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7 weekly assignments of 500 word
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INTERNATIONAL LAW WEEKLY ASSIGNMENTS
WEEK 1 (Already done)
Instructions
In the Week 1 Discussion, you were tasked with answering the following questions based on the
information from your assigned country and its summary in the Week 1 slide under the Content tab
labeled Welcome Ambassadors!:
1. What are the colors of your flag and what does it look like? You don’t need to provide a graphic,
but you are encouraged to do so!
2. What is your country’s number one food which you produce to export?
3. What type of military do you have? Is it mainly naval/armada, land forces, etc., or do you not
maintain one? Is it mandatory by selection or classification to join, or do you simply recruit
volunteers?
4. Is there anything else you would like to share with me about your country?
Part 1: Please place your answers to the above questions in the text box below.
Part 2: Beneath it in the same text box, please share with me what challenges, if any, you faced this week
in completing this assignment with your classmates? What are your thoughts on the island country you
represent?
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Week 2 (Start Here. Wk1 has already gone. I place the topic here for reference). N.B. As a reminder, I Am an
Ambassador for B. At the end, I will provide you with my WK1 post, if needed:
Instructions
The State of Cabal (C) has applied for full membership as a state at the United Nations. Please review the
following article:
https://www.un.org/en/about-us/about-un-membership
If you are an ambassador for A or B, please write an essay in the textbox making the argument against C’s request
for full statehood. Please rely on pertinent and authoritatively correct high-quality resources. Don’t forget to
include a discussion of the criteria of statehood, as well as your assigned nation’s view on the state’s lack of
recognition by its neighboring countries. Why is this recognition important and what does C need to do before
your country will recognize it as an independent nation state?
If you are an ambassador for C, please write an essay (also relying on pertinent and authoritatively correct highquality resources) in the textbox making the argument for C’s request for full statehood at the United
Nations. Include an analysis for the criteria of statehood and explain the argument for why recognition by A or B
is not critical to its application at the United Nations.
Please note that your answer should be at least 550 words and include properly formatted citations to your
scholarly sources.
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Week 3
Instructions
Instructions
The war between Anarchy and Cabal has now ended. While neither side won, both have agreed to peaceful
relations. The State of Boring decided to stay out of the military fighting, but had sent resources (food, medical
supplies, ammunition, etc.) to Cabal in support of its defense.
During the rebuilding of Cabal, the government decided that, in order to maintain the peace and prevent further
attacks by its neighbors, it would build a nuclear arms program and begin stockpiling nuclear weapons. While
Cabal has no immediate intention to ever use the weapons against its neighboring countries, it does plan to begin
testing them on surrounding islands without any residents, as well as in the ocean. As a new member state to the
United Nations, it is not a signatory to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. However, Anarchy and Boring have
both signed the treaty.
Please read the following articles:
https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/
https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/pdfs_koreachapt2.pdf
https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2015-07/features/there-future-npt
If you are an ambassador for the State of Anarchy (A) or Boring (B), what if anything can your country do in
order to prevent Cabal’s use of nuclear weapons? Is there anything the United Nations can do to prevent Cabal’s
use of nuclear weapons? Are there any legal arguments that could be used to stop Cabal’s nuclear weapons
program and testing?
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If you are an ambassador for the state of Cabal (C), what is your state’s justification for developing a nuclear
weapons program and testing them in the waters and vacant lands surrounding your nation? Do you foresee
possible consequences of these actions? If so, what may they be from an international law perspective?
Please place your answer to the above questions in the textbox below. Also, please note that your answer
should be at least 550 words and include properly formatted citations to your scholarly sources.
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Week 4
Instructions
As we study Human Rights Law, we are currently watching a war unfold in Ukraine. In your readings this week,
you were tasked with reviewing the article: Russia, Ukraine & International Law: On Occupation, Armed
Conflict and Human Rights, Feb. 23, 2022, available at https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/02/23/russia-ukraineinternational-law-occupation-armed-conflict-and-human-rights.
This week, please discuss the evolution and history of international human rights law. Summarize the above
article and discuss what types of human rights violations have occurred in the Russia-Ukraine War. Next,
research and find another article discussing international humanitarian law and a specific crime against humanity
which has occurred. Summarize the article and explain what if anything can be or is currently being done to find
justice for the crime.
Please place your answer to the above questions in the textbox below. Also, please note that your answer should
be at least 550 words and include properly formatted citations to your scholarly sources. (For magazine and
journal articles, you should use Rule 16 in The Bluebook. However, if it is a website article or an online pdf, you
should use Rule 18.)
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Week 5
Instructions
*Before continuing with this assignment, please be sure you have completed all aspects of the Week 5 Discussion
first.
Now that you have completed negotiations with the ambassador from the neighboring island, you need to prepare
a written treaty for their review. After you have finished the assigned readings for the week, take what you have
learned and incorporate it into a treaty!
Your treaty should be double spaced, titled, contain all of the clear clauses you negotiated with your fellow
ambassador. Number each issue in the treaty, so that your agreements are clear for the fellow ambassador. Also,
be sure to add signature lines with you and your fellow ambassador’s names. Your treaty should be at least one
page long, but no more than two pages.
Don’t forget to have some fun with this assignment and be creative! Copy and paste your assignment and then
email your treaty to your fellow Ambassador for review.
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Week 6
Instructions
*Before continuing with this assignment, please be sure you have completed all aspects of the Treaty Assignment
above. If you have not yet receive a copy of your fellow ambassador’s treaty by email, be sure to check your
Outlook email and spam folders. Contact your fellow ambassador as well. If you do not receive a reply, please be
sure to email your instructor for assistance.
**While you are encouraged to complete this assignment in Week 5, please note that the due date of this
assignment is Wednesday of Week 6. This will allow you to complete your review of your fellow ambassador’s
treaty, should they not complete the assignment until Sunday of Week 5.
***Note for those only with a course size of only 3 or fewer students, or if there are an odd number of people in
the class: If you have no opposing treaty to review, as you solely interacted with your instructor on this
assignment due to a very low or odd course size, please feel free to simply write about your thoughts on this
assignment, as well as answer questions 3 and 4 below in the textbox.
——–Now that you have received your fellow ambassador’s treaty, please review it carefully and then answer the
following questions in the text box below.
1.
Did the treaty from your fellow ambassador properly contain all of the items which you discussed and
agreed upon? If not, what was left out or incorrect? Did they attempt to add in any additional items you
did not discuss? Was there anything surprising or interesting of note in the treaty?
2. What challenges did you face in your treaty writing assignment? Was it difficult to negotiate terms with
your fellow ambassador?
3. Are the terms of the treaty able to be ratified by you as an ambassador for your country or will you need
to obtain approval from a monarch, the people or centralized government first? Do you foresee any
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pushback from your country on the terms? Are the terms of the treaty favorable or unfavorable to your
country?
4. What challenges do foreign countries face when crafting and ratifying treaties? Are treaties the best
solution for negotiating compromise in the international arena? Why or why not?
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Week 7
nstructions
This week, we examined the law of the sea. In the textbox, please write a research-based essay to explain the
importance of UNCLOS. What are some important statements of UNCLOS? Does UNCLOS apply to every
country that is a UN member, and why or why not? Lastly, describe each of the following: Territorial Waters,
Contiguous Zone, Exclusive Economic Zone, and International Waters.
Please note that your essay should be at least 550 words, placed in the textbox and include properly
formatted citations to your scholarly sources.
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Week 8
Instructions
This week, we examined the intricacies of international environmental law. After reading International
Environmental Law by David Hunter, January 5,
2021: https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/publications/insights-on-law-and-society/volume19/insights-vol–19—issue-1/international-environmental-law/, please select one of the Global Environmental
Agreements listed in the article.
You must then research the agreement that you selected. In an essay in the textbox of at least 550 words, please
explain in detail the purpose of the agreement, important aspects of the agreement, the countries that are a party
to the agreement, when it was entered into force and or the effective date, whether the agreement has been
modified over the years or been the subject of debate and/or disagreement/litigation, what the future holds for the
agreement, as well as the long term effects the agreement may have on the environment. Please rely on pertinent
and authoritatively correct high-quality resources. Don’t forget to include citations to your supporting sources.
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(For reference, if needed, see below my week 1 post – B Boring state)
MY WK1 POST
Part B: State of Boring (B)
1. What are the colors of your flag and what does it look like? You don’t need to provide a graphic, but you
are encouraged to do so!
The State of Boring’s flag consists of three primary colors. These are royal blue, forest green, and gold. Each
color is symbolic. To this end, the royal blue symbolizes stability and a sense of order within the nation. This is
reflective of the structured governance under the monarchy. Additionally, the forest green color represents the
state’s commitment to environmental conservation. The gold color on the flag symbolizes wealth and prosperity
derived from the nation’s exports. It also highlights the economic success, along with affluence, sufficient from
the nation’s industrial and agricultural contributions to the global market. The country’s flag design features a
stylized crown in the center. This aspect is also symbolic as it represents the monarchy governing the nation.
2. What is your country’s number one food which you produce to export?
The State of Boring’s number one food produced for export is organic dairy products. The nation has a thriving
dairy industry. This sector is known for its high-quality organic milk, cheese, and butter. These products are in
high demand internationally. This is fundamental because it contributes dramatically to the country’s economy.
3. What type of military do you have? Is it mainly naval/armada, land forces, etc., or do you not maintain
one? Is it mandatory by selection or classification to join, or do you simply recruit volunteers?
Boring maintains a well-organized and disciplined military primarily composed of land forces. The military is
under the direct command of the King. Service to the army is mandatory for citizens after they reach the age of
majority. Conscription is highly valued because it ensures a strong and unified defense force. The state focuses on
maintaining the security of its borders. It also emphasizes the need to safeguard its industrial and agricultural
assets.
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4. Is there anything else you would like to share with me about your country?
In addition to its export-oriented economy and disciplined military, the State of Boring takes pride in its
commitment to environmental conservation. The strict regulations and high taxes, while burdensome to some
citizens, are intended to support sustainable practices and maintain the nation’s pristine topographies. The limited
visa access reflects the government’s cautious approach to external influences. The broader idea is to preserve the
unique culture and lifestyle the citizens cherish.
When completing this assignment with my classmates, there was a major challenge at the onset. Fundamentally,
we had different thoughts in response to the prompts. This hindered progress in completing the assignment.
However, as we discussed further, I realized that the divergent views were opportunities for me to see the
assignment from a different angle. Therefore, the discourse became more interesting. My thoughts on the island
country I represent are that the excessive authority of the monarch is detrimental because it paves the way for
public officials to perpetrate crimes against humanity without prosecution.
References
Georgetown University Writing Center (2019). A Guide to the Basics of International Law.
https://www.law.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/A-Guide-to-the-Basics-of-Intl-Law.pdf.
Heffes, E. (2018). Book Review Essay: Some Reflections On The Theory Of Sources Of International Law: ReExamining Customary International Law, 51, 485. https://advance-lexiscom.ezproxy2.apus.edu/api/document?collection=analytical-materials&id=urn:contentItem:5VP3-XNY0-00KDH1GX-00000-00&context=1516831.
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LSTD507 INTERNATIONAL LAW ALL WKS READING MATERIALS
WK1
The Nature, Development, and Sources of International Law
Welcome Ambassadors!
Throughout this course, we will be using a simulation of three nation states for our discussions
and the projects in the Assignments tab. At times, you may need to reach out to a fellow student
or your professor to complete the tasks. Each person in the class will be assigned to one of the
three island nations of:
State of Anarchy (A)
State of Boring (B)
State of Cabal (C)
For the purposes of this class, you will be an ambassador representing the people of a nation state
based upon your last name:
If your last name starts with A through I – You represent the State of Anarchy (A)
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If your last name starts with J through Q – You represent the State of Boring (B) (I am
here)
If your last name starts with R through Z – You represent the State of Cabal (C)
*If there are no students in the class with a last name that can be assigned to one of the above
nations, your professor will be reassigning students to different countries or will be filling in and
representing that country. You may contact them to complete any assignments or discussions as
needed.
Background of Your State:
Please read below to learn more about the background of your Island, before completing this
week’s discussion.
State of Anarchy (A):
In this country, the people do not believe in a central government. Despite this fact, this nation is
a recognized state in the United Nations and recognized by the rest of the world as a member
state. Its lengthy existence and role in the world has outweighed its need for a centralized
government. It rules in a very lawless way, through the use of the citizens’ own firearms and
make the rules up in each town or city as needed, which is governed by a sheriff of their
choosing. Despite the lack of regulation, the citizens tend to be quite self sufficient, living off
the land and sea. They do not believe in taxation of any sort. Living here can be quite dangerous
due to gangs and the ruthless individuals who roam the countryside. Due to the lack of laws,
there are many vices, such as gambling, prostitution and drugs. Many tourists enjoy coming to
visit to partake in the party lifestyle offered by Anarchy, which contributes greatly to its
economy.
State of Boring (B):
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The State of Boring is ruled by a King, who controls all lands on his island nation. It too is a part
of the United Nations and maintains member state recognition. The ruler comes from a familial
dynasty that has ruled for hundreds of years and will someday be passed to his son, the
prince. The country is an industrial nation that creates goods which are exported to many other
nations. It also has a rich farming history. Due to its tight regulations, the people of this nation
value environmental conservation, organic foods, well made luxury items, and a much quieter
life than its neighbors in the State of Anarchy. In fact, obtaining a visa to visit Boring is quite
difficult; it has highly monitored borders. This prevents many outsiders from entering the lands,
and in some cases, has separated families with those who have left the island for many
years. Lastly, the taxes required to be paid to the monarchy here are quite high and can be at
times oppressive to those in the working class.
State of Cabal (C):
The state of Cabal consists of residents of Anarchy and Boring who braved the dangerous ocean
waters in their boats to travel to a new island that was vacant. Having resisted the overbearing
rule of the State of Boring and fearing for their lives on the State of Anarchy, these residents
sought refuge in a new land where they could create a country of their own. This land is one of
peace and harmony that is governed by a centralized government chosen by the people. They are
interested in pursuing trade with other countries to import and export their goods, as well as
beginning an industrial revolution in manufacturing. It is a capitalist society. The taxes go to
fund social programs to benefit the residents. The country has submitted for statehood to
become a member of the United Nations; however, Anarchy and Boring refuse to recognize it as
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one as they see it only as composed of traitors who left their respective countries. This tends to
be one of the few things that Anarchy and Boring have ever agreed upon throughout history.
Participation:
Please note that the activities in this class will require you to actively participate with your
classmates and instructor each week. You are encouraged to participate as early as possible in
the discussions each week, so that you have plenty of time to complete your weekly assignments
in the Assignments tab. However, the standards have been built so that even if nobody else
participates, you can still succeed. Because you will be graded in this way, there is no reason to
fear any possibility that your grade will be negatively affected if your classmates or a partner
does not fully participate. If that should ever happen, such a failure will affect only those who do
not carry out their collaborative duties; it will not affect those who do fully participate. If you
have DSA extension paperwork, please be sure to provide this to your instructor as soon as
possible in Week 1. Don’t hesitate to communicate actively and often with your instructor, as
well as your partner on assignments. Your instructor can step into the role of a partner or
classmate as needed throughout the class to help you complete discussions and
assignments. They can also assist you if you need additional time to complete an
assignment. Your instructor’s email address is found on the ‘Course Home’ tab of the class above
by scrolling down and looking to the right-hand side of the page under their photograph. Most
importantly, have fun!
Week One Introduction:
This week, we will be examining and discussing what international law, where it comes from,
and sources of international law. As you learn about these topics each week, consider how they
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apply to your island state, their importance in the world today, as well as how these issues are
changing daily around the world depending on your perspective.
In addition to our Welcome Discussion, you will complete the Week 1 Discussion in which there
are two parts. Part 1: We will be discussing whether international law truly is law, as well as
where it comes from. Part 2: You will need to find the others in the class to discuss your
assigned country. There will be questions posed to your country that you should decide upon as
a group. You may discuss these directly in your assigned discussion forum, via instant message,
email or by phone. However, don’t forget to post your answers to share with the class in the
discussion forum.
After you complete these tasks in the discussion, you should then complete the Week 1
Assignment in the Assignments tab under Course Tools, as well. Don’t forget, if you are the only
one assigned to a particular group, you may consult with your professor. However, for the Week
1 Discussion, if you are alone, you are free to make all of the selections independently and do not
need your professor’s input or approval.
What is International Law?
Quite simply, international law is the study of the laws that govern the world. It involves the
legal analysis of basic fundamentals of the source of law that are applicable to many nations,
individuals, organizations and businesses. International law is incredibly vast in that it contains
many topics, such as travel, commerce, war, fundamental rights, environment, species, human
kind, maritime, agreements, politics, communications, etc.
As a student of law, you have the ability to further advance your studies in many specific areas of
international law. In this course, we will be examining the fundamentals of international law,
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such as statehood and subjects, use of force and war, international human rights and international
humanitarian law, world courts, law of the seas, and international environmental law.
Many scholars have long debated whether international law is law at all. When analyzing
national law, such as in the United States, it is much easier to examine the history, context
creation, enforcement and adjudication of law. We have rigid societal norms that carry out the
creation and application of laws. For example, governmental leaders create laws which have the
intent to protect the people which are limited to certain geographic boundaries in which they
maintain jurisdiction. Individuals in that jurisdiction are also in charge of enforcing those laws
and, should they be breached, there are set mechanisms for enforcement and adjudication. Real
consequences exist in society for a breach of law, which in turn are enforced by someone or
something in society.
Unlike national laws, there is not one individual/organism/organization that is in charge of the
entire planet that creates laws, enforces them and adjudicates them. While many have argued
that the UN functions in many ways as the controlling authority for international law in the
world, it is not alone and it only governs those nations that are members. We will examine this
further in the upcoming weeks.
Therefore, international laws are much different in that they come from a multitude of sources,
are enforced in many different ways and the adjudication mechanisms or consequences of their
‘breach’ are much more difficult to enact. In some ways, international law (or the study of it) is
much more philosophical in nature. International law requires commitment by nation states and
individuals in their creation, application, enactment, enforcement and adjudication.
Sources of International Law:
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The most common sources of international law include treaties, soft law, customary international
law, international declarations, international court rulings and statements, as well as joint
statements made by various foreign countries. “The sources of international law can be defined
as the processes by which legal norms are created, modified and annulled. Customary
International law, as one of the two sources of unwritten international law, is based on two
elements: (i) a general state practice, and (ii) the state’s conviction that this practice is legally
binding.”[1]
“The traditional theory of sources recognizes three sources of international law, as enshrined in
Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ): treaties, custom and general
principles.”[2]
[1]
Ezequiel Heffes, Book Review Essay: Some Reflections On The Theory Of Sources Of
International Law: Re-Examining Customary International Law, 51 Isr. L. Rev. 485, (2018),
available at https://advance-lexis-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/api/document?collection=analyticalmaterials&id=urn:contentItem:5VP3-XNY0-00KD-H1GX-00000-00&context=1516831.
[2]
Id.
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International Conventions or Treaties:
Treaties are simply agreements between countries. Most often, they are written contracts, which
are ratified by a country’s government and signed into effect. They are supposed to binding
agreements on the actions, enforcement and consequences which may occur based on the subject
of the international agreement. They can be extremely complex or very simple. They may
involve only two countries, or many more. In some cases, international agreements may directly
involve international organizations, as well as individuals (leaders of countries) and businesses.
It is important to note that international agreements may also be soft law. This means that they
are not legally binding. Many international agreements, principles and declarations may be soft
law, such as United Nations General Assembly Resolutions. Whereas hard law is defined as
international agreements which are legally binding in nature and discussed further below.
“International conventions, commonly referred to as treaties, are legally binding instruments
given various names (charter, protocol, pact, among others) and govern the rights, duties, and
obligations of participating states. The Vienna Convention on The Law of Treaties (the
authoritative source) defines a treaty as an international agreement between States in written
form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or
more related instruments. Articles 31 and 32 of the Convention are important provisions that
supply the rules for the interpretation of treaties. Although the United States is not a party to the
Vienna Convention, it consistently acts as though the Convention is binding international law.
A treaty can come into force once a certain number of nations ratify the treaty, as specified in the
treaty, or upon signature by the parties. However, a treaty cannot bind a nonparty or nonparticipating state. In addition, specific provisions in most treaties will identify when it becomes
legally binding, how compliance will be monitored and measured, how other nations may accede
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to the treaty, how and whether the treaty may be amended or modified, and how and when the
treaty will terminate. Treaties are only binding upon states that choose to ratify the treaty.
Generally speaking, states may not invoke a conflicting domestic law to avoid an obligation
under an international agreement. Bilateral treaties between two states are deposited with one of
the parties to the treaty, while multilateral treaties between three or more states are registered
with the United Nations and made available to the public.” Georgetown University Writing
Center, A Guide to the Basics of International Law (2019), https://www.law.georgetown.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2019/08/A-Guide-to-the-Basics-of-Intl-Law.pdf.
General Principles of Law:
“General principles of law constitute common themes familiar to most of the global legal
systems. These rules are essentially domestic laws found in nearly all legal systems (such as civil
law, common law, or Islamic law), that have entered into international law because they are
manifest in most states around the world. Below are some accepted principles that animate many
areas of international law:
• Pacta sunt servanda (“agreements must be kept”) (ex: treaty enforcement),
• Lex specialist derogate generalis (“the specific prevails over the general”) (ex: conflict of
laws); and
• Sic utere tuo ut alienum non laedas (“use your own so as not to injure another”) (ex:
international environmental law).” Georgetown University Writing Center, A Guide to the Basics
of International Law (2019), https://www.law.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/AGuide-to-the-Basics-of-Intl-Law.pdf.
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International Judicial Decisions:
While we will discuss this in much further detail in Week 6, world courts exist and function
similarly to national courts. However, international judicial decisions are much more difficult to
enforce and require countries’ and/or individuals’ acquiescence to be bound by the court and/or
an international agreement providing for such a dispute resolution mechanism. Even then,
enforcement of a judicial decision may be extremely difficult.
“States have an affirmative obligation to resolve disputes through peaceful means. There are both
non-adjudicatory procedures (not legally binding) and adjudicatory procedures (legally
binding). Non-adjudicatory procedures (in order of formality) are: negotiation, mediation, and
conciliation. Arbitration and judicial settlement are formal adjudicatory procedures based on
law. International arbitration may occur between various parties: a state and an international
organization; a state and a non-state actor; and a foreign investor and a state. There are more
than 125 international judicial settlement bodies and approximately 80 are active and functioning
as judicial bodies. Some courts are regional and others operate based on specialized subject
matter.” Georgetown University Writing Center, A Guide to the Basics of International
Law (2019), https://www.law.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/A-Guide-to-theBasics-of-Intl-Law.pdf.
Customary International Law:
What is Customary International law? Article 38(1) of the ICJ Statute identifies its second
formal form of international law as “international custom, as evidence of a general practice
accepted as law.” Therefore, it is something that states do or don’t do for long periods of time,
thereby becoming custom and obligatory in a sense around the world. “As a source of
international law, customary international law (CIL)…it is determined on the basis of ‘state
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practice’ (usus or diuturnitas) and the corresponding views of states (opinio juris or opinio
necessitatis).” Ezequiel Heffes, Book Review Essay: Some Reflections On The Theory Of
Sources Of International Law: Re-Examining Customary International Law, 51 Isr. L. Rev. 485,
(2018).
Please complete the following CALI Lesson regarding customary international law at this
link. As a reminder, the log-in information is on the ‘CALI Use and Access’ slide above this one
in the Week 1 Content tab.
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Welcome to Week 2.
Statehood
Statehood Under International Law:
This week, we will examine the elements required for statehood under International Law. The
recognition of a state under International Law is a declaration of intent by one state to
acknowledge another power as a “state” within the meaning of International Law. Subjects of
International Law include states, individuals and international organizations. Other lesser
subjects also include multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and non-State
actors, such as national liberation movements.
What is a State?
Per the Montevideo Convention, the criteria for statehood are:
•
Possess a defined territory
•
Inhabited by permanent population
•
Controlled by an independent government
•
Capacity to engage in formal relations with other states
What about recognition? The Declaratory Theory of recognition states that once the above
conditions are met, an entity becomes a state regardless of what other states do or say. Thomas
Buergenthal and Sean D. Murphy, Public International Law In a Nutshell 42 (5th ed.
2013). While the Constitutive Theory of recognition states that only when other states decide the
above conditions are met and acknowledges the legal capacity of the entity, does it in fact
become a state. Id. As you analyze this concept, consider which theory you agree with more this
week. Is recogn
