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Essays/Assignment (4):
Three essays and one References of Works Cited assignment 4 Assignments x 100 that lead to the final research paper and demonstrate understanding of rhetorical modes:
Diagnostic Essay. Ungraded but required
Assignment One: Problem and Solution Essay
Assignment Three: References or Works Cited
Assignment Four: Argument Analysis Essay
Assignment Seven: Reflection Essay
Final essay assignments will be due on Sundays and will be submitted to the Assignment Dropbox on Blackboard.
i will send you the the one and three and four and please do the seven
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Carter, T., Jackson, C. R., Rosemond, A., Pringle, C., Radcliffe, D., Tollner, W., … &
Trice, A. (2009). Beyond the urban gradient: barriers and opportunities for timely
studies of urbanization effects on aquatic ecosystems. Journal of the North
American Benthological Society, 28(4), 1038-1050.
Filazzola, A., Shrestha, N., & MacIvor, J. S. (2019). The contribution of constructed
green infrastructure to urban biodiversity: A synthesis and meta‐analysis. Journal
of Applied Ecology, 56(9), 2131-2143.
McDonald, R. I., Kareiva, P., & Forman, R. T. (2008). The implications of current and
future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity
conservation. Biological Conservation, 141(6), 1695-1703.
McKinney, M. L. (2002). Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation: the impacts of
urbanization on native species are poorly studied, but educating a highly
urbanized human population about these impacts can greatly improve species
conservation in all ecosystems. Bioscience, 52(10), 883-890.
Nagendra, H., Sudhira, H. S., Katti, M., Tengö, M., & Schewenius, M. (2014).
Urbanization and its impacts on land use, biodiversity and ecosystems in India.
Niemelä, J., Breuste, J. H., Guntenspergen, G., McIntyre, N. E., Elmqvist, T., & James,
P. (Eds.). (2011). Urban ecology: patterns, processes, and applications. OUP
Oxford.
Taylor-Brown, A., Booth, R., Gillett, A., Mealy, E., Ogbourne, S. M., Polkinghorne, A., &
Conroy, G. C. (2019). The impact of human activities on Australian wildlife. PloS
one, 14(1), e0206958.
Carter, T., Jackson, C. R., Rosemond, A., Pringle, C., Radcliffe, D., Tollner, W., … &
Trice, A. (2009). Beyond the urban gradient: barriers and opportunities for timely
studies of urbanization effects on aquatic ecosystems. Journal of the North
American Benthological Society, 28(4), 1038-1050.
Filazzola, A., Shrestha, N., & MacIvor, J. S. (2019). The contribution of constructed
green infrastructure to urban biodiversity: A synthesis and meta‐analysis. Journal
of Applied Ecology, 56(9), 2131-2143.
McDonald, R. I., Kareiva, P., & Forman, R. T. (2008). The implications of current and
future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity
conservation. Biological Conservation, 141(6), 1695-1703.
McKinney, M. L. (2002). Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation: the impacts of
urbanization on native species are poorly studied, but educating a highly
urbanized human population about these impacts can greatly improve species
conservation in all ecosystems. Bioscience, 52(10), 883-890.
Nagendra, H., Sudhira, H. S., Katti, M., Tengö, M., & Schewenius, M. (2014).
Urbanization and its impacts on land use, biodiversity and ecosystems in India.
Niemelä, J., Breuste, J. H., Guntenspergen, G., McIntyre, N. E., Elmqvist, T., & James,
P. (Eds.). (2011). Urban ecology: patterns, processes, and applications. OUP
Oxford.
Taylor-Brown, A., Booth, R., Gillett, A., Mealy, E., Ogbourne, S. M., Polkinghorne, A., &
Conroy, G. C. (2019). The impact of human activities on Australian wildlife. PloS
one, 14(1), e0206958.
Urbanization and Biodiversity
In a world witnessing unprecedented urban expansion with nearly two billion new urban
residents anticipated by 2030, the ramifications of this growth on biodiversity conservation
remain inadequately understood. The essay highlights cumulative and localized impacts of
urbanization on ecoregions, rare species, and protected areas. The essay analysis reveals that 8%
of IUCN Red List terrestrial vertebrates are imperiled primarily due to urban development.
The article writer’s position asserts that the consequences of current and future urbanization
for biodiversity conservation are inadequately understood, posing a significant threat to global
ecosystems. The writer wants the audience to recognize the imminent challenges arising from
urban growth, emphasizing the localized yet cumulatively substantial impacts on ecoregions, rare
species, and protected areas. The claim contends that nearly two billion new urban residents by
2030, coupled with insufficient awareness of the repercussions, will imperil terrestrial vertebrate
species, lead to the loss of undeveloped areas in multiple ecoregions, and intensify the proximity
between protected areas and cities, especially in economically disadvantaged nations. The
overarching message is that urgent attention and adaptive strategies are crucial to mitigate the
adverse effects of urbanization on biodiversity.
The article writer’s purpose is to convince the reader that the argument has merit. The writer
presents a detailed analysis of the potential impacts of urbanization on biodiversity, using data
and examples to support the claim. The language , such as “Here we show” and “Our analyses
suggest,” indicates an intention to provide evidence and build a persuasive case. The writer seeks
to raise awareness about the poorly understood consequences of urbanization on ecoregions, rare
species, and protected areas, emphasizing the urgent need for attention and action. Overall, the
goal is to convince the reader of the validity and significance of the argument in the article.
The article writer’s audience is likely policymakers, conservationists, environmental
scientists, and individuals in urban planning and development. The writer addresses this audience
to raise awareness about the poorly understood consequences of urbanization on biodiversity
conservation. By providing detailed data and examples, such as the percentage of urbanized
ecoregions, the impact on endemic species, and the predicted shrinkage of distances between
protected areas and cities, the writer informs those who influence policies and practices related to
urban development and conservation. The focus on the geographical distribution of impacted
areas and the mention of countries with low to moderate income suggest a concern for global
decision-makers and organizations involved in conservation efforts. According to author’s, the
inquisitive approach can be very effective in effective policy making for biodiversity
conservation.
The article effectively highlights the critical and localized impacts of urbanization on
biodiversity conservation. The writer successfully presents a compelling case by combining
statistical evidence, such as the percentage of urbanized ecoregions and the predicted loss of
undeveloped areas, with specific examples of the vulnerability of rare species and endemic
vertebrates. For instance, Bengal Tigers are getting endangered due to rapid urban development
in Bengal state of India. The writer’s thesis about the poorly known consequences of urbanization
on biodiversity is well-supported through a thorough analysis. The focus on the geographical
distribution and the potential challenges faced by countries with lower incomes adds depth to the
argument, making it a persuasive call to action for policymakers and conservationists to address
the significant biodiversity degradation associated with current and upcoming urbanization.
The article adeptly employs a combination of logos, ethos, and pathos to convey its
message about the significant consequences of urbanization on biodiversity. Ethos is established
through the writer’s use of research data and references to authoritative sources like the IUCN
Red List, fostering credibility. The precise percentages, such as “8% of terrestrial vertebrate
species,” enhances the author’s trustworthiness. The consideration of socio-economic factors,
notably the prediction of shrinking distances in regions with lower income, further bolsters the
writer’s ethos. Pathos is effectively integrated through emotionally resonant language, such as
“impacts on ecoregions” and the plight of 779 rare species, appealing to readers’ empathy for
endangered wildlife. The emphasis on the vulnerability of areas in less affluent countries adds a
compassionate element, appealing to emotions regarding potential inequalities in the
consequences of urbanization on global biodiversity.
The article employs a diverse range of supporting details, incorporating compelling facts,
statistics, and examples that enhance the argument’s appeal to reason. The quantifiable evidence,
such as the statement that “8% of terrestrial vertebrate species on the IUCN Red List are
imperiled largely because of urban development,” not only establishes a strong appeal to logos
but also bolsters the credibility of the author by referencing a reputable source. Furthermore,
specific examples, like the revelation that “29 of the world’s 825 ecoregions have over one-third
of their area urbanized,” provide a vivid illustration of the localized impact of urban growth on
biodiversity. Additionally, expert testimony in the form of predictions, supported by specific
statistical details, adds authority to the argument. Overall, the judicious use of these supporting
details contributes to the article’s effectiveness in conveying the urgent need for addressing the
consequences of urbanization on global biodiversity.
While the article makes a compelling case for the negative impacts of urbanization on
biodiversity, potential counterarguments could stem from perspectives that emphasize the
adaptability of ecosystems to urban environments or the potential benefits of sustainable urban
planning. I argue that urbanization, when carefully managed, could lead to the creation of green
spaces within cities, acting as habitats for certain species and contributing to biodiversity.
Additionally, I think that advancements in technology and conservation strategies can mitigate
the adverse effects outlined in the article.
In conclusion, the article compellingly argues that the impending urban growth poses a
significant threat to biodiversity, emphasizing the localized yet cumulatively impactful
consequences on ecoregions, rare species, and protected areas. The evidence, including specific
statistics and predictions, underscores the urgency of addressing the potential biodiversity
degradation associated with the ongoing and future urbanization trends.
References
Elmqvist, T., Zipperer, W. C., & Güneralp, B. (2015). Urbanization, habitat loss and biodiversity
decline: Solution pathways to break the cycle. In The Routledge handbook of
urbanization
and
global
environmental
change (pp.
163-175).
Routledge.
McDonald, R. I., Kareiva, P., & Forman, R. T. (2008). The implications of current and future
urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Biological
conservation, 141(6), 1695-1703.
McKinney, M. L. (2002). Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation: the impacts of
urbanization on native species are poorly studied, but educating a highly urbanized
human population about these impacts can greatly improve species conservation in all
ecosystems. Bioscience, 52(10), 883-890.
.
Addressing Youth Unemployment: A Comprehensive Solution to a Pervasive Social
Problem
Youth unemployment is a significant and pressing social problem that affects
individuals, communities, and nations worldwide. The transition from education to employment
can be challenging for many young people, leading to various negative consequences, including
economic instability, social disintegration, and a sense of hopelessness. This essay delves into
the issue of youth unemployment, its causes and consequences as well as offering a
comprehensive solution that combines education reform, targeted job creation, and
entrepreneurship support to alleviate this problem.
Youth unemployment refers to the situation where young people in the age group of 15
to 24 are unable to secure employment or not actively engaged in education or training programs.
It is a multifaceted issue with both economic and social implications and affects individuals on
personal and societal levels. One of the primary causes of youth unemployment is the mismatch
between the skills acquired through education and the skills demanded by the labor market.
Young job seekers often lack the qualifications or experience required for available positions.
Economic recessions and global economic crises can lead to a reduced demand for
labor, making it more challenging for young people to find jobs. Many employers prefer
candidates with work experience, which can create a catch-22 situation for young job seekers
who struggle to gain experience without job opportunities. In some cases, young job seekers face
discrimination in the labor market based on their age, leading to unequal opportunities and
barriers to employment. In September 2008, individuals in the younger workforce encountered
an unemployment rate of 9.9%, contrasting with the 5.6% rate observed across all employment
categories, as reported by the New York Fed. Moving forward to May 2010, despite signs of
stock market recuperation, individuals between the ages of 22 and 27 without a bachelor’s degree
experienced a surge in unemployment, reaching 15.7%. Even those with college degrees faced a
less fortunate unemployment rate of 6.8%. (Choudhry, Marelli & Signorelli, 2012)
The consequences of youth unemployment are far-reaching, affecting not only the
individuals experiencing it but also society as a whole. High youth unemployment rates can
strain a nation’s economy. The Centre for American Progress estimated that the nearly 1 million
young Americans who experienced long-term unemployment during 2008 recession would lose
more than $20 billion in earnings over the next 10 years. (Ayres, 2013) Unemployed youth
represent a lost economic potential and contribute to increased welfare costs and decreased tax
revenue. Youth unemployment can lead to social disintegration as young people feel excluded
from mainstream society. This exclusion can result in feelings of alienation, frustration, and even
involvement in criminal activities.
Prolonged unemployment can lead to mental health problems, such as anxiety and
depression, as well as decreased self-esteem and self-worth. High youth unemployment can
perpetuate cycles of poverty and reduced social mobility, making it difficult for young
individuals to improve their socioeconomic status. The unemployment rate for youth was 8.7%
in July 2023, little different than the rates in July 2022 (8.5%) and in July 2019 (9.1%).
Addressing youth unemployment requires a multifaceted approach that combines education
reform, targeted job creation, and entrepreneurship support. A comprehensive solution can help
alleviate the problem by tackling its root causes and providing opportunities for young people to
engage in meaningful work. (Modestino & Paulsen, 2023)
Education is the foundation for equipping young people with the skills and
knowledge to thrive in the labor market. To reduce youth unemployment, it is crucial to reform
the education system in the following ways. Educational institutions such as Arizona State
University (ASU) are working closely with industries to ensure that curricula are aligned with
the needs of the job market. ASU has updated its courses to incorporate modern technologies and
vocational training. In addition to technical skills, young people should be taught essential soft
skills, such as communication, problem-solving, and teamwork, to enhance their employability.
Schools and universities should provide career guidance services to help students make informed
decisions about their education and career paths.
Encourage the establishment of internship programs that allow students to gain realworld experience while pursuing their education. To address the immediate employment needs
of young people, targeted job creation initiatives can be implemented. Governments can invest in
infrastructure projects, green initiatives, and other sectors that are likely to create jobs, with a
focus on hiring young workers. Subsidies can be provided to businesses to encourage them to
hire young job seekers, particularly those who may lack experience or qualifications. State
should encourage entrepreneurship among young people by providing financial incentives,
mentorship, and resources to help them start and grow their own businesses.
Entrepreneurship can be a powerful solution to youth unemployment, as it not only
creates jobs but also fosters innovation and economic growth. Each state and US federal
government should establish funding mechanisms or grants specifically designed for young
entrepreneurs, making it easier for them to access capital to start or expand their businesses.
Universities should develop mentorship programs and training opportunities to help young
entrepreneurs develop their skills and navigate the challenges of business ownership.
Universities should organize networking events and platforms where young entrepreneurs can
connect with potential clients, partners, and investors. Government should provide business
friendly environment for businesses, simplify bureaucratic processes, and reduce red tape to
encourage entrepreneurship.
Youth unemployment is a pervasive social problem with far-reaching consequences for
individuals and society. To address this issue, a comprehensive solution that combines education
reform, targeted job creation, and entrepreneurship support is essential. Educational reform
aimed at decreasing youth unemployment could focus on enhancing vocational training
programs, aligning curricula with evolving industry needs, and fostering stronger partnerships
between educational institutions and businesses. By equipping students with practical skills and
ensuring educational offerings are relevant to current job market demands, we can empower the
youth to transition seamlessly into the workforce, reducing unemployment rates among this
demographic. By equipping young people with relevant skills, creating job opportunities, and
fostering a culture of entrepreneurship, we can mitigate the negative effects of youth
unemployment and empower the next generation to thrive in the ever-evolving global economy.
It is not only a moral imperative but also an economic necessity to invest in the future of our
youth and ensure a more prosperous and inclusive society.
References
Ayres, S. (2013). The high cost of youth unemployment. Center for American Progress, 5.
Choudhry, M. T., Marelli, E., & Signorelli, M. (2012). Youth unemployment rate and impact of
financial crises. International journal of manpower, 33(1), 76-95.
Modestino, A. S., & Paulsen, R. (2023). School’s out: How summer youth employment programs
impact academic outcomes. Education Finance and Policy, 18(1), 97-126.
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