Description
You are required to write a research paper on (Title: Advanced Filtration Techniques in Environmental Engineering). All the instructions and formatting are in the PDF file, use the report template Word file for formatting. (Plz, Read the files I attached carefully)Plagiarism from the Internet and AI (Chatgpt) should be less than 5%. (THE MOST IMPORTANT PART)
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Title: Advanced Filtration Techniques in Environmental Engineering
Assignment:
Introduction:
Filtration is a fundamental process in environmental engineering, playing a crucial role in
water and wastewater treatment, air pollution control, and many other applications. This
assignment aims to explore two advanced filtration techniques: Granular Filters and
Membrane Filters. Through this assignment, you will delve into the principles, design,
applications, and challenges associated with these filtration methods, gaining a
comprehensive understanding of their role in environmental engineering.
Instructions:
Part 1: Granular Filters
1. Research and describe the principles of operation of granular filters. Discuss the
mechanisms by which granular filters remove impurities from a fluid, highlighting
factors that influence their performance.
2. Compare and contrast different types of granular filter media materials, such as
sand, anthracite, and activated carbon. Evaluate the suitability of these materials for
specific applications in water treatment.
3. Investigate the design parameters and operational considerations for granular
filters. Discuss backwashing techniques, filter bed depth, and flow rates, and explain
how these variables affect filtration efficiency.
Part 2: Membrane Filters
1. Explore the various types of membrane filtration techniques, including
microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Explain the
differences in pore size, selectivity, and application areas for each type.
2. Investigate the materials and manufacturing processes used to create membranes
for filtration. Discuss how membrane materials impact separation efficiency, fouling
resistance, and durability.
3. Analyze the design and operational parameters that influence membrane filter
performance, such as transmembrane pressure, feed flow rate, and membrane
surface area. Explain the trade-offs associated with these parameters in achieving
desired filtration outcomes.
Part 3: Comparative Analysis
1. Compare and contrast granular filters and membrane filters in terms of their
efficiency, flexibility, and environmental impact. Discuss the circumstances under
which one filtration method might be more suitable than the other.
2. Explore the current research and development efforts in the field of granular and
membrane filtration, focusing on innovations aimed at improving performance,
reducing energy consumption, and addressing environmental concerns.
3. Discuss emerging trends and future prospects for these filtration technologies in
environmental engineering. Predict how these techniques may evolve to meet the
growing demands of sustainable water and air treatment.
Formatting and Submission:
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Your assignment should be in the form of a research paper, with a length of
approximately 8-10 pages, excluding references.
Font size and type: 12-point Times New Roman, Single-spaced
Use APA style for citations and references.
Include diagrams, tables, and figures to illustrate key concepts and data.
Submit your assignment electronically via the Blackboard by the specified deadline.
Grading Criteria:
Your assignment will be evaluated based on the following criteria:
1. Depth of research and understanding of granular and membrane filtration
techniques.
2. Clarity and organization of the paper.
3. Comparative analysis of both filtration techniques.
4. Use of appropriate references and citations.
5. Originality and insight in discussing emerging trends and future prospects.
Paper Title: 18 pt Arial Bold, Upper and Lower Case
Authors’ Names (with letter superscripts to corresponding affiliation)
Affiliations (provide email addresses for each author in parentheses following Affiliation)
Two spaces below the title, 10 pt Arial, Upper and Lower Case
Start abstract two spaces down from authors’ names and affiliations
Abstract: The abstract should be self-contained and explicit, setting out the ground covered and the
principal conclusions reached and should be one paragraph. The suggested length is approximately 250300 words. The abstract must start 2 lines below Authors Affiliations and span the full width of the page.
The format is 10 pt Arial, fully justified.
Keywords: Start keywords one space below the abstract and provide 3 to 5 keywords separated by
semicolons.
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INTRODUCTION
This is where you start the body of the paper. Main headings are Caps, Bold. Text must flow in one column
spreading over the full width of the page. All text is 10 pt Arial, fully justified. Leave 2 spaces above and
one space below headings and sub-headings
The main purpose of an introduction is to enable the paper to be understood without undue reference to
other sources. It should, therefore, have sufficient background material for this purpose. Generally, highly
specialized papers will not need an extensive introduction as interested readers may be expected to be
familiar with current literature on the subject. On the other hand, when a paper is likely to interest people
working in fields outside the immediate area of the paper, the introduction should contain background
material which could otherwise be scattered throughout the literature.
1.1
Sub-Section
Secondary headings (sub-headings) are Upper and Lower Case, Bold. Second level sub-headings are
Upper and Lower Case, Italics, and their use is not recommended.
1.2
Equations
Equations should be numbered consecutively as they appear in the text with Arabic numerals and should
be referred to by their numbers, e.g. (Equation 3). Equations must be typed, not hand printed. About 0.2”
(5 mm) should be left clear above and below each equation.
1.3
Figures and Photographs
Figures must be of high quality and should be in color. Figure numbers and captions appear at the foot of
the figures. To save space, you can allocate figures and captions only in the right/left hand side of the page
so that the text will be limited to the other hand side of the page; however, in most cases figures should use
the full width of the page. Figures should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals, in the order in
which reference is made to them in the text – e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.
1
Figure 1. Caption is 10 pt Arial and centered.
1.4
Tables
Table numbers and captions appear at the top of the tables. To save space, you can allocate tables and
captions only in the right/left hand side of the page, so that the text will be limited to the other hand side of
the page, but like figures, most tables should use the full width of the page. Tables should be numbered
consecutively with Arabic numerals, in the order in which reference is made to them in the text – e.g., Table
1, Table 2, etc.
Table 1. Caption is 10 pt Arial and centered.
1.6
Appendices
If more than one, appendices should be lettered A, B, etc., e.g. Appendix A. Each Appendix should also
have a title. Appendices should follow the References section after the main body of the text.
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NOTATION AND UNITS
If the paper makes extensive use of symbols or other special nomenclature they should be listed and
defined under this heading. Otherwise, all symbols are to be defined when first used. All units are to be SI
(metric).
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CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTANCE
3.1
Length and Other Details
Full papers should not exceed 10 pages, excluding Appendices. Appendices may be used sparingly for
large figures or supplementary materials.
Size limitation includes all diagrams, figures, and references.
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CONCLUSIONS
Make sure your Conclusions section is an effective summary of the work you did. It should not present any
new information, but should describe the main outcomes of your project. Your conclusions should focus on
what you accomplished and why it is important, you may also point at potential limitations of the work and
how the work may be improved or next steps. The value of a paper is reflected in the nature, soundness,
and clarity of the conclusions, so particular care should be taken with this section.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Any particular assistance out of the ordinary or outside of your project group may be acknowledged. For
example, you should acknowledge anyone who provided data or assistance in data processing, etc. Do not
use the numeral for the acknowledgements section.
2
REFERENCES
Use APA style for citations and references
Reference Style
References should include (in the following order): Author Name(s), Initials, Date, Title of article with first
letter uppercase, full Journal name, Volume (Number), page range. The page range must be hyphenated.
A 0.16” (4 mm) indentation must be left for each reference. Examples are given below
Castronova, T.A., Goodall, J.L., 2010. A generic approach for developing process-level hydrologic modeling
components. Environ. Modell. Softw. 25, 819-825.
CSDMS,
2011.
Community
Surface
Dynamics
Modeling
System,
CSDMS.
http://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Main_Page (last accessed 15.04.13.).
Whelan, G., Tryby, M.E., Pelton, M.A., Soller, J.A., Castleton, K.J., 2010. Using an integrated, multidisciplinary framework to support quantitative microbial risk assessments. In: Swayne, D.A., Yang, W.,
Voinov, A.A., Rizzoli, A., Filatova, T. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2010 International Congress on
Environmental Modelling and Software, Ottawa, Canada, vol. 2, pp. 1223-1230.
Ogden, M.W., 1985. Deactivation and preparation of fused silica open tubular columns for gas and
supercritical fluid chromatography, Ph.D. thesis, Va. Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg.
Skahill, B.E., Baggett, J.S., Frankenstein, S., Downer, C.W., 2009. More efficient PEST compatible model
independent model calibration. Environ. Model Softw. 24 (4), 517-529.
Voinov, A., Shugart, H., 2013. ‘Intergronsters,’ integral and integrated modeling. Environ. Modell. Softw.
39, 149-158.
Order
The references must be listed in alphabetical order of author’s names and increasing dates of publication,
with the addition of an ‘a’ or ‘b’ to the date, where necessary. In the text reference is made to writing the
surname of the author, followed by the date of publication in square brackets, e.g. “it was shown by Hanke
(1970a) that …”. Where more than two authors are involved, the reference in the text should be of the form:
“…it was shown by Jones et al. (1994).
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