Description
Please use the template to write the paper, the instructions are written in the template as well.Please look at the final paper requirements and rubric to follow for formatting and grading requirements.My topic is on the end of life. I will have attached my previous outline for the paper (answer 1) and topic (week 2 term paper topic). Please look at this and use the information from this.
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Week 8 Term Paper Final Draft
Your Name Here
West Coast University
PHIL 434: Medical Ethics and Issues
Your Instructor’s Name Here
The Date Here
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Week 4 Term Paper Final Draft
Write your introduction. Tell us what the paper is about. Provide a solid paragraph.
According to APA 7 rules, you do not need a subtitle for the introduction as it’s obvious your
first paragraph is an introduction.
Technical Aspects
This section should cover the technical aspects of your topic. For example, the technical
aspects of abortion would cover what an abortion is and how an abortion is done. Be sure to
include in text citations and sources. This section should be technical and should rely heavily on
research.
Public Policy
This section is more historical in nature. Describes current and proposed changes in
public policy/law. This section also relies heavily on research because it deals with specific laws
and public policy surrounding your topic.
Arguments
Include a summary of the arguments in favor of and opposed to specific interventions,
techniques, or products and a discussion of underlying ethical principles (you must use one of the
6 accepted ethical theories in this part – Kantian Ethics, Care Ethics, Virtue Ethics, Act
Utilitarianism, Rule Utilitarianism [not just plain utilitarianism – that is wrong] or Social
Contract [one of the 3 versions – Hobbes, Rousseau or Rawls]. Discuss the public policy with
two additional argumentative paragraphs- one discussing the in favor of and one paragraph
discussing the opposing argument.
Pro Arguments
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This section includes a summary of the arguments in favor of specific interventions,
techniques, or products involved in our topic and a discussion of underlying ethical principles.
Use the textbook and class material to provide the connection to underlying ethical principles.
Tying these arguments into the ethical perspectives covered in Week 1 of the course is very
important.
Con Arguments
This section includes a summary of the arguments in favor of specific interventions,
techniques, or products involved in our topic and a discussion of underlying ethical principles.
Use the textbook and class material to provide the connection to underlying ethical principles.
Tying these arguments into the ethical perspectives covered in Week 1 of the course is very
important.
Conclusion
This section is where you express your personal opinion regarding the importance of the
topic and the strength of the pro and con arguments. This is where your own thoughts reign
supreme. Where do you stand after conducting research on the topic? Did your opinions change
over the course of the research? While you don’t necessarily need to refer to research here,
supporting your opinion with credible sources (proving you have made an informed opinion) is
best. Remember that your final paper must be 4-6 pages long.
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References
Pence, G. (2021). Medical ethics: Accounts of ground-breaking cases (9th ed.). McGraw Hill
Education.
I have provided the proper formatting for the textbook. List at least three solid sources for
your paper. All sources should have been published with the past five years. At least one
reference must be a peer-reviewed article from a professional journal. All sources must be
credible and academic (I am available if you want to ask about any source). Put the references in
APA 7 format.
If you use more than one video from the class, then you must distinguish between in your
paper. Put the sources in alphabetical order (as I have here) and use n.d.-a, n.d.-b, etc. in
citations. If you only use one video, only use n.d. (not n.d.-a, n.d.-b, etc.).
If Dr. Tosh is not teaching your class, the citations and references for the videos would
use your instructor’s name and not Dr. Tosh’s name.
APA 7 is different from APA 6. Here is a website covering some key differences:
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/. With regard to references,
these are the most common mistakes I see:
–
You made errors in capitalization of titles in your references. In APA, standard
capitalization rules are followed everywhere but in titles of articles in references. In
those, only capitalize the first word of the title, the first word after a colon in the title, and
proper nouns. You also made errors in italicization. Italicize the title of the article (unless
it is followed by journal information — then italicize journal title and volume).
–
City/state of publisher not listed in references in APA 7.
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–
Replace “Retrieved…from” with website title in APA 7. Website title follows article title.
Do not have both website title and “Retrieved…from.”
–
When you reference an article from a website and have no author, the reference follows
this order: Article title in italics. (date). Website Title. Website URL. Use the article title
(not the website title) in your citations.
Be sure to delete all this and other informational material included here from the template before
you turn it in. Feel free to contact me with any questions you have.
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Week 2 Term Paper Topic
Michelle Wong
West Coast University
PHIL 434: Medical Ethics and Issues
Emily Frydrych
11/08/2023
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Week 2 Term Paper: Topic
Topic
End of life
Why I Chose This Topic
I chose to do my topic on end of life because I feel somewhat passionate about it and it is
very interesting to me.
Pro Arguments
It will help relieve pain and suffering for the client.
Con Arguments
For someone who has severe depression, this decision might not be suitable for just the
client to make themselves or they are not in the right mental state to be making that kind of
decision.
My Current Stance on the Topic
I am for physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia because I think the client has a right to
make that decision themselves.
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References
Dugdale, L. S., Lerner, B. H., & Callahan, D. (2019). Pros and cons of physician aid in dying.
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 92(4), 747–750.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6913818/
Goligher, E. C., Ely, E. W., Sulmasy, D. P., Bakker, J., Raphael, J., Volandes, A. E., Patel, B.
M., Payne, K., Hosie, A., Churchill, L., White, D. B., & Downar, J. (2019). PhysicianAssisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the ICU. Critical Care Medicine, 45(2), 149–155.
https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000001818
Torrey, T. (2020, February 15). Arguments in Favor of Right-to-Die Legislation. Verywell
Health; Verywellhealth. https://www.verywellhealth.com/arguments-in-favor-of-deathwith-dignity-2614852
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Week 4 Term Paper Outline
Michelle Wong
West Coast University
PHIL 434: Medical Ethics and Issues
Emily Frydrych
11/26/2023
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Week 2 Term Paper: Outline
I.
Introduction
II.
Euthanasia entails an intentional act of ending a person’s life to relieve them from
unbearable suffering. It is a controversial topic, with some people opposing the end of
life on ethical and religious grounds. However, supporters claim that Euthanasia
promotes compassion and autonomy in end-of-life decisions.
III.
Body Paragraph 1 – Technical aspects of your topic
a. Topic Sentence: There are different categories of Euthanasia, such as voluntary,
non-voluntary, and involuntary.
i. Supporting detail 1: In voluntary euthanasia, patients willingly requests
the physician’s assistance in dying (Goligher, et al, 2019)). It mostly
occurs because of a terminal illness causing loss of dignity or severe pain.
ii. Supporting detail 2: Non-voluntary euthanasia is the ending of a patient’s
life without their unambiguous consent (Goligher, et al, 2019). It usually
happens when the patient is critically ill and cannot communicate his/her
wish.
iii. Supporting detail 3: Involuntary euthanasia is assisted suicide without the
patient’s consent (Goligher, et al, 2019).
IV.
Body Paragraph 2 – The public policy debates surrounding euthanasia focus on moral
ethical, and religious principles.
a. Transition: Opponents argue that legalizing euthanasia will create a loophole,
where medics with hidden agendas will subject the vulnerable to unwilling
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euthanasia. Nonetheless, proponents support legalization on the basis that it
promotes autonomy, alleviates pain and suffering, and it helps to achieve
compassion.
b. Topic Sentence: Most States in America have legalized euthanasia, but there are
proposed changes on expanding access to aid in dying by addressing ethical
concerns.
i. Supporting detail 1: One notable legal development is the Colorado Endof-Life Options Act in 2016. The Act allows patients to request for
euthanasia through the attending physician (Torrey, 2020).
ii. Supporting detail 2: There is the Elizabeth Whitefield End-of-Life Options
Act in 2021. It allows terminally ill patients to request for Medical Aid in
Dying (MAID) (Abakare, 2021).
iii. Supporting detail 3: Thirdly is the California’s End of Life Option Act,
which allows terminally ill patients to use lethal dosage to terminate their
lives (Torrey, 2020).
V.
Body Paragraph 3 – Pro Arguments
a. Transition: There is a party that strongly advocates for euthanasia from ethical
and medical points of view.
b. Topic Sentence: Patients might experience terminal illnesses, such as cancer,
subjecting them to unbearable pain. The medical situation will make the suffering
patient request for assisted suicide.
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i. Supporting detail 1: It helps to alleviate or end pain in medical conditions
where the patient suffers from extreme pain, and also ends a patient’s
emotional distress.
ii. Supporting detail 2: Though there are medical innovations that help to
prolong life, they also prolong the patient’s suffering (Dugdale et al,
2019). It is also costly for the government and family members to finance
the medication of a terminally ill patient.
iii. Supporting detail 3: Euthanasia is a compassionate option when
physicians exhaust the other forms of treatment.
VI.
Body Paragraph 4 – Con Arguments
a. Transition: Despite the advantages that come with euthanasia for terminally ill
patients, there are people who oppose the practice, arguing that it undermines the
value of human life, and it is prone to abuse.
b. Topic Sentence: The people opposing euthanasia argue that advanced medical
technologies exist to assist patients cope with pain that accompanies some
terminal illnesses, such as cancer.
i. Supporting detail 1: Euthanasia is prone to abuse by physicians and family
members. Euthanasia can lead to devaluation of human life. Religion is
against suicide, since it is only God who has the power to kill.
ii. Supporting detail 2: Legalizing euthanasia will give leeway for
unwarranted killings, where medics would have prolonged life (Dugdale et
al, 2019).
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iii. Supporting detail 3: The power to determine a person’s death belongs to
God, a supreme being.
VII.
Opinion and Conclusion
a. Transition: Though euthanasia is a controversial topic, it is evident that physicians
and other medical professionals play a significant role in advising whether a
patient should undergo euthanasia.
b. Statement of Opinion: I believe that euthanasia should be legalized for the
patients, caregivers, and family members’ benefit. It is evident that there are
terminal illnesses, such as cancer, which subject patients to unbearable pain. The
suffering from terminal illnesses trickles down to healthcare providers and family
members, since they suffer financially and psychologically. Since terminally ill
patients will eventually die, there is no justification in prolonging their pain and
suffering. Euthanasia is prone to misuse, resulting in killing of unwilling patients,
but a well-regulated and compassionate approach to euthanasia can provide a
humane option for patients undergoing unbearable pain.
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References
Abakare, C. O. (2021). Legal, social and ethical issues in euthanasia. PREDESTINATION:
Journal of Society and Culture, 1(2), 229. https://doi.org/10.26858/prd.v1i2.19535
Dugdale, L. S., Lerner, B. H., & Callahan, D. (2019). Pros and cons of physician aid in dying.
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 92(4), 747–750.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6913818/
Goligher, E. C., Ely, E. W., Sulmasy, D. P., Bakker, J., Raphael, J., Volandes, A. E., Patel, B.
M., Payne, K., Hosie, A., Churchill, L., White, D. B., & Downar, J. (2019). PhysicianAssisted Suicide and Euthanasia in the ICU. Critical Care Medicine, 45(2), 149–155.
https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0000000000001818
Torrey, T. (2020, February 15). Arguments in Favor of Right-to-Die Legislation. Verywell
Health; Verywellhealth. https://www.verywellhealth.com/arguments-in-favor-of-deathwith-dignity-2614852
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