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What is expectancy bias and how does it relate to aviation? Give an example in your
specific concentration.
Sample 1
Expectancy is form of reactivity in which an investigator intellectual bias foundations them to
subconsciously influence the contributors of an experiment. In Aviation, Street and error is
common so during training they forces on it because these are common factors that happen every
time if the work is not done well a lot of life’s could be destroy. Improvement in individual area
of every department comes eventually because after a situation is done with there is always
something else to work on. Improvement of solving an error has progress that a system was
created in Aviation to deal with error effectively. In Aviation individuals are trained to recognize
street as an error inducer one team member perceived is enough to change the dynamics of
teamwork. A commercial flight 3204 was observed during departure to landing from patient
arrival to transfer to recovery room a poor rating would be failed communication of skin incision
implementation of trendlebury without notifying the surgeon.
There is a relationship between perception of teamwork and the status of the team; surgeons
perceive teamwork and communication to be a better quality for the rest of the team. Experience
in Aviation tells that poor communication does not equate to an obstinate captain but poor threat
and error management at team level highly effective cockpit crew’s use on third of their
communication to discuss threats and errors in their environment; however their workload poor
performing teams spend five percent of their time doing the same. Aviation research found
signification difference between cockpit crew responders and non-responders on demographic
variables years of experience and background.
Sample 2
Ronald Donner explains expectancy bias by simply saying, “ sometimes [we] hear what we
expect to hear” (AviationPros.com) Expectancy bias can be seen in the way of an example. If an
individual does the same usual tasks at a job, that individual starts expecting the same thing to
happen every time they come into to work; however, when something is changed the person
brain perceives the regular act that it normally does and continues on with the usual routine. This
presents a huge amount of risks in the aviation world because one missed flight level or
instruction can cause a catastrophe. Hearing what we expect to hear is frequently listed as a
causal factor for pilot deviations that occur both on the ground and in the air. In aircraft
maintenance, the environment of the airport line maintenance and ramp operations are noisy. A
maintenance worker can be expecting to hear the usual response, direction, or instruction but
what was said was not the case. In an example, we can take the response of a maintenance
worker to a supervisor through a two way radio head set. With the environment being noisy and
the transmission of the voice becoming distorted, the supervisor could ask, “is the access panel
closed? We are ready to go”. The expected response would be “Yes, we are good to go” but then
there is a chance where the worker did not close it and the noisy environment distorted his
answer of “Ill… Soon … Close”. Miscommunication is the prime suspect to aviation accidents,
and with this example you can see how expectancy bias plays a huge roll to why
miscommunication happens; people who do a certain task the same way everyday soon becomes
second nature to where a certain instruction or response will be the same each time. In the
maintenance field it is important to pay attention to each detail, even if it is the same every day.
If one becomes expectant of an instruction, response, or procedure, it can get pretty difficult to
change what one is used to doing. In order to combat this, one must be alert at all time and
double check things. Checklist also acts as a defense to expectancy bias, but there are times
where expectancy bias has affected the point of the checklist. It is important to understand that
alertness and carefulness is important to combat this factor and to also expect this latent human
factor.
Sample 3
Expectancy bias is a term that defines a person’s skewed perceptions of a situation due to certain
expectations. When preoccupied with these expectations, the mind is “primed” to accept a
certain outcome. This often comes as a useful facet of experience, used as a method of
expediting an operation—called a heuristic. For example, while an inexperienced pilot may
become overwhelmed at trying to interpret entire messages as they come from Air Traffic
Control (ATC), experienced pilots, when operating under a high workload, can often filter
through transmissions and pick out only the most crucial information to apply, saving time and
effort. When these “heuristics” are utilized, though, many of the minor details are not noticed.
This becomes a problem when those minor details are conflicted with the scenario a person had
in their mind, and he or she fails to notice the discrepancy. This is especially detrimental in the
aerospace industry. One of the biggest causes of mishaps in aviation are due to
miscommunication, and a very prominent example of miscommunication is found in the wake of
expectancy bias. For an example scenario, two pilots are holding short: Pilot A holds short of
Runway 23 and Pilot B holds short of Runway 32. The controller clears Pilot A to line up and
wait on Runway 23. Occupied with passengers, Pilot A doesn’t hear. Antsy to depart, Pilot B
reads back his line up and wait clearance as he taxis onto Runway 32 without realizing there is a
“Pilot C” on short final for that runway, causing a runway incursion. In this situation Pilot B was
only looking for that magic phrase, “line up and wait” and failed to notice the discrepancy of the
runway numbers. The Federal Aviation Administration Safety Team (FAAST) released a
notice—number NOTC4214—about expectancy bias in 2012, stating it to be a frequent and
leading factor in pilot deviations of Air Traffic Control (ATC) instructions. Aviation is an
industry heavily reliant on communication, not just for pilots. Verbal transmission of information
is key for controllers, operators, mechanics, dispatch, ground crew, and many more
specializations. Therefore, it is crucial to educate those within the aviation realm about the
potential problems posed by expectancy bias. For pilots, the Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) recommends being cognizant of the issue and focus on truly listening when given
instructions. As a backup, pilots should always question if the instruction makes sense.
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