Description
This assignment will consist of two parts. Both parts will be compiled into the same document for submission.
Part I
Thus far at Acme Automotive Parts (AAP), you have determined that controls are required in the paint booths, at the hand-welding stations, and on the machining lines. You have also determined that you cannot substitute any alternate chemicals in these areas because of requirements from your clients. You decide to use general dilution ventilation for the machining lines and local exhaust ventilation systems for the paint booths and the hand-welding stations. Complete the following tasks.
For the general dilution ventilation used in the machining lines:
Discuss why you believe a general ventilation system is appropriate for this operation.
State where you would place the fans associated with the ventilation system.
Explain how you would test the effectiveness of the ventilation system.
For the local exhaust ventilation systems:
Describe the local exhaust ventilations (LEVs) you would use for each area (paint booths and hand-welding stations).
Choose a hood type for each of the two LEVs.
Calculate the flow rate that would be required if you placed the LEV for the welding operation 24 in. from the weld and desired a capture velocity of 100 ft per minute (ft/min) given W=12 in. and L=24 in. for any of the three hood types.
Discuss any barriers you might face in implementing the use of the LEVs for these two operations.
Part II
You also determined that engineering controls are needed for the hydraulic press area, as well as controls for noise exposure.
Discuss some types of engineering controls that might be implemented for the hydraulic press area.
Describe the information you might require prior to designing engineering controls for the hydraulic press area.
Explain how you would evaluate the effectiveness of the engineering controls for this area.
Your assignment must be at least two pages in length, not counting the title or reference pages. Your assignment must use at least two references. One must be gathered from the CSU Online Library, and the other may be your textbook. All citations and in-text citations must be formatted according to APA Style.
Unformatted Attachment Preview
UNIT VII STUDY GUIDE
Workplace Controls for Health
Hazards: Administrative Controls
and Personal Protective Equipment
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
7. Recommend controls for industrial health hazards.
7.1 Identify appropriate administrative controls and personal protective equipment (PPE) for
reducing occupational exposures.
7.2 Determine the appropriate level of respiratory protection required for a specific exposure level.
7.3 Explain how to gauge the effectiveness of administrative controls and personal protective
equipment (PPE).
Reading Assignment
Chapter 1: Introduction to Industrial Hygiene, pp. 15–17
Chapter 8: Ventilation, pp. 159–185
Chapter 9: Respiratory Protection, pp. 191–211
In order to access the following resource, click the link below.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2016). Recommended practices for safety and health
programs: Hazard prevention and control. Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/shpguidelines/hazard-prevention.html
Unit Lesson
Administrative Controls
Sometimes elimination and substitution controls are not possible and engineering controls do not reduce the
risk associated with a hazard to an acceptable level. It also may not be feasible to implement engineering
controls for a specific hazard. When the risk cannot be reduced to an acceptable level using elimination
and/or substitution or engineering controls, you would look at the next level of controls on the hierarchy of
controls: administrative and work practice controls. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) describes administrative and work practice controls as rotating job assignments or adjusting work
schedules (OSHA, n.d.).
An example of rotating job assignments would be moving employees in and out of a job every hour to prevent
heat illness. By having employees only work in a hot environment for a short period of time and then having
them take a break, you can reduce the risk of developing a heat illness. Another example would be to
schedule work that must be performed outside during the hottest time of the year during a nighttime shift
when the air temperature would be cooler. A type of work practice control would be implementing required
cleaning procedures. This is a required control in OSHA’s lead standard when exposures exceed a specified
level. For example, OSHA requires employees to wash their hands prior to eating lunch and shower at the
end of the work shift if their exposure exceeds the permissible exposure limit (PEL; OSHA, 1970b).
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
While administrative and work practice controls are effective at reducing the risk associated with some
exposures, they do not work for all hazards and may not reduce the residual risk to an acceptable level for
other hazards (Fuller, 2015). In those cases, the last level of controls is the use of personal protective
equipment (OSHA, n.d.). Despite being the least effective control method, personal protective equipment
OSH 6302, Advanced Industrial Hygiene
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(PPE) is probably the control with which employers and employees are the most
familiar
(Fuller,
2015). For
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airborne chemical hazards, the most commonly used PPE is a respirator. YourTitle
reading in Chapter 9 this week
is devoted totally to respiratory protection.
Air-Purifying Respirator (APR)
The main reason that PPE is the least effective control method for airborne exposures is that the
concentrations of the chemicals in the air are not reduced. There are two basic methods used for respiratory
protection. One type of respirator is called an air-purifying respirator (APR). The personal exposures are
reduced using APRs by removing some of the chemical from the air before it reaches the breathing zone of
the individual (OSHA, n.d.). The concentration of the chemical can be reduced by filtration, adsorption, or
absorption (OSHA, 1970a).
Atmosphere Supplying Respirator (ASR)
The other type of respirator is an atmosphere supplying respirator (ASR). The respirators supply air from an
outside source instead of removing some of the chemical from the air. Some ASRs supply air from a
compressor or from larger air tanks. These ASRs are called supplied-air respirators (SARs). Another type of
ASR is a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) where the user carries the air supply on his or her back
(OSHA, 1970a).
Respiratory Protection Standard
Because the concentrations of chemicals in the air are not reduced using respiratory protection, any error or
malfunction in the respirator can result in an overexposure to the chemical and potential harm to wearers.
Errors and malfunctions can occur due to human errors or manufacturing errors. OSHA has designed
methods to reduce the risk of these errors entering into the process. The methods are published in their
respiratory protection standard: 29 CFR 1910.134.
In some cases, the risk of physical harm can increase simply because an employee dons a respirator. There
are some medical conditions that can cause problems while wearing a respirator (OSHA, 1970a). Some of the
conditions that could potentially cause problems with the use of a respirator include chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, and lung cancer. To prevent workers from being harmed simply by
wearing a respirator, OSHA requires anyone who will be required to wear a respirator to be medically
evaluated to make sure they are healthy enough to actually wear specific types of respirators (OSHA, 1970a).
The regulation allows a great deal of leeway on the exact testing that is required for the medical evaluation.
Instead of specifying the required testing, OSHA requires workers to complete a medical questionnaire, which
is then reviewed by a licensed healthcare professional (LHCP). OSHA then allows the LHCP to determine
which, if any, additional tests would be required (OSHA, 1970a). In some cases, the LHCP may decide that
an employee could wear one type of respirator but not another type because of differences in the strains that
the types of respirators might place on the individual.
After a worker has been cleared physically to wear a respirator, the specific respirator that will be used must
be chosen. Choosing the wrong respirator can reduce the effectiveness of the respirator at reducing the
concentration of the chemical in the air, resulting in higher exposures. This problem occurs because of the
vast differences in individual face shapes and sizes and the different shapes of respirator facepieces that are
manufactured. If a person with a fairly round face chose to wear a respirator that had a fairly oblong
facepiece, there may be gaps in the fit between the elastomeric material in the facepiece and the skin,
resulting in major air leakage into the facepiece.
Respirator Fit Testing
To reduce the risk of leakage into the facepiece during use, OSHA requires anyone who is required to wear a
tight-fitting facepiece to be fit-tested (OSHA 1970a). A fit test is used to determine if a worker can get an
effective fit using a particular respirator facepiece. Basically, the fit test shows which respirator make, model,
and size works best for the individual. OSHA allows the fit test to be performed using either qualitative fit
testing (QLFT), or quantitative fit testing (QNFT). However, they must only be OSHA-accepted fit-testing
methods. Currently, there are four OSHA-accepted QLFTs and three OSHA-accepted QNFTs. THE QLFT
methods use one of four challenge agents (isoamyl acetate, Bitrex, saccharin, or irritant smoke), which is
OSH 6302, Advanced Industrial Hygiene
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introduced around the facepiece after donning. A series of exercises are performed
the wearer,
and they
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either do or do not taste, smell, or choke on (irritant smoke) the agent. Thus, the
QLFT is a pass or fail test.
Title
The three QNFT protocols are the aerosol-generated method, the condensation nuclei counter (CNC)
method, and the controlled negative pressure (CNP) REDON method. QNFTs result in a quantitative result for
the fit test, meaning that you receive a number representing the fit. OSHA requires you to achieve a minimum
result on the QNFT to pass (OSHA, 1970a). The required result is based on the type of facepiece you are
wearing. Appendix A of the respiratory protection regulation contains written protocols that are required to be
followed for each of the methods.
Factors Affecting Respirator Use
Once the correct respirator has been determined, the respiratory may still not provide adequate protection
because the worker does not use the respirator properly. For example, the worker may not don the respirator
properly. To reduce the risk associated with this problem, OSHA requires workers to perform a seal check
(formerly called a fit check) every time they don their respirator. The seal check has the wearer check the seal
during negative pressure and positive pressure to make sure there are not leaks in the seal (OSHA, 1970a).
Other user factors may also affect the effectiveness of the respirator during use. If the wearer has allowed
facial hair to grow since the fit test was performed, the fit of the respirator to the face will probably change. If
the employee removes any of the parts to the respirator (e.g., to smoke while wearing the respirator), the fit
will be compromised. These types of problems require the employer to implement administrative controls for
respirator use. These controls could include a policy requiring all employees who wear respirators to be
clean-shaven each day and for no changes to be made to a respirator after it has been issued.
Required Use Versus Voluntary Use
One aspect of respirator use that is often confusing to both employers and employees is required use of a
respirator and voluntary use of a respirator. It can be important to understand the differences because there
are large differences in what OSHA requires for each type of use. Required use of a respirator requires the
employer to implement a full respiratory protection program including a written program, designation of a
program administrator (PA), medical clearance, fit testing, training, and procedures for cleaning and storage
of respirators. Voluntary use of a respirator does not require all of those factors. In fact, voluntary use of a
filtering facepiece (dust mask) does not require any of the factors, only that the wearer read Appendix D of the
standard. Because elastomeric facepieces can cause health problems for some individuals, voluntary use of
an elastomeric tight-fitting respirator still requires a medical clearance and instruction of cleaning and storage.
However, voluntary use of either type of respirator does not require fit testing and wearers can have facial hair
(OSHA, 1970a).
What is the difference between required use of a respirator and voluntary use of a respirator? As the term
implies, required use is when the worker is required to wear a respirator. The requirement can come because
of an OSHA requirement. For example, if a measured exposure exceeds a published OSHA PEL, respiratory
protection is required until the exposure can be reduced to less than the PEL using one of the control
methods in the hierarchy of controls. Other OSHA-required use would be for atmospheres that exceed a
published immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) value, an oxygen-deficient atmosphere, and the
presence of a chemical for which the employer cannot reasonably estimate the airborne concentration
(OSHA, 1970a). Another reason for required use of a respirator that is sometimes overlooked is when the
employer includes a requirement for the use of respiratory protection in written work practices—even if
respirator use is not required by an OSHA regulation (OSHA, 1970a).
Voluntary use of a respirator is when the employer allows employers to wear a respirator even when it is not
required by an OSHA regulation. In these cases, there are no airborne exposures or concentrations that
OSHA considers unacceptable, so some of the requirements from the respiratory protection regulation are
relaxed (OSHA, 1970a).
PPE for Dermal Protection
Respiratory protection may be the most commonly used PPE for chemical hazards by industrial hygienists,
but for some chemicals, it is also important to protect against dermal exposures. These chemicals require the
industrial hygienist to be familiar with selection of PPE to protect from dermal exposures. The most commonly
OSH 6302, Advanced Industrial Hygiene
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used type of PPE for dermal protection is chemically protective gloves. Other types
PPE providing
UNIT xofSTUDY
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protection would be chemically protective suits, boots, aprons, sleeves, goggles,
and face shields. In medical
Title
settings, surgical masks provide a limited amount of protection against dermal exposure to bodily fluids from
patients. Note, however, that surgical masks are not respirators and thus do not provide respiratory protection
against airborne hazards.
The primary problem with selecting the proper PPE for dermal protection, such as gloves, is in choosing the
correct material. There is no material that will provide acceptable protection against all chemicals. Even when
a selected material provides adequate protection against a specific chemical, that protection will not last
forever. Eventually, the chemical will break through the material in the gloves, resulting in a dermal exposure.
The task for the industrial hygienist is identifying the correct material for the chemical(s) being used and then
setting up a changeout schedule to make sure the workers throw away gloves and don new gloves prior to
breakthrough occurring. This process can be simplified by contacting the supplier or manufacturer of the
gloves. Each manufacturer produced charts that show the breakthrough times (and other variables) for the
gloves they produce and specific chemicals.
References
Fuller, T. P. (2015). Essentials of industrial hygiene. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.). Chemical hazards and toxic substances: Controlling
exposures. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardoustoxicsubstances/control.html
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970a). Occupational safety and health standards: Personal
protective equipment (Standard No. 1910.134). Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/lawsregs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.134
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970b). Occupational safety and health standards: Toxic and
hazardous substances (Standard No. 1910.1025). Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/lawsregs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1025
Suggested Reading
In order to access the following resources, click the links below.
The CSU Online Library contains many articles that relate to the Unit VII readings. The following are just a
few of the related articles that can be found in the Academic Search Complete database:
One of the more commonly used administrative controls is limiting the amount of time a worker spends in a
hazardous environment. Sometimes called a work-rest regimen, the approach is commonly used for reducing
the risk of heat illness. The American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has
published guidelines for working in hot environments. The following article examines how well the work-rest
regimen works for older workers.
Lamarche, D. T., Meade, R. D., D’Souza, A. W., Flouris, A. D., Hardcastle, S. G., Sigal, R. J., & Kenny, G. P.
(2017). The recommended threshold limit values for heat exposure fail to maintain body core
temperature within safe limits in older working adults. Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Hygiene, 14(9), 703–711. Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=a9h&AN=125185483&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Some of you may not be familiar with respirators and the OSHA requirements for their use. The following
article summarizes some of the common terms used for respirator performance.
Janssen, L., & McKay, R. (2017). Letter to the editor: Respirator performance terminology. Journal of
Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 14(12), D181–D183. Retrieved from
OSH 6302, Advanced Industrial Hygiene
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https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
t=true&db=a9h&AN=126729036&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Title
One item that almost all industrial hygienists have to deal with is workers who want to have facial hair while
wearing respirators. Most workers do not want to shave in order to wear a respirator! In the latest version of
the respiratory standard, OSHA specified that no facial hair be allowed that comes between the skin and the
elastomeric seal of the respirator. However, how much does facial hair actually affect the respirator seal? The
following article summarizes research to evaluate the effect of facial hair on the respirator seal.
Floyd, E. L., Henry, J. B., & Johnson, D. L. (2018). Influence of facial hair length, coarseness, and areal
density on seal leakage of a tight-fitting half-face respirator. Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Hygiene, 15(4), 334–340. Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=a9h&AN=128834251&site=ehost-live&scope=site
At times, there can be confusion for employees on what constitutes a respirator. One common mistake is
when employees wear surgical masks believing they provide protection. The following article presents
research by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) employees about healthcare
workers’ use of respirators—including incorrectly using surgical masks.
Wizner, K., Nasarwanji, M., Fisher, E., Steege, A. L., & Boiano, J. M. (2018). Exploring respiratory protection
practices for prominent hazards in healthcare settings. Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Hygiene, 15(8), 588–597. Retrieved from
https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=a9h&AN=132085307&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Learning Activities (Nongraded)
Nongraded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of study. You do not have to submit
them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further guidance and information.
OSHA has produced numerous videos on several health and safety topics. You can see them listed at
https://www.osha.gov/video/. Look through the list, and view some that deal with personal protective
equipment (e.g., respiratory protection). How well do the videos increase your knowledge about these types
of control methods?
The transcript for these videos can be found by clicking the “View the transcript” link directly below the video.
OSH 6302, Advanced Industrial Hygiene
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