greater/broader question
■
■
●
Last Paragraph of the Introduction
○
●
What is the hypothesis, question, or goal?
First Paragraph of the Discussion
○
○
●
Examples: What factors drive species richness? What controls species abundance or
distribution?
The paper will not fully answer this question! But it will simply contribute to the body of
knowledge
What are the most important results?
What is the biological interpretation of these results?
Last Paragraph of the Discussion
○
Ties together the findings, the hypothesis, and the big question
For Next Week
►Bring a laptop or tablet for our first virtual
lab!
For the rest of class
• Meet up with the other members of your group
• Exchange contact information
• Think about an ecosystem that you’d be interested
in studying (decide by next week)
• each group member must pick a different
ecosystem
Group project – Ecological challenge
• Climate Change – Group 1
• Invasive Species – Group 2
• Habitat Loss – Group 3
• Disease – Group 4
• Overharvesting – Group 5
• Pollution – Group 6
Group Assignments
Group 1: Climate Change
– Amia
– Alpher
– Jamie
– Madeline
– Madisen
Group 2: Invasive Species
– Gisele
– Paco
– Leah
– Ben
– Ella
Group 3: Habitat Loss
– Emily
– Isaiah
– Kaylie
– Loma
Exchange contact information!
Group 4: Disease
– Sydney
– Zhaoru
– Kelly
– Isabella
Group 5: Overharvesting
– Iliana
– Izzy
– Amanda
– Lily
Group 6: Pollution
– Ronnie
– Zahra
– Chloe
– Sahabe
Ecosystem ideas
Terrestrial
• Tropical forest
• Temperate forest
• Taiga
• Tundra
• Desert
• Savannah
• Prairie
• Mountain
Aquatic
• Coral reef
• Kelp forest
• Wetland
• Mangrove
• Estuary
• Open ocean
• River/stream
• Lake/pond
• Intertidal
Make sure some group
members choose
terrestrial systems and
some
choose
aquatic
Images
via Encyclopedia
Britannica
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