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College of Computing and Informatics
Assignment 1
Deadline: Sunday 03/03/2024 @ 23:59
[Total Mark for this Assignment is 8]
Student Details:
Name: ###
ID: ###
CRN: ###
Instructions:
• You must submit two separate copies (one Word file and one PDF file) using the Assignment Template on
Blackboard via the allocated folder. These files must not be in compressed format.
• It is your responsibility to check and make sure that you have uploaded both the correct files.
• Zero mark will be given if you try to bypass the SafeAssign (e.g. misspell words, remove spaces between
words, hide characters, use different character sets, convert text into image or languages other than English
or any kind of manipulation).
• Email submission will not be accepted.
• You are advised to make your work clear and well-presented. This includes filling your information on the cover
page.
• You must use this template, failing which will result in zero mark.
• You MUST show all your work, and text must not be converted into an image, unless specified otherwise by
the question.
• Late submission will result in ZERO mark.
• The work should be your own, copying from students or other resources will result in ZERO mark.
• Use Times New Roman font for all your answers.
Question One
Pg. 01
Learning
Outcome(s):
CLO3: Use
existing protocols,
standards, and
representation
techniques in
storage and
transmission of
multimedia
information.
COL2: Analyze
the key
components of
multimedia
technologies.
Question One
A)
B)
List the common multimedia file extensions?
Explain the difference between kilobytes and Kilobits?
3 Marks
Question Two
Pg. 02
Learning
Outcome(s):
Question Two
Explain the difference between Dots and Pixels?
CLO3: use
existing protocols,
standards, and
representation
techniques in
storage and
transmission of
multimedia
information.
COL2: Analyze
the key
components of
multimedia
technologies.
2 Marks
Question Three
Pg. 03
Learning
Outcome(s):
CLO4: Carry out
multimedia
related activities
that incorporate a
variety of digital
media.
Question Three
3 Marks
Explain the difference between Low-Level languages and High-Level
languages?
ر
الجامعة السعودية االلكتونية
26/12/2021
College of Computing and Informatics
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
IT441
Multimedia System Development
IT441
Multimedia System Development
Week 2
THE MULTIMEDIA REVOLUTION
Contents
1. Multimedia Defined
2. Forms of Multimedia
3. Multimedia Visionaries
4. Multimedia Today- The Revolution continues
Weekly Learning Outcomes
1. Explain how computing has generated a multimedia
revolution.
2. Define interactive and non-interactive multimedia.
3. Identify the visionaries of multimedia computing and the
effects of their contributions.
Required Reading
Chapter 1: “The Multimedia Revolution”, Savage T., & Vogel, K. (2014). An Introduction to
Digital Multimedia. (2 ed). Burlington: Jones and Barlett Learning. ISBN: 144968839
(print), 9781449688394 (e-text).
Recommended Reading
1. “The Future of Virtual Reality Is Inside Your Smartphone”
https://www.wired.com/2015/03/future-virtual-reality-inside-smartphone/
1. Multimedia Defined
Multimedia Defined
Contemporary Multimedia is the development, integration, and
delivery of any combination of text, graphics, animation, sound or
video through a digital processing device.
2. Forms of Multimedia
Forms of Multimedia
• Non-interactive
• User is a observer of information.
• User has no control over the flow of information.
• Developer establishes the sequence of media elements and how they are
presented.
Examples include:
• Information kiosks
• Digital animations.
Forms of Multimedia
• Interactive
• User is a participant in the flow of information.
• Basic interactivity
• Includes menu and button options to access content.
• Adaptive or Intellimedia
• Adapt the information flow to the needs or interests of the users.
• Immersive
• Draws users into an alternate world.
3. Multimedia Visionaries
FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL: VISIONS OF THE FUTURE
VANNEVAR BUSH (1890 – 1974)
Memex I -1945
A hypothetical machine to make the work of scientists more effective
and efficient in grasping the “growing mountain of research.” (As We May
Think, 1945)
Memex I Features
• Massive storage capacity.
• Multimedia input devices such as “vocoder” and “cyclops camera.”
• Automatic mathematical calculations and logical reasoning.
• New method to store and access information by associations.
VANNEVAR BUSH (1890 – 1974)
Memex II -1959
Extended the original proposals of Memex I by considering new
technical developments such as Magnetic tape, Transistor & Digital
computer.
Memex II Features
• Professionally maintained associational databases delivered by tape or
facsimile.
• Trails would be color-coded to reflect age and reinforced by repetitive
use.
• Combined with a digital computer, Bush believed the Memex II could
learn from experience and even demonstrate a form of judgment.
ALAN TURING (1912-1954)
• Proposed an abstract machine known as the “Turing Machine.”
• The “machine” was a means of defining an “effective procedure.”
• The imaginary device had three components:
• An infinitely long tape consisting of single row of squares
• A read/write head that moved along the tape one square at a
time
• A set of instructions.
TURING MACHINES
• Single Purpose “Turing Machine.”
• Can carry out a specific set of instructions or “effective procedure.”
• “Universal Turing Machine” (UTM).
• Can accept a description of a single purpose machine and imitate
it’s behavior.
• Implication of the UTM:
If we can think of a way to do something, the computer can do it.
DOUGLAS ENGELBART
• Proposed practical applications of computers beyond the normal
mathematical and sorting functions.
• Developed innovations for human-computer interactivity in the NLS
(oNLineSystem). These included:
• Mouse
• Multiple screen areas for text editing
• Email.
THEODORE NELSON
• Coined terms hypertext and hypermedia.
• Hypertext: interactive text linked to other textual information.
• Hypermedia: extends interactive linking to other media
• Initiated Xanadu Project:
• A dynamic, expanding, hypertext library available to everyone.
• Supported collaborative editing, tracking changes, crediting, and
rewarding contributors.
ALAN KAY
• Proposed a computer design that supported the ways people perceive,
learn, and create.
• Dynabook: designed as a personal computer.
• Tied to the mind and interests of the user.
• A “modeless” multimedia computer.
• Users could move between graphics, sound, text, animation seamlessly.
• Introduced Graphical User Interface (GUI) as an intuitive interface for
the Dynabook.
STEVE JOBS (1955-2011)
• Founded Apple in 1976 with Steve Wozniak.
• Macintosh computer introduced in 1984.
• Graphical desktop and Icons provide user interface.
• First mass produced computer with built in sound support.
• Multimedia computing became the standard for modern
computers.
TIM BERNERS-LEE
• Developed a decentralized information system of “nodes” linked
together for easy access across a network.
• Nodes could be any form of media.
• Anyone could add nodes.
• No centralized control over servers, documents or links.
WWW & MULTIMEDIA COMPUTING
• Basic components of WWW:
• Server computer
• Client computer
• Browser software
• HTML scripting language.
• Solved cross-platform compatibility problem.
• Supported distribution of media beyond the capacity of CD-ROM
storage.
• Allowed instant distribution and inexpensive media creation.
4. Multimedia Today- The Revolution continues
MULTIMEDIA VISIONARIES
• First Generation
• Alan Turing
• Vannevar Bush
• Second Generation
• Douglas Engelbart
• Theodore Nelson
• Alan Kay
• Steve Jobs
• Tim Berners-Lee
• Next Generation
• Current innovators of multimedia
THE REVOLUTION CONTINUES
• Factors influencing the revolution:
• Technical breakthroughs in hardware and software.
• Integration of computers with other devices.
• Digital merger of disparate technologies and industries.
• Further development of wireless communications & mobile
devices.
• Expansion of creative opportunity.
WRAP UP
• Definition of contemporary multimedia.
• Expressions of multimedia.
• Visionaries who contributed to development of digital multimedia.
• Potential of digital media.
• The analog-to-digital revolution.
KEY TERM CHECK UP
Main Reference
1. Chapter 1: “The Multimedia Revolution”, Savage T., &
Vogel, K. (2014). An Introduction to Digital Multimedia. (2
ed). Burlington: Jones and Barlett Learning. ISBN:
144968839 (print), 9781449688394 (e-text).
Thank You
ر
الجامعة السعودية االلكتونية
26/12/2021
College of Computing and Informatics
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science
IT441
Multimedia System Development
IT441
Multimedia System Development
Week 2
Digital Data
Contents
1. Elements of digital media
2. Digital codes.
3. Digital files.
4. Digitization process.
5. Compression for digital media.
6. Advantages of digital media.
7. Challenges of digital media.
Weekly Learning Outcomes
1. Explain
the
relationship
among
symbol,
data
and
information.
2. Identify the main differences between analog and digital
video.
Required Reading
Chapter 2 “Digital Data”, Savage T., & Vogel, K. (2014). An Introduction to Digital
Multimedia. (2 ed). Burlington: Jones and Barlett Learning. ISBN: 144968839 (print),
9781449688394 (e-text)
Recommended Reading
1. “The Advantages and Disadvantages of Analogue and Digital Audio”
http://www.planetoftunes.com/digital-audio/pros-and-cons-of-analogue-and-digitalaudio.php
CODING DIGITAL INFORMATION
• Symbols represent something else.
• Organized and understood by a conventional standard.
• Data are the givens of experience.
• Measurements, facts, observations.
• Information is data made useful, interpreted, and applied to produce
understanding.
7
YOU DECIDE: data or information?
People who are 30 years old, pay $30 to run
30 miles in 30 degree weather for a charity
benefit.
Age = 30 yrs.
Temperature = 30 degrees
Distance = 30 mi.
Cost = $30
8
ANALOG vs. DIGITAL DATA
• Analog data varies continuously.
• Digital data consists of separate, discrete units.
Wind mill motion.
Hour glass to tell time.
Numbers
1, 2, 3, 4
YOU DECIDE: Analog or Digital Data?
9
DIGITAL DATA
• Digit = number.
• Binary digit (bit) = 0 or 1.
• Bits are the symbols to encode digital data.
• Digital encoding assigns bits to data items.
Letter A
Number 5
0100 0001
0011 0101
More bits in the code, means more distinct items to encode.
10
BUILDING DIGITAL CODES
• Number of distinct bit combinations that can be produced is given by
n.
the formula 2
• n = number of bits used in the code.
• Adding 1 to the power doubles the number of distinct data items that
can be encoded.
21
22
23
24
2 items
4 items
8 items
16 items
25
26
27
28
Complete the table to identify the number of distinct items
5, 6, 7,
8.
represented by 2 2 2 and 2
11
COMMON CODES
• ASCII, a 7 bit code.
• 128 letters, numbers, and symbols in English language.
• ASCII-8, an 8 bit code.
• 256 letters, numbers, and symbols in English language.
• Unicode, a 16 bit code.
• Over 65,000 different characters.
• 24-bit color.
• Displays the full range a human eye can perceive.
• 16-bit sound.
• Plays the full decibel range the human ear can perceive.
12
DIGITAL FILES
• A container for binary codes.
• File formats define how instructions and data are encoded in the file.
• Sample formats that define data differently:
• Word file format
• Acrobat file format
• Media player file format.
13
ALL ABOUT FILES
• File size
• Measured in units of bytes.
• Kilo Bytes, Mega Bytes, Giga Bytes.
• File extensions
• Series of letters to designate the file format.
• .fla, .exe, .rtf, .jpg
• File compatibility
• Ability to use the file in a different platform of hardware and software.
14
FILE TYPES
• Program files
• Contain executable instructions.
• Data files
• Can hold text, images, sounds, video, animation.
15
DATA FILE COMPATIBILITY
• Cross-platform compatible files.
• Open and use on any computer hardware and software configuration.
• Files that are native or specialized to the application that created the
data file.
• Require source application to open the file.
16
FILE MAINTENANCE
• Data loss and destruction impacts multimedia project completion.
• Effective file maintenance involves:
• Identification
• Categorization
• Preservation.
17
DIGITIZATION
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERSION.
18
SAMPLING ANALOG DATA
Sampling analyzes a small portion of the analog source and converts it
to digital code.
19
SAMPLE QUALITY
• Factors that influence sample quality
• Sample Resolution.
• Number of bits used to represent digital sample.
• Quantization is process of rounding off the value of a sample to the nearest available
digital code.
• Sample Rate.
• Number of samples taken in a given unit of time (sounds) or space (images).
• Spatial resolution describes sample rate in image files.
20
YOU DECIDE … sample resolution
Which image and sound sample will have better quality?
Image
Sound
8 bits / sample
8 bits / sample
24 bits / sample
16 bits / sample
Which image uses fewer bits to describe the color sample?
21
YOU DECIDE … sample rate
Which image and sound sample will have better quality? Why?
Image
Sound
72 pixels / inch
11 kHz
300 pixels / inch
44 kHz
Which image has higher spatial resolution?
50ppi
300ppi
22
DIGITAL ENCODING
• Description-based encoding
• A detailed representation of the discrete elements that comprise the media.
• Command-based encoding
• A set of instructions the computer follows to produce the digital media.
23
MEDIA ENCODING COMPARED
Description
Command
Advantages
Represent natural scenes and
File sizes are small.
sounds.
Supports detailed editing.
Large file sizes.
Lose quality if enlarged.
Scaled without distortion.
Limitations
Not appropriate for detailed photographs
and natural sounds.
Requires knowledge of music and vector
image creation.
24
FILE COMPRESSION
• Process of re-encoding digital data to reduce file size.
• Codec: a program to compress a file into a smaller size and
decompress it into a usable form.
25
MAJOR TYPES OF COMPRESSION
• Lossy
• Number of bits is reduced and some data is lost.
• Lossy strategies include MP3 and JPEG compression.
• Lossless
• Efficient encoding reduces file size without loss of original data.
• Lossless strategies include RLE and GIF compression.
26
YOU DECIDE… Lossy or Lossless
Choose a compression strategy best suited for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Photograph of sailboat on ocean.
Journal article explaining nanotechnology.
1812 Overture by New York Philharmonic Orchestra.
Database of student names and addresses.
Video of hot air balloon flying over a cornfield.
27
ERROR DETECTION &
CORRECTION
• Digital bits may be lost during transmission or damaged on storage
media.
• CDs get scratched.
• Communication lines have interference.
• Strategies to preserve data vary.
• Parity bits help detect an error during transmission.
• CDs include redundant data to replace data when an error occurs.
28
DIGITAL INFORMATION —
ADVANTAGES
• Reproduction without generation decay.
• Editing and re-editing much easier than with analog
media.
• Integration of media using cut, copy, paste more
efficient.
• Distribution over Internet – nearly everyone can be
reached by anyone else.
29
DIGITAL INFORMATION —
CHALLENGES
• File sizes are large.
• Digital media is processor intensive.
• Absence of media standards renders data files incompatible.
• Some media requires high bandwidth to distribute on networks.
• Concern for longevity and future accessibility of digital data.
30
WRAP UP
• Analog vs. Digital data.
• Symbols and binary code.
• Data vs. Information.
• Files as containers.
• Digitization process.
• Description- vs. Command-based media.
• Compression strategies.
• Error detection & correction.
• Advantages & Challenges of digital data.
31
KEY TERM CHECK UP
Analog data
ASCII
ASCII-8
Bandwidth
Bit
Bitmapped image
Byte
Codec
Command-based
Compression
Convent ion
Data
Data file
Description-based
Digital data
Digital encod ing
Digitization
Effective code
Efficient code
Extended ASCII
File compatibility
File conversion
File extension
File format
Generat ion decay
Gigabyte
Incompatible
Infor mation
Kilobyte
Lossless compression
Lossy co mpression
Megabyte
MP3
Native file format
Parity bit
Platform
Program file
Quant ization
RLE
Sample rate
Sample resolution
Sampled sound
Sampling
Spatial resolution
Symbol
Terabyte
Unicode
Main Reference
1. Chapter 2 “The Multimedia Revolution”, Savage T., &
Vogel, K. (2014). An Introduction to Digital Multimedia. (2
ed). Burlington: Jones and Barlett Learning. ISBN:
144968839 (print), 9781449688394 (e-text)
Thank You
ر
الجامعة السعودية االلكتونية
26/12/2021
College of Computing and Informatics
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
IT441
Multimedia System Development
IT441
Multimedia System Development
Week 3
Computer Hardware
Contents
1. Components of a Computer System
2. Types of a Computer System
3. Computer Platforms
4. Hardware Basics
Weekly Learning Outcomes
1. Identify the components and various types of computer
systems.
2. Explain the functions and components of the central
processing unit (CPU), system board, and hardware interface.
3. Identify the main categories of computer hardware and
explain their function. Summarize the advantages and
disadvantages of the CLV method of data storage.
Required Reading
Chapter 3: “Computer Hardware ”, Savage T., & Vogel, K. (2014). An Introduction to
Digital Multimedia. (2 ed). Burlington: Jones and Barlett Learning. ISBN: 144968839
(print), 9781449688394 (e-text).
Recommended Reading
“What is a CPU and What Does It Do? Technology Explained”
https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/cpu-technology-explained/
1. Components of a Computer System
COMPUTER SYSTEMS
• An integrated set of hardware and software designed to process data
and produce a meaningful result.
• Basic functions:
• Input
• Processing
• Storage
• Output
• Transmission.
1. Types of a Computer System
Types of Computer Systems
• Supercomputer.
• Offers the fastest processing speeds and performs the most
complex calculations.
• Mainframe computer.
• Provides multi-user computing to large organizations for tasks such
as managing extensive databases, financial transactions, and
communications.
• Personal computer.
• Provides computing to a single user performing multiple tasks.
3. Computer Platforms
Computer Platform
• Platform is a combination of hardware and operating system.
• Windows/PC platform.
• Macintosh platform.
• Mobile Computing platform.
• Cross-platform compatibility.
• Ability of an application to run on different hardware and operating
systems.
• Adobe’s Acrobat .pdf files can be opened on Windows or Mac
OS based computers.
• The WWW provides a cross-platform computing experience.
4. Hardware Basics
SYSTEM UNIT
• Contains the components used to electronically process and store
data.
• Central Processing Unit.
• Primary memory.
• Expansion slots.
• System board circuitry.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
• Consists of millions of integrated transistors that execute program
instructions and manipulate data.
• Sets of transistors include:
• Control Unit
• Arithmetic Logic Unit
• Registers
• Cache
• Processing data and instructions is systematically
executed in a machine cycle.
View IT
• Four steps in the cycle: Fetch , Decode , Execute , Store. Intel explains
the future for
transistors on
the CPU.
CPU FEATURES
• Clock speed
• Rate the CPU carries out basic instructions.
• Measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).
• Word size
• Number of bits the processor can manipulate in one machine cycle.
• 64 bit processor can execute more data than a 32 bit processor.
• Bus width
• The width of the electronic pathway that moves data and
instructions to the processor.
• A bus 64 bits wide carries more data than a bus 16 bits wide.
CPU FEATURES
• Pipelining
• Method to increase processing speed by launching more than one
instruction in a single machine cycle.
• RISC
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer chips eliminate complex
embedded microcode.
• Multi-processing
• Combination of multiple processors to execute instructions
simultaneously.
APPROCHES TO MULTIPROCESSING
• Multiple processors
• CPU + graphics co-processor.
• Multi-core processors
• Two or more logic cores on a single CPU chip to execute different
tasks.
• Parallel processing
• Linking multiple processors together to operate simultaneously on
the same task.
PRIMARY MEMORY
• Electronic storage locations for data and instructions directly
addressed by the CPU.
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Volatile storage area for operating system, software applications,
and user data.
• Capacities are measured in megabytes or gigabytes on personal
computers.
• Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Non-volatile electronic storage for frequently used instructions
such as the computer’s boot sequence.
CACHE MEMORY
• High speed electronic storage to optimize the performance of the CPU.
• Reduces time to fetch data and instructions from RAM storage.
• Level 1 or Primary Cache stores data and instructions on the CPU chip.
• Level 2 Cache positioned between the CPU and RAM.
• Capacities of cache vary.
• Total amounts are not part of RAM capacity.
SYSTEM BOARD
• Electronic circuit board at the base of the system unit.
• Manages flow of electronic bits to:
• CPU
• RAM
• Expansion slots
• Video card
• Analog – Digital converters
• I/O interface ports.
HARDWARE INTERFACE – INTERFACE PORT
• Point of union between the system board and peripheral devices.
Data flows to the system board in
• Parallel transmission or
• Serial transmission
• Ports are external to the system unit.
• Peripherals are plugged into the ports.
• Common ports include:
• VGA or SVGA
• USB
• IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
• Thunderbolt
• Audio input/output
• Network port.
USB, Firewire, & Thunderbolt
• Offers Plug and Play performance.
• Supports a daisy-chain bus of multiple devices.
• Accepted on PCs and Macs.
• Has hot-swappable capability.
• Powered through the interface port.
• No more “wall warts.”
• Thunderbolt advantages:
• Higher transfer rates
• Eliminates need for separate video port
• Increases power to peripheral devices.
PERIPHERAL DEVICES
• Hardware components to input, output, store data and applications
for the processor.
• With the miniaturization of today’s mobile computing devices, the
peripherals may not seem so distant from the system processor.
SECONDARY STORAGE
• Holds data and instructions outside the system unit for long periods of
time.
• Advantages over primary storage:
• Nonvolatile storage
• Expandable
• Portable
• Inexpensive.
•
Options include magnetic, optical, solid-state storage.
SECONDARY STORAGE
• Five Main Uses
• Saving data during edit process.
Storage Devices
• Backup data and applications.
Hard drive
• Distribute data and applications.
Portable hard drive
• Transport data and applications.
• Archive data and applications.
Zip drive
Flash or thumb drive
CD drive
DVD drive
Magnetic tape drive
MAGNETIC STORAGE
• Bits are stored in magnetic form on disk platters or magnetic tape.
• Data stored in addressable tracks and sectors defined by the operating
system.
• Track — circular paths
• Sector — pie shaped logical divisions of the track.
• Hard Drives contain rigid platters mounted on a spindle.
• Motor rotates the platters.
• Access arm with read/write head
moves between the platters.
• Data is stored on top and
bottom of each platter.
HARD DRIVE PERFORMANCE
• Storage capacity
• Measured in gigabytes or terabytes.
• Access time
• Measured in milliseconds, the time to locate data on the platter.
• Transfer rate
• Measured in bytes, the speed of data transfer from the platter to RAM.
MAGNETIC OPTIONS
• Fixed internal hard drive.
• Portable hard drive.
• Cartridge drive.
• RAID drive.
• Magnetic tape drive.
MAGNETIC STORAGE
• Benefits:
• Large storage capacity
• Fast access to data
• Economical.
• Challenges:
• Limited durability
• Easily damaged.
FYI:
The projected cost
of a gigabyte of
magnetic storage in
2016 is .01 cents.
OPTICAL STORAGE – LASER BEAMS
• Compact Disc (CD) first used to replace vinyl records in music industry.
• Stored digital music for permanent, high fidelity recordings.
• Capacity set at 74 minutes of digital audio.
• Laser Beams – Amplified light energy.
• When focused on a shiny surface, the beam reflects
back to a photo detector.
• Disc surface is “stamped” with pits and lands.
• Pits — indentations on surface.
• Land — flat area on surface.
• Digital code is read as variations in the reflection intensity.
FYI:
Disc refers to
optical
storage.
Disk denotes
magnetic
storage.
LASER ADVANTAGES
• High capacity storage.
• Pits = .83 microns long and .5 microns wide.
• Data stored in a continuous spiral from inside to outside edge of disc.
• Durable data.
• Pits and lands are pressed into a platter and coated with lacquer material.
• Data is encoded with error detection/correction to prevent damaged data.
OPTICAL RECORDING
• Data is organized in:
• Tracks — addressing scheme on CD.
• Frame — physical format of the data.
• 58 frames form a sector on CD-ROM or 2048 bytes of data code.
• Sessions — single recorded segment on CD.
• Standard physical size.
• 120 mm, 15mm center hole, 1.2 mm thick.
• Led to rapid development of drives to accept all CD formats.
• CD-DA (Digital Audio format).
• CD-ROM (Read-Only format).
• CD-R (Recordable format).
• CD-RW (Re-Writable format).
OPTICAL DRIVE
• Laser head moves along rails to position the laser lens.
• Light reflects back to a photo detector.
• Motor spins the disc.
• Data is read using:
• CLV — Constant Linear Velocity
• CAV — Constant Angular Velocity.
• Optical storage that uses:
• More precise laser light
• Multi-layer storage
• New video compression methods
• Improved error detection and correction.
DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC (DVD) FEATURES
• Result.
• Higher storage capacity than compact disc
• 650MB on CD (74 minutes of music)
• 17GB on DVD (8 hrs of video).
• More precise laser beam reads smaller pits.
• .40 microns wide vs .83 microns on CD
• Smaller pits = more data capacity.
• Multi layer storage.
• Two reflective layers per side
• Each layer stores 4.7GB data.
FYI: Laser
Wavelength
compared.
CD = 780
nanometers.
DVD = 650
nanometers.
Blu-ray = 405
nanometers
DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC (DVD) FEATURES
• MPEG2 compression.
• Compresses video at 40:1 ratio without compromising video quality.
• Improved error detection/correction.
• CDs use 33% storage for ECC/EDC (error detection and correction).
• DVDs reduce this to 13% of the storage.
• Standards vary by player and data.
• DVD recordable formats:
• DVD-R: compatible with most players & drives
• DVD-RW: playable in many DVD drives and players
• DVD-RAM: Removable storage for computers.
BLUE RAY : NEXT GENERATION
• Optical storage based on blu-ray laser.
• Shorter wavelength (405nm).
• Massive storage capacity.
• Single layer can store 27GB of data.
• Can store 2 hours of high-definition video or
• 13 hours of standard video.
• Dual layer stores 50GB of data.
• Currently used for recording high definition video and PlayStation 3
games.
SOLID-STATE STORAGE
• Computer storage with no moving parts.
• Devices are based on flash memory technology.
• Contains a grid of cells, each with two transistors separated by a thin layer of
insulating oxide.
• The insulating oxide layer preserves information with no need of external
power.
• Benefits:
• Lightweight
• Small
• Low power requirements
• More durable than devices with movable parts.
SOLID-STATE STORAGE
• Disadvantages:
• More expensive than magnetic
storage
• Limited capacity
• Limited life expectancy.
FYI:
Labels for solid state
storage devices
include:
•USB drive
•Flash drive
•Thumb drive
•Memory stick
STORAGE IN THE CLOUD
• The “cloud” is a metaphor for a network server generally accessed via
the Internet.
• Users maintain accounts to store, maintain, and manage data remotely.
• Benefits of networked storage include:
• Portability
• Ubiquitous access.
• Challenges include:
• Security and reliability of the server.
• Access to data is dependent on the performance of a remote server and
network connections.
SECONDARY STORAGE & Future of Digital Data
• Practical issues surrounding the migration of data to secondary
storage include:
• Effective and efficient data management.
• Enduring file formats over the years.
• Ability to access the data on the storage media
• Hardware requirements
• Software dependence.
• Data longevity.
INPUT DEVICES
• Capture and transmit data and instructions to the system using for
processing and storage.
• Categories:
• Keyboard
• Pointing devices
• Scanning devices
• Image capture
• Audio capture.
• Keyboard.
• Capture user text and commands.
INPUT DEVICES
• Pointing device.
• Relies on graphic interface to click or select the input.
• Devices include:
• Fingers
• Mouse
• Pointing stick
• Stylus
• Touch screens
• Touch pads
• Trackball.
FYI:
The Wii Remote is
also a pointing
device for the
popular game
console.
INPUT DEVICES : SCANNER
• Captures text or graphics using a light-sensing device called a ChargeCoupled Device (CCD).
• Types of scanners include:
• Flat bed
• Hand held
• Sheet fed
• Slide.
• Scanner quality depends on:
• Spatial resolution
• Color resolution (bit depth).
SCANNER SETTINGS
• Spatial Resolution (dpi).
• Depends on use of image.
• 72 dpi for computer display.
• 300 dpi for printer output.
• Color resolution (bit depth).
• 8 bit setting confines color range to 256.
• Grayscale setting uses black, white and shades of gray.
• Scaling.
• Set the size larger or smaller before the scan.
• Tonal quality.
• Adjust brightness and contrast based on preview of scan.
OCR
• Optical Character Recognition is a process that converts printed text
into an editable word processed digital file.
• OCR software analyzes the image of a character and translates it to an ASCII
code of the character.
• OCR quality depends on software, quality of printed text, and type of
paper being scanned.
• Extensive editing may be required to remove stray characters or
misinterpreted text.
DIGITAL CAMERA
• Captures images in real time at the source.
• Benefits include:
• Instant review of image
• Re-capture the image if necessary
• High quality spatial and color resolution.
• Image file size depends on capture resolution (6 – 12 megapixel) and
color depth (16 – 24 bit color) can produce large file sizes.
• Images transferred to hard drive via memory card or USB direct
connection.
DIGITAL CAMERA
• Captures images in real time at the source.
• Benefits include:
• Instant review of image
• Re-capture the image if necessary
• High quality spatial and color resolution.
• Image file size depends on capture resolution (6 – 12 megapixel) and
color depth (16 – 24 bit color) can produce large file sizes.
• Images transferred to hard drive via memory card or USB direct
connection.
DIGITAL VIDEO (DV) CAMERA
• Video captured on built-in hard drive, mini-digital tape, or DVD.
Transferred to computer through FireWire interface.
Video editing software enhances digital sequences.
• Method used to capture image.
• Single chip reproduce RGB color.
• 3-chip have separate CCD for Red, Green, Blue.
• Lens quality.
• Zoom quality.
• Optical zoom vs. digital zoom.
• Image stabilization.
• Preprogrammed modes.
• Lighting and weather conditions.
SOUND CAPTURE
• Devices to transform analog waveforms to digital files.
• Microphones
• External vs. internal
• CD & Tape players
• Digital Recorders.
GRAPHICS TABLET
• Flat drawing surface for freehand image creation.
• User draws or traces image with a stylus then enhances the image
using software interface.
OUTPUT AND DISPLAY DEVICES
• Present processed data in a useful form.
• Devices include:
• Screen display
• Audio speakers
• Hard copy.
• Produce an image on a screen through a series of individual pixels.
• Display quality is determined by spatial and color resolution.
• Displays with 1024 X 768 spatial resolution have more addressable pixels than
640 X 480 resolution.
• 24-bit color graphics display has richer colors than 16-bit color.
CRT DISPLAY
• Raster scanning technology generates a display.
• Based on Cathode Ray Tube technology.
• Electronic signal scans
horizontal rows from
top to bottom of screen.
LCD & LED DISPLAY
• Use Thin Film Transistors (TFT)
• Assign a single transistor to each liquid cell to control color and light.
• LCD displays use fluorescent lamp to project through polarized liquid
crystals.
• LED displays use light emitting diodes for brighter backlighting and
more
vibrant colors.
• LED’s are becoming commonplace on
laptop and desktop computers.
• They use less power
• Display brighter, richer colors.
SPEAKER SYSTEMS
• Speakers or headsets are plugged into th
