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International Maritime College Oman
Analysis of Fire Incidents in Passenger Ships and
Strategies for Advancing Maritime Safety Standards
Graduation Project
Prepared By
Abdullah Aljabri (004627-18)
Al Waleed Talal Alshirawi (004704-18)
Mahmood Al-khusaibi (004532-18)
Ahmed Hilal Salim Al-shidhani (004674-18)
Mahnad Sulaiman Albalushi (004761-18)
Supervisor
PhD Captain Seyed Behbood Issa Zadeh
Autumn 2023
International Maritime College Oman
Form Title
Department
Declaration of Academic Integrity
Form Code
IMCO/QMS/AD/FORM -002
Academic Departments
Issue Date
Declaration of Academic Integrity
International Maritime College Oman
Please sign to confirm that you have read and accepted the following statements. Your assessment will not
be accepted without this signed declaration.
1. I confirm that I have read and fully understood IMCO’s policy on Academic Integrity, including practices
that may lead to committing plagiarism and which I must avoid.
2. I confirm that in the attached assessment, I have not presented or attempted to present anyone else’s work
as my own except where I have indicated. I confirm that I understand that doing so would mean I have committed
plagiarism.
3. I confirm that I understand that if I fail to comply with IMCO’s policy on Academic Integrity, IMCO will
impose penalties that may, in the most serious of cases, result in the termination of my studies at IMCO. I
confirm that I understand that if I am judged guilty of plagiarism, I will receive a score of zero, and the other
penalties indicated under IMCO’s policy on Academic Integrity in the Student Handbook will apply.
4. I agree to IMCO submitting my work to Turn-it-in or using any other source to verify whether my work
contains plagiarised material.
The extent to which I have worked with others is as follows:
Program: Nautical Studies Deck officers
Module Code: DGP 1
Module Title: Marine Graduation Project (Research, Preparation, and Preparation of the Graduation)
IMCO student’s Names and ID numbers:
-ABDULLAH ALJABRI
004627-18
-Al Waleed Talal Alshirawi
004704-18
-Mahmood Al-khusaibi
004532-18
-Ahmed hilal salim Al-shidhani
004674-18
-Mahnad Sulaiman Albalushi
004761-18
Class: DO 4
Signature ………………… ……………………
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1. Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
1.1
Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
1.2
Novelty Issue …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2
1.3
Target Audience ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
1.4
Research Gap …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
1.5
Factors Influencing …………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
1.6
Problem Statement………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
1.7
Research Questions …………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
1.8
Structure of the Report …………………………………………………………………………………… 5
Chapter 2: Literature Review ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
2.1
Fire Incidents in Passenger Ships (2000-2023) ………………………………………………….. 8
2.2
Review of Regulations and Standards…………………………………………………………….. 10
2.3
Insights from Diverse Fire Prevention Studies (2013-2021) …………………………….. 13
Chapter 3: Methods and Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………….. 16
3.1
Argument for the Research Method ………………………………………………………………. 17
3.2
Advantages and Disadvantages ……………………………………………………………………… 18
3.3
Ethical Code Sampling ………………………………………………………………………………….. 18
Chapter 4: Results and Discussion ……………………………………………………………………………………. 21
4.1. Findings ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22
4.1.1
Fire Incidents in Passenger Ships (2000-2023) ……………………………………………….. 22
4.1.2
Review of Regulations and Standards ……………………………………………………………. 24
4.1.3
Insights from Diverse Fire Prevention Studies (2013-2021) ……………………………… 25
4.2 Analysis and Evaluation ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
4.2.1
Fire Incidents in Passenger Ships (2000-2023) ……………………………………………….. 27
4.2.2
Review of Regulations and Standards ……………………………………………………………. 32
4.2.3
Insights from Diverse Fire Prevention Studies (2013-2021) ……………………………… 34
4.3 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 37
Chapter 5: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39
5.1
Recommendations …………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
5.2
Main Findings……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 42
5.3
Limitations ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 42
5.4
Future Studies ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 44
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List of Figueres
Figure 1 Navigating Maritime Safety: A Chronicle of Notable Ship Incidents ………………………… 29
Figure 2 Causes of Fire Incidents ………………………………………………………………………………………. 30
Figure 3 Review of Regulations and Standards …………………………………………………………………… 32
Figure 4 Practical Applicability Assessment of Maritime Safety Studies ……………………………….. 36
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List of Abbreviations
IMO: International Maritime Organization
SOLAS: Safety of Life at Sea
FSS Code: International Code for Fire Safety Systems
SOP: Standard Operating Procedures
MARINFO: Maritime Information
GLASISIS: Global Safety Information System for the Information Society
HIS: Hull Inspection System
IACS: International Association of Classification Societies
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Chapter 1.
Introduction
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In 2022, over 200 fire incidents were reported in passenger ships (AGCS, 2023). This marked
an annual record for the number of incidents since the start of the decade. Also, during that period,
64 passenger ships were destroyed by fires. In maritime operations, fire safety is a vital aspect.
This means that a thorough understanding of the various factors that affect the safety of seafarers
is essential.
In the expansive realm of maritime operations, the significance of fire safety transcends the
boundaries of vessel types, encompassing both leisure boats and commercial passenger ships alike.
The importance of fire safety is not limited to vessel types (McCartan et al., 2014). In the maritime
industry, it is also essential to consider the factors that can affect fire safety, such as the enclosed
structures of passenger ships and combustible materials (McNay et al., 2019). As vessels travel
through vast oceans, they become vulnerable to various activities.
1.1 Objectives
The primary objectives of this study are to investigate and address the rising issue of onboard
fire incidents in commercial passenger ships. Understanding the various factors that contribute to
the safety of seafarers is the focus of this research. It also aims to highlight the importance of fire
safety in various vessel types, such as cruise ships and commercial passenger vessels. This study
examines the various personalities and obstacles that influence the development and maintenance
of fire safety features in maritime facilities.
1.2 Novelty of Issue
The study was initiated after a surge in passenger ship fires in 2022 that destroyed 64 vessels.
It aims to provide a new perspective on fire safety by investigating factors that can affect the safety
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of ships. This study aims to contribute to developing policies and practices that will address the
increasing number of fire incidents in the maritime industry.
1.3 Target Audience
The primary audience for this research includes maritime safety professionals, regulatory
bodies, policymakers, and industry stakeholders involved in passenger ship operations. The study
aims to provide practical insights and recommendations to inform the development of regulations,
safety protocols, and industry practices in response to the notable surge in fire incidents in 2022.
1.4 Research Gap
A research gap is an area of knowledge not explored adequately (Ajemba & Arene, 2022). It
can void our understanding of a particular field or subject. Researchers must identify and address
these gaps to improve our knowledge and develop new theories. Doing so helps us advance our
understanding of a particular discipline and opens new avenues for investigation.
1.5 Factors Influencing
Our investigation also delves into the complicated relationship between elements that affect fire
safety measures. This knowledge can help the industry develop effective strategies to prevent fires
from happening in the first place (Shokouhi et al., 2018).
1.5.1
Material Selection: The materials used in the construction of passenger ships can
have a significant impact on fire susceptibility (Panias et al., 2015). It is important to identify those
that are prone to ignition and contribute to the spread of fire.
1.5.2
Dynamic Environments: Dynamic environments expose passenger ships to varying
operational and weather demands.
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1.5.3
Training and Awareness: Having the proper awareness programs and training can
help improve the safety of seafarers (Demirel & Bayer, 2015).
1.5.4
International Maritime Regulations: Complying with international maritime
legislation is essential and can aid in developing effective anti-fire strategies.
1.5.5
Regulatory Compliance: Adherence to maritime safety regulations is essential.
Analyzing the ambiguities or gaps in such regulations can help identify potential opportunities for
enhancing anti-fire measures (Komljenović et al., 2017).
1.5.6
Technological Advancements: By integrating the newest innovations into onboard
systems, the overall effectiveness of anti-fire measures can be enhanced (Khan et al., 2022).
1.5.7
Environmental Considerations: The corrosive effect of marine elements on fire
safety equipment threatens its effectiveness and longevity. It is important to understand the
environmental factors that affect equipment durability.
1.6 Problem Statement
The fire safety of passenger ships is a complex issue with various implications for the maritime
industry. Due to their nature, passenger ships are made of materials that can significantly
contribute to the fire’s severity. Identifying and addressing these weaknesses can help improve the
ship’s fire resistance. The next section will discuss specific research questions, establishing a
seamless connection throughout the manuscript to ensure a coherent exploration of the identified
problem and potential solutions.
1.7 Research Questions
•
How effective are current safety equipment standards and regulations in addressing fire
prevention on board vessels in PASSENGER SHIPS
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•
what specific enhancements can be proposed to create a more comprehensive anti-fire
framework?
The first research question is about the effectiveness of regulations and safety equipment
standards when it comes to preventing fires on board passenger ships. It aims to analyze the current
fire prevention protocols and identify areas for improvement.
The second question is about establishing a comprehensive framework for preventing fires on
passenger ships. This investigation aims to identify the gaps in the current fire prevention strategy
and develop new ideas to improve it.
1.8 Structure of the Report
This report begins with an introduction and layout section, which explores the various aspects
of fire safety aboard vessels. The Literature Review follows the introduction and looks into the
knowledge base related to maritime safety equipment.
In addition to placing the current research within a genealogy of literature, it presents methods
that were utilized in previous studies, discusses their limitations, and highlights the findings. The
purpose of this section is to establish the foundations for future analysis.
The next section discusses the research methodology and data collection, where the choice of
the method is argued, and it provides an analysis of its disadvantages and advantages. It also
addresses the limitations of the research and discusses ethical considerations. The next section of
the report focuses on the evaluation and findings of the study. It presents a comprehensive analysis
of the data and provides insightful conclusions. This section also critically examines the study’s
conclusions.
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The concluding section of the report presents the key findings and conclusions, which are then
used to develop practical recommendations. These recommendations are designed to help improve
the fire safety measures aboard passenger ships.
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Chapter 2:
Literature Review
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Due to the unique risks and challenges faced by the maritime sector, it has been identified that
a robust safety system is required to protect its employees and cargo. This literature review aims
to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current fire-fighting equipment and procedures in the
maritime industry. It also explores the limitations and methodologies of the research.
2.1
Fire Incidents in Passenger Ships (2000-2023)
2.1.1
Star Princess (2006): A fire broke out on the Princess Cruises ship Star Princess in
the Caribbean in 2006 because of a cigarette butt drops from a balcony (Mileski et al., 2014). One
person died due to the incident. It emphasized the challenges that remain despite the
implementation of modern safety measures. By analyzing the incident’s response, officials can
learn about the effectiveness of the ship’s safety measures.
2.1.2
Nordlys (2011): In September 2011, a fire broke out and exploded on the Nordlys,
a cruise ship operated by Hurtigruten. Two of its crew members died, and over a dozen people
were injured. The incident, originating from the ship’s engine room, resulted in a power outage.
The fire started due to a malfunction in the vessel’s water mist suppression system (Kolstad, 2014).
This caused the main engine’s components to overheat. Due to the manual operation of the water
fire suppression system, the incident delayed the extinguishing of the fire. Also, the CO2 (carbon
Dioxide) system was not activated as the crew members were not located near the incident. The
failure of the emergency generator was caused by insufficient cooling, which further exacerbated
the situation. The incident highlighted the need for better crew training.
2.1.3
Spirit of Norfolk (2022): On Tuesday afternoon, a fire broke out aboard the Spirit
of Norfolk, which was carrying over a hundred passengers, most of whom were elementary school
students. Although the fire was initially put out, it flared up again on the vessel as it was docked
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at the naval station in Norfolk. Due to safety concerns, the Coast Guard decided that the ship was
too unstable for entry. The fire broke out on the ship during the afternoon, which prompted the
evacuation of some of its passengers, including children from Virginia Beach and Newport News.
The cause of the incident is still unknown.
According to the NTSB (National Transportation Safety Board), the fire was most likely caused
by the accumulation of combustible materials near the exhaust pipe of the vessel’s operating port
generator (Inspections & Compliance Inspection Activity, 2022). The lack of a fire detection
system and an extinguishing mechanism in the engine room contributed to the severity of the
incident.
2.1.4
Carnival Freedom (2022): In May 2022, a fire broke out in the funnel of the
Carnival Freedom cruise ship as it was docked in the Grand Turk due to poor maintenance.
Although no one was injured, the incident forced the vessel’s evacuation. The emergency response
team was able to put out the fire quickly, which caused extensive damage to the vessel’s funnel
(Kwortnik, 2006).
The Carnival Conquest was sent to retrieve the passengers from Port Canaveral. Despite the
disruption, the company compensated the affected passengers by offering them onboard credit,
additional compensation for port parking charges, and future cruise credits (Rodrigue & Wang,
2022). Due to the incident, several of the Carnival Freedom’s upcoming departures were canceled.
The ship left Port Canaveral for a subsequent five-day cruise. The cruise line also continued to
monitor the situation.
2.1.5
MANILA (2023): In the Philippines, a disaster occurred when a fire broke out on
the MV Lady Mary Joy 3. This incident happened due to electrical connections, open flame, and
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spontaneous combustion. The incident killed 29 individuals, including a baby. Some of the
survivors said that 225 people were rescued from the burning vessel. The conflicting reports about
the vessel’s occupancy during the incident added to the confusion. The tragic incident highlighted
the country’s maritime safety problems, which are mainly caused by aging fleets and overcrowded
passenger ships. The need to improve regulations and safety measures in the waters of the
Philippines is also highlighted by this incident.
2.1.6
American Queen Voyages (2023): A fire broke out and exploded on the American
Queen Cruises’ Ocean Navigator in Portland, Maine. The city’s fire department responded to
reports of smoke inside the ship’s engine room and treated the injured individual before taking
them to a hospital (White, 2023).
The passengers and crew members of the ship were evacuated after a fire broke out on the
vessel. Various agencies, such as the US Coast Guard and the ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco),
are investigating the incident. The cause of the fire is not yet known (White, 2023). The ship’s
seaworthiness is also being assessed to see if it can continue.
2.2
Review of Regulations and Standards
According to The Merchant Shipping (Fire Protection: Large Passenger ships) Regulations
1998, Due to the unique risks and challenges faced by the maritime sector, a robust safety system
must be in place to protect vessels, crew members, and cargo.
This system should include effective fire prevention tools such as alarms and extinguishers,
which can be used in confined spaces. Maritime accidents can affect the operations of different
industries and threaten the safety of people and cargo. Due to the unpredictable nature of the trade
and the diverse regulations that apply to it, the sector struggles to adapt to new situations. The
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effectiveness of safety measures depends on their ability to cope with various risks. One of the
most critical factors that crew members must consider when it comes to responding to fires is their
communication and training protocols.
Aside from having the necessary equipment, the maritime industry also needs to adopt strategies
to minimize the effects of fires on its operations. The continuous improvement of safety measures
is a vital component of the maritime industry. This review aims to provide a comprehensive
analysis of the current fire prevention research in the field.
The genealogy of maritime safety literature is examined to understand the various aspects of
maritime safety, such as fire prevention and equipment. The current body of work mainly focuses
on the interpretation and analysis of regulations related to the safety of passenger ships and cargo.
Policy and legal analyses are also conducted in this domain to examine the effectiveness of
regulations in protecting the safety of crew members and vessels.
Regulatory studies are often limited by the gap between the requirements of the regulations and
the practical implementation of them. This is because the regulations are specific, but there is a
need for studies that examine the implementation of these mandates in the real world. The gap
between the regulations’ requirements and practical implementation is addressed by our research,
which aims to provide insights into the evolution and efficacy of maritime safety regulations.
In 2021, the Australian government established a regulatory framework that ensures the safety
of passengers on passenger ships. This includes the provision of fire-fighting equipment and
evacuation procedures. The regulations also cover the design and construction of passenger ships’
fire protection systems.
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To ensure the safety and protection of passengers, the Australian Government has issued
guidelines on the installation and maintenance of fire suppression and detection systems on
passenger ships. They also require crew members to undergo training and respond to emergencies.
The regulations, which are part of Australia’s maritime safety framework, are aligned with
international standards. They aim to ensure that the safety of passengers and crew members is
always maintained. Their continuous review and updates are aimed at improving the procedures
related to fire safety.
Current literature on fire safety in the maritime sector mainly focuses on the technical
specifications and regulatory frameworks of safety equipment. Other studies have utilized
qualitative and quantitative methods to gain a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of various
fire prevention measures, like evacuation protocols and fire pumps.
The goal of this study was to bridge the gap between the technical and operational aspects of
maritime fire safety. Through an interdisciplinary approach, we can provide a deeper
understanding of the various factors that affect the safety of maritime vessels. The importance of
implementing safety measures is acknowledged by the findings of studies.
However, there is a limited understanding of the human factor that affects the implementation
of these measures. For instance, the crew members’ responsibilities in responding to fires are
poorly studied. This suggests that further studies are needed on the practical challenges of
implementing these measures in the maritime environment.
This study uses a systematic approach to analyze the 2020 revisions to the SOLAS
(International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea) Chapter II-2 regulations. It involves
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reviewing the legal and policy aspects of the regulations, as well as technological assessments and
incidents.
It aims to provide a balanced view of the various aspects of maritime fire safety. The 2020
revisions’ comprehensive nature emphasizes the need for preventive measures, fire detection and
suppression, and efficient vessel evacuation routes. The incorporation of lessons learned from
previous incidents and technological advancements also shows a proactive approach to maritime
safety.
The study acknowledges the various challenges faced by the maritime industry, but it may not
capture every incident or circumstance. It also might not provide a comprehensive view of how
vessels can comply with the new regulations.
Moreover, the changing nature of safety standards and technology limits the scope of the study.
This study is part of the wider literature on maritime safety. It aims to present a contemporary
analysis of the latest revisions to SOLAS chapter II-2. By incorporating technological
advancements, practical considerations, and legal insights, it can inform future regulations related
to fire detection, prevention, and extinction aboard passenger ships.
2.3
Insights from Diverse Fire Prevention Studies (2013-2021)
This study done by Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ship classification society) in 2021 a valuable
perspective on the various initiatives and discussions related to passenger ship fire safety. It
provides insight into the proposed changes for large vehicle carriers and container passenger ships.
The research was conducted using a methodology that thoroughly summarizes the trends that are
currently being discussed by the International Maritime Organization.
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This study aimed to identify the various safety issues that affect the operations of container
passenger ships. It also presents Class ship classification society initiatives, which highlight the
responses of the ship’s management and owners. The resource’s limitations are mainly due to its
theoretical nature, which provides an overview of the proposed measures without sufficient
examination of their practicality or empirical support.
Future studies will investigate the implementation of these measures in real life to gain a deeper
understanding of how they can affect the safety of container vessels.
In a study from Vanem and Skjong in 2006, the paper proposes a set of realistic evacuation
scenarios that can be used to assess the risks associated with onboard passenger ships. These
scenarios are based on a risk assessment that has been conducted to provide a foundation for
developing realistic simulations of maritime accidents.
This paper presents a risk-based method for assessing the performance of evacuations in
maritime scenarios. It shows how scenarios can be linked to the overall risk levels. The study also
emphasizes the significance of considering both consequences and probability.
The method will help develop safer regulations for maritime operations. The increasing number
of modern passenger ships and the potential hazards of accidents drive the need for these scenarios.
Through an integrative approach, these scenarios can be used to develop realistic evacuation
strategies. They can also help improve the effectiveness of evacuation procedures.
The study conducted by Veritas and Rederi in 2013 investigated the cost-effective measures to
reduce fire risk on Ro-ro passenger ships. It focuses on the formal safety assessment of these
vessels. The introduction to the study explains how historical data analysis can be utilized to study
the fleet’s characteristics. The dataset is derived from the MARINFO, GLASISIS, and HIS. It
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features a selection criterion that includes vessel types, engagement in domestic and international
voyages, and SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea) compliance. The data is further refined by utilizing
various factors such as gross tonnage, Froude number, IACS (International Association of
Classification Societies) classification, and keel laying dates. This study defines the criteria used
to filter passenger ships, considers conversions, and explains each filtering standard.
It found that 872 passenger ships follow the FIRESAFE criteria. The distinction between the
domestic and international fleets is made. The study is not able to fully rely on historical data due
to issues related to its accuracy and completeness. Its exclusion criteria for certain ship types can
also introduce biases. Transparency is maintained through the study’s explanations and
assumptions, as well as its data limitations. Categorization criteria, such as gross tonnage
thresholds, can limit representation.
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Chapter 3:
Methods and Analysis
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The Part I literature entitled “Fire Incidents in Passenger Ships” aims to investigate the fire
incidents that occurred in passenger ships from 2000 up to 2023. It utilizes a qualitative research
approach focusing on secondary research and content review, and it thoroughly examines historical
records, maritime regulations, and accident reports.
A systematic review helps identify key trends and themes that can be used to analyze the causes
and responses of various fire incidents. It also helps uncover the evolution of safety standards and
regulations over time.
The methodology utilized for this study combines the findings from multiple studies on fire
prevention and maritime safety to provide a comprehensive and qualitative analysis of the subject.
It also explores historical context and regulatory changes, all of which contribute to a more indepth review of incidents involving passenger ships.
3.1
Argument for the Research Method
Using a qualitative research approach, specifically focused on content review and secondary
document analysis, provides several advantages when it comes to investigating fire incidents that
occurred in passenger ships between 2000 and 2023. This method allows for a deeper
understanding of the issue by examining historical documents and safety regulations.
This review examines the evolution of safety regulations and their effectiveness in addressing
maritime fire risks. It also helps identify recurring themes and patterns in various incidents.
Although the qualitative method can provide a deeper understanding of a fire incident’s
complexity, it should be acknowledged that its limitations include outdated records, the lack of
timely information, and variations in reporting standards. Despite these, this approach is still useful
in piecing together the details of a maritime safety issue.
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3.2
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
▪
In-Depth Exploration: Through qualitative research, a researcher can thoroughly examine
complicated phenomena. It allows them to gain a deeper understanding of the subject.
▪
Rich Data: This approach generates rich descriptive information about the study subject. It
can also extract the meaning and context of the chosen topic.
▪
Subjective Understanding: Through qualitative research, researchers can gain a deeper
understanding of the world by considering the participants’ subjective perspectives.
▪
Holistic View: A qualitative method is ideal for investigations that are broad and complex.
It considers the various factors that influence the chosen research subject.
▪
Disadvantages:
▪
Limited Generalizability: The results of qualitative studies are often limited by context and
may not apply to large groups or other settings.
▪
Resource-Intensive: The qualitative research process can take a lot of time and requires a
lot of resources, including the analysis and interpretation of data.
▪
Potential for Overinterpretation: The abundance of qualitative data can lead to
misinterpretations or over-interpretation, underscoring the need for rigorous analysis.
3.3
Ethical Code Sampling
In conducting studies, participants must follow ethical guidelines and standards. This can ensure
that they are protected from discrimination and harassment.
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